大学英语四级-语法PPT课件

.,1,大学英语四级-语法篇,.,2,时态复习,.,3,时态,.,4,.,5,时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在完成时现在完成和将来完成,.,6,非谓语动词,.,7,非谓语动词-不定式,1)形式主动形式被动形式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing完成进行式tohavebeendoing,.,8,a)完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式.Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother(=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother).(比较:Iamgladtoseeyou.)Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.Hepretendednottohaveseenme.,.,9,b)进行式:如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式.Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaventquiterecoveredyet.Wedidntexpectyoutobewaitingforushere.Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.,.,10,c)完成进行式:在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式.Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.,.,11,d)被动式:当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Thisisboundtobefoundout.Therearealotofthingstobedone.Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.,.,12,2)功用:不定式可以作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.,.,13,3)不带to的不定式:a)在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意义的have,make,let等,其后的不定式结构不带to.Johnmadehertellhimeverything.这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式.Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.,.,14,b)在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to.Idrathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.,.,15,c)在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letslip,letdrive,letgoof,lettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式.Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.（一顿咒骂）Iveheardtellofhim.（听说、听到）,.,16,d)在动词help(或help+宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式.CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?e)在介词except,but之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to.Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.Theresnochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.,.,17,f)连词ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to.Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.出现在句中其他位置时,其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.,.,18,g)用作补语的动词不定式,如果主语是由“all+关系分句”，“thing+关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.AllyoudonowiscompletetheformTheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.,.,19,4)不定式的其他用法a)tooto结构通常表示否定意义:Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.enoughto结构则表示肯定意义:Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:Hesonlytoopleasedtohelpher.soas(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.,.,20,b)如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.在以某些形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前可加一个of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:Itskindofyoutothinksomuchofus.(Itis)Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.Itsveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.Itsunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.,.,21,动名词,具有动作性特征的名词1)是名词seeingisbelieving2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语,.,22,一)动名词的形式:,一般形式：Idontlikeyousmoking.完成形式：Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.被动形式：Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled.,.,23,二)动名词常考的点,1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.Iwouldappreciate_backthisafternoonAyoutocallByoucallCyoucallingDyourecalling（Key：Cyourcalling也对）Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.,.,24,4)有些词后只能接动名词,admit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;itentails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feellike;finish;forgive;canthelp;hinder;imagine;itinvolves;keep;itmeans;mention;mind;miss;itnecessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand.,.,25,另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法,itsnogood;itsno/little/hardlyany/use;itsnot/hardly/scarcelyuse;itsworthwhile;spendmoney/time;theresno;theresnopointin;theresnothingworsethan;whatstheuse/point.,.,26,5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可,remember,forget,try,stop,goon,cease,mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。Irememberedtoposttheletters.(指未来/过去未来的动作)Irememberedposting/havingpostingtheletters(我记得这个动作)forgot与remember的用法类似。Iregrettoinformyouthat我很遗憾地通知你Iregrettedhavingleftthefirmaftertwentyyears.为了二十年前的离开而遗憾。,.,27,tryto努力Youreallymusttrytoovercomeyourshyness.trying试验Trypracticingfivehoursaday.Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.打算、想我想去，但我父亲不让我去。Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.意味着赠加工资意味着增加购买力。,.,28,prefer的用法：,我宁愿在这里等。Iprefertowaithere.（所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。）Ipreferwaitinghere.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。）Ipreferswimmingtocycling.（这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。）,.,29,分词,3.分词1)意义:过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和完成意义;而现在分词有的来自及物动词,有的来自不及物动词,通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.frozenfoodafreezingwindaboredtravelleraboringjourneyalostcausealosingbattleaconqueredarmyaconqueringarmyafinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouchthespokenwordaspeakingbirdaclosedshoptheclosinghourarecordedtalkarecordingmachine,.,30,来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语,能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词,仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义.therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retiredworkers,departedfriends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitors用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分,在意义上相当于关系分句.Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.,.,31,2)句法作用a)作定语:distinguishedguest贵宾,unknownheroes无名英雄,armedforces武装部队,cannedfood罐头食品,boiledwater开水,steamedbread馒头,strickenarea灾区分词还可构成合成词作定语:simply-furnishedroom陈设简单的房间,clear-cutanswer明确的答复,highly-developedindustry高度发展的工业,heartfeltthanks衷心的感谢,hand-madegoods手工制品,man-madesatellite人造卫星,.,32,b)作补足语:可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.Wefoundhergreatlychanged.make,get,have,keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays.Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意义的动词:Idontwantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.Hewontlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.,.,33,c)过去分词短语常用作状语,修饰谓语,很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework,Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.有时也可说明动作发生的时间,相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.间或也可表示一个假设的情况,相当于一个条件从句.Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.Picked20yearsayear,itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.,.,34,虚拟语气,条件句,.,35,三种基本形式,IfIhadabike,Iwouldlendittoyou.(if从句用过去时,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式)Ifhehadbeenhere,hewouldhavehelpedyou.(从句过去完成时,主句should/would/could/might+不定式完成时)IfIshould/weretodotheexperiment,Iwoulddoitsomeotherway.(从句用should/wereto,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式),.,36,if的省略,1.Wereyouinmyposition,youwoulddothesame.2.Hadhecomeearlier,hewouldhaveseenher.3.Shouldtheyattackus,wewouldwipethemoutcompletely.,.,37,Ifonly,Ifonlyyouwouldlistentoreason.IfonlyIweretenyearsyounger.IFonlyhedidntdrivesofast.Ifonlyhehadaskedsomeonesadvice.IfIcouldonlygototheconcert.IfIcouldonly/but/justexplain.,.,38,Iwish,IwishIknewtheanswer.IwishIhadknowntheaddress.IwishIwereyoung.Iwishyouwouldstopaskingsillyquestions.IwishedIknewhisaddress.(发生在过去=IwassorryIdidntknowhisaddress.)IwishedIwereyoung.(=IwassorryIwasnotyoung.),.,39,Wouldrather,Iwouldratheryoutoldherthetruth.Idratheryoucametomorrow.Idrather(that)hepainteditblue.Iwould(just)assoonthatJohnhadnotspokenrudelytome.,.,40,Itis(high)timethat.,Itistimewe_(leave).Itistimewe_(go)tobed.Itshightimethatyouwereinbed.Itsabouttimeweleft.,.,41,Itsimportantthat.,Itisimportantthatwe_(speak)politely.Itisimperativethatwe_(practice)criticismandself-criticismstrange,advisable,anxious,crucial,appropriatecompulsory,desirable,eager,essential,fitting,imperative(绝对必要的),impossible,improper,natural,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,willing,.,42,Iinsistthat,Iinsistthatwe_(go)therebybus.Hesuggestedthatwe_(leave)early.Thejudgeorderedthattheprisoner_(be)sentencedto30daysinjail.,.,43,这些动词和名词后的从句为should+V,advise(advice),agree(agreement),decide(decision),decree,demand,determine(determination),grant,indicate(indication),insist,move(insistence),order,request,requireprefer(preference),urge,vote,ask,propose(proposal),(requirement),resolve(resolution),stipulate,desire(stipulation),allow,arrange,beg,concede,demonstrate,ensure,pray,intend,move,pledge,command,.,44,Mysuggestion.,Mysuggestionisthatweshouldtellhim.Ouronlyrequestisthatthisshouldbesettledassoonaspossible.requestcommandnecessityimportancemotionproposalresolutionrecommendationunderstanding,.,45,butfor,otherwise,without,Thestormdelayedus.Butforthestormwewouldhavebeenintime.Iusedmycalculator;otherwiseIdhavetakenmuchlonger.SupposingIacceptedthisoffer,whatwouldyousay?Withoutyoutimelyhelp,mydaughterwouldhavedrowned.,.,46,情态动词,情态动词（modelverb）用来表示能力、允许、可能、必须、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。主要的情态动词有can（could），may（might），shall（should），will（would），must，oughtto，need，dare等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，其后常跟不带to的不定式。,.,47,1.情态动词的一般用法：,(1)表示能力:can,could,beabletoHeisover80butstillcanreadwithoutglasses.Shecouldntcomeyesterday.Hecantcometomorrow.,.,48,can/could与beableto用法比较1）beableto除有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时外，还可有现在完成时、不定式、动词-ing形式等。ThisistheinformationIvebeenabletogetsofar.Tobeabletorideabike,shepracticedalot.Justbeingabletodriveahorse,acartisntmuchhelptous.2)could表示过去总的、经常性的能力；was/wereableto表示过去具体情况下具有的能力，并且做了某动作。HecouldspeakFrench,sohewasabletoshowtheFrenchladytheway.3)表示将来的能力常用willbeableto.Whenwillyoubeabletotakeustotown?,.,49,(2)表示许可：can/could,may/might;cant,maynot,mustnt,mustnot,1)征询“许可”或给予“许可”可用can/could或may/might表示。May用于正式场合，can用于非正式场合，could用于客气的询问，might极少用。Youcangoatfouroclock.CouldIborrowyourpen?Studentsmaytake3bookseach.MightIaskwhetheryouareusingthetypewriter?2)表示“不允许”用cant,maynot,mustnt；mustnot语气重。Youcantleavethetableunlessyoufinishyourmeal.Putthatcigaretteout.Youmustnotsmokenearapetrolpump!3)表示过去“许可”不用could，might，要用其他表达方式。Wehadbeen/weregivenpermissiontospeaktothepatient.但在间接引语中表达过去“许可”，可用could，might。Thenursesaidthatwecould/mightspeaktothepatientforjustafewminutes.,.,50,(3)表示可能性：may/might,can/could,must;cant,1）may,might用来推测现在“可能”；may比might表示的可能性大些。WhyisntJohninclass?Hemay/mightbesick.maybe是副词，不是情态动词。Maybeheissick.2)在日常口语中常用can/could表示“可能”。Youcan/couldwalkformilesinthecountrywithoutmeetinganyone.Canthenewsbetrue?No,itcantbetrue.3)must表示可能性最大，“必定”；否定形式用cant表示“肯定不”、“必定不会”。Youmustbehungryafteralongwalk.Thephoneisringing,butthereisnoanswer.Shecantbeathome.,.,51,（4）表示必须和需要：must,haveto,need,1）must表示说话人认为“必须”；否定回答时用neednt“不必”。Youmustbehereatnineoclock.Mustyougosoon?No,Ineedntgoyet.2)haveto表示他人或客观情况要求“必须”。Ihavetobebackatschoolbyeight.Ihavealotofworktodotonight.Wedonthavetowearuniformsinschool.l口语中常用havegotto表示“必须”。Ihavegottoleavenow.Ihaveameetingintenminutes.,.,52,3)need表示动作者“需要”、“有必要”，用于否定句或疑问句；肯定回答用must，否定回答用neednt。Needhegonow?Yes,hemust.Noheneednt.lneed常用作实义动词。Youneedtolearnthevalueoftime.Youdidntneedtotellhimthenews.Doessheneedtogo?,.,53,（5）表示责任和劝告:should,oughtto,must,hadbetter,1)用should和oughtto表示责任和劝告，后者的语气重些Youshould/oughttodoasyouaretold.Suchthingsshouldnt/oughtnottobeallowed.2)有时也用must表示责任和劝告。Youmustseethemovie.Itswonderful.3)口语中也常用hadbetter表示劝告，意为“最好做/不做某事”。Youhadbettertakecareofyourself.Youdbetternotmakeamistakenexttime.Hadntyoubetterseewhoisatthedoor?,.,54,（6）表示建议：shall，may/mightaswell,may/mightjustaswell,1)“shallI/we”表示征求对方对建议的看法。Shallwecarrytheboxesintothehouse?Letsgo,shallwe?2)may/mightaswell,may/mightjustaswell表示推荐更佳方案，建议另一种做法，意为“倒不如”，“不也一样吗？”。Wemayaswellstayheretonight.Youmightjustaswelltellthetruth.,.,55,(7)表示许诺：shall,shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人的许诺。Youshallhaveyourmoneybacknextweek.Ifhepassestheexam,heshallhaveaholiday.,.,56,(8)表示意愿：shall,will/would,1)you/he/theyshall表示说话人的强烈意愿，甚至威胁。Youshallpayforthis.TheyshalldowhatItellthemtodo.l在法律条文、规章制度中，shall表示“必须”。Eachcompetitorshallwearanumber.,.,57,2)will/would表示动作者愿意。Iwilllendyouthebookifyouneedit.Iwontdoitagain.Ihavebeentryingtoopenthedoor,butthekeywontturn.l“willyou/wouldyou”在下列句中表示客气的建议、询问。Willyoupleasehaveadrink?Wouldyoupleasepassmethesalt?Wouldyoulikeacupoftea?WouldyoumindifIopenedthewindow?Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?lwould还表示过去的习惯。等于usedtoOnSundayshewouldgetupearlyandgofishing.,.,58,(9)表示勇敢：dare,dare表示“敢于”，用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。Hedarenottry.Howdareyouopentheletter?Ifyoudaresayaword,Illstrikeyoudown.ldare还常用作实义动词。Hedaretosurfinheavywaters.ldaresay或daresay，表示probably,Isuppose.Idaresayhewillcomehomelate.,.,59,2.情态动词的特殊用法,（1）情态动词+不定式完成时1）can/could,may/might,must+have+动词的过去分词用于肯定句：表示对过去事件的主观判断，推测过去某动作“可能”、“也许”、“一定”已发生。Tomcouldhavetakenthedictionary.IsawhimusingitlastSunday.Icantfindmysunglasses.Imay/mighthaveleftthemattherestaurantyesterday.Youscreamedinyoursleeplastnight.Youmusthavehadaterribledream.用于否定句：表示推测过去某动作“可能”、“也许”、“一定”没有发生。Shecouldnthavefinishedherworksosoon.Shemaynothaveseenyou.Dadmustnthavewashedthedisheslastnight.,.,60,2)should/oughtto+have+动词的过去分词。用于肯定句：评论过去“应该做”而实际并未做的动作，意为“本应该”。Ididntaskher.Itsapity.Youshouldhaveaskedher.Yououghttohaveaskedeveryone.用于否定句：评论过去“不应该做”而实际做了的动作，意为“本不应该”。IonlytoldMike.Youshouldnthavetoldanyone.Yououghtnottohavetoldanyone.,.,61,3)neednt+have+动词的过去分词对过去已经发生的动作进行评论，认为“无须发生”，“不必做”。Ineednthaveputonmybestsuittogototheparty;mostoftheguestswerewearingjeans.Wewenttothemeeting,butithadbeencancelled.Oh,soyouneednthavegone.,.,62,(2)情态动词+不定式进行时,表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。Shemaybewashingherclothes.Hecantbeworkingnow.Hemustbestudyinginthelibrary.TheyshouldntbewatchingTVnow.Theyshouldbedoinghomework.,.,63,(3)情态动词+不定式完成进行时,情态动词+havebeen+动词的现在分词，表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。Hemayhavebeenbuyingstampsinthepostofficewhenyousawhim.Shemusthavebeenworkingthen.Sheshouldhavebeenattendingameetingyesterdaymorning.Theyshouldnthavebeenchattingwhileworking,.,64,一致关系,.,65,在Therebe句型中,Thereisnosmokewithoutfire.Thereseemstobelittletimeleft.There,here结构中,如果主语有好几个,谓语动词与最邻近的主语一致。TherewasaTVset,aportraitandseveralalbumsontheshelf.Hereareafewenvelops,apenandsomepaperinthedrawer.,.,66,在倒装结构中,IneveryprovinceofChinaarefoundrichnaturalresources.Herecomethefivenoisychildrenfromnextdoor.,.,67,.aswellas,nottomention,alongwith+名词句子中,Unemploymentaswellastaxesinfluencesvotes.Taxes,nottomentionunemployment,influencevotes.Thismanalongwithhissonsalwayscatchesthelargestfish.主语后若跟有accompaniedby,asmuchas,besides,except(but),inadditionto,including,insteadof,nolessthan,ratherthan,togetherwith名词，不影响其与谓语动词的关系。,.,68,下列不定代词或限定词作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词永远是单数,Manyacollegestudentwishestoreturntotheeasydaysofhighschool.Neither(one)issatisfactory.Iseitherofthesingersreadingnow?Everysilverknife,fork,andspoonhastobecounted.Eachofthestudentshasaschedule.,.,69,带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一致,Allofthefruitlooksripe.Hasanyofthisevidencebeenpresented?Haveanyofmyfriendscalledme?Mostofthebookwasinteresting.Someofthebooksareinteresting.Noneoftheevidencepointstohisguilt.Noneofourstudentswereinvolved.,.,70,带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一致,Thenumberofstudentsintheclassis40.Anumberofstudentswerelate.Morethanonepersonisinvolvedinthiscase.Morethanonehundredmenandwomenareworkinginthisworkshop.Themajoritywere/wasinfavoroftheproposal.Themajorityofboyslikefootball.,.,71,and,MaryandJanecompetewitheachotherforthefirstprize.BothJohnandAnnareready.Icecreamandcakeismyfavoritedessert.Theeditorandthepublisherofthismagazineareveryablemen.Theeditorandpublisherofthismagazineisaveryableman.但是形容词+and+形容词+名词指两类不同的人或物时,谓语动词用复数Socialandpoliticalfreedomarelimitedthere.,.,72,or,eitheror.Neithernor,notonly,butalso,谓语动词取决最接近它的名词或代词的数,Neithercriticismnorpraiseaffectsthem.Patoryouweresupposedtocall.Neitherthepricesnorthequalityhaschanged.DoesntheorIdeserveit?Dontyouorhedeserveit?,.,73,Oneof和theonlyoneof,Thatisoneofthoseremarksthatareintendedtostartarguments.Janeisoneofthosepersonswhoalwaysthinktheyareright.Sheistheonlyoneofthosegirlswhoiswillingtotakeamake-upexam.,.,74,倒装,.,75,倒装(全部倒装和部分倒装),1.全部倒装(FullInversion),又称主谓倒装(Subject-verbInversion)。例如:Herearesomelettersforyou.Downpouredtherain.Intothecoachscrambledthechildren.2.部分倒装(PartialInversion),又称主语与助动词/晴态动词倒装(Subject-operatorInversion)。例如：NeverhaveIheardsuchnonsense.OnlytodaydidIlearnthedreadfulnews.,.,76,全部倒装句的具体用法,1.用于由here,there,now,then等副词引导的句子，通常称作把时间状语或地点状语提前的倒装句，其谓语动词通常跟在时间状语或地点状语之后。例如：Thencameanewdevelopmentthathadafar-reachingeffects.Onceuponatime,therelivedamanknownbythenameofJoeBeef.Nowcomesyourturn.,.,77,全部倒装句的具体用法,2.在带有助动词“be”的句子中，动词-ing和-ed形式可移至句首，主语移至“be”后面，形成全部倒装。例如：Runningacrossitisastream.Buriedinthesandswasanancientvillage.Picturedhereisawoodentubusedforgatheringwaterchestnuts.,.,78,全部倒装句的具体用法,3.为了使描写的景象更生动,常把拟声词或away,in,out,up等状语放在句首,从而引起主谓全部倒装。例如：Downitfellfromtheappletree.Thedooropened.Inrushedthecrowd.,.,79,全部倒装句的具体用法,4.当句子的主语较长而谓语较短时，常将状语放在句首，主谓全部倒装使句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻。例如：Faintgrowthesoundofthebell.Attheendofthekaleidoscopearetwoplates,onemadeoftheglassandtheotherofgroundglass.,.,80,全部倒装句的具体用法,5.用于表示祝愿的句型。例如：Mayyoulivealongandhappylife!LonglivethePeoplesRepublicofChina!,.,81,部分倒装句的具体用法,1.句首是否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，常用部分倒装。例如：Notasinglebookhereadthatmonth.Undernocircumstancesshallwecanceltheparty.常用于这一结构的词或短语有：atno/othertime,bynomeans,undernocircumstances,hardly,scarcely,seldom,innoway,invain,little,never,rarely,few,nosoonerthan,hardlywhen,nowhere,notuntil,notonlybutalso,notasingleword,notfrequently,.,82,部分倒装句的具体用法,2.句首是only引导的状语时,需要部分倒装。例如：Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblem.常用短语还有：onlybychance,onlythen,onlywithdifficulty,onlyonarareoccasion等等。,.,83,部分倒装句的具体用法,3.sothat结构中的so置于句首时，需要部分倒装。例如：Soabsurddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim.句首是manyatime,tosuchadegree/extent,tosuchaextremes,tosuchalengths,tosuchapoint,witheveryjustification,withgoodreason等状语时，句子需要部分倒装。例如：Tosuchadegreewasheexcitedthathecouldntgotosleepthatnight.,.,84,部分倒装句的具体用法,4.用于以neither,nor开始的省略句，表示“也不”；用于以so开始的省略句，表示“也如此”。例如：Idontcareforsweet.NeitherdoI.Imnotv