大学英语定语从句

TheAttributiveClause,定语从句,1.定义：,2.先行词：,3.关系代词、关系副词：,在复合句中用来用来修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。,被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词（antecedent）。,引导定语从句的词,关系代词：,关系副词：,Who,whom,whose,which,that等,When,where,why等,关系代词和关系副词的作用：,1、引导作用2、替代作用3、在定语从句中担当某个成分的作用,Eg:1.Thosewhowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.2.Thisisthehousewherehewasborn.3.Bill,whowashereyesterday,askedmealotofquestions.,关系代词的用法,人；物,物,人,人,人、物,主语；宾语,主语；宾语,主语；宾语,宾语,定语,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,可省,不可省,关系副词的用法,时间,状语,否,地点,状语,否,原因,状语,否,判断下列引导词在句中的用法,Eg:1.Heissuchamanwhonevertellsalie.2.Heisthemodelworkerwhom/whoweshouldlearnfrom.3.Adictionaryisabookwhichoftenhelpsustoknowthemeaningsofthewords.4.ThisisthefilmwhichIlikebest.5.Theboywhosefatherisaprofessorisoneofmybestfriends.,指代、所作成分、是否可省略,6.Thehousewhoseroofwasblownawaybythestormwillberebuiltsoon.7.Itwas11oclockwhentheaccidenthappenedlastnight.8.ThisisthevillagewhereIwasbroughtup.,关系代词which和that的区别：,A.关系代词必须用that的情形：,ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.Thefirstmanarrivedattheclasswasourheadteacher.ThisistheonlyticketthatIgotyesterday.ThisistheverybookthatImlookingfor.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?Allthatyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.Thereisnotimethatwecanwaste.Thecaranditsdriverthatknockeddowntheoldladyhavebeentakentothepolicestation.,Summarize:只能用that引导定语从句的几种情况,1)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时。,2）先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。,3)先行词是不定代词all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等.,4）先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修饰。,5）先行词既有人又有物时。,B.指物时，作介词的宾语，关系代词只能用which,Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwevehadsomuchdiscussion.,Practice:,1.Theyaskedhimtotellthemeverything_hesawatthefront.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.where2.Inthedarkstreet,therewasntasingleperson_shecouldturnforhelp.(1992)A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhom3.Idontlike_youspeaktoher.(1993上海)A.thewayB.thewayinthatC.thewaywhichD.thewayofwhich,B,D,A,Correctthefollowingsentences:,1.ThisisthebestfilmwhichIhaveseen.2.Thatsallwhichwanttosay.,ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.,ThatsallthatIwanttosay.,3.Isthereanythingwhichyouwantinthisshop?4.Hetalkedaboutsomewritersandbookswhich/whowereunknowntousall.5.Theroominthatshelivesisalargeone.,Isthereanythingthatyouwantinthisshop?,Hetalkedaboutsomewritersandbooksthatwereunknowntousall.,Theroominwhichshelivesisalargeone.,关系副词when,where,why的用法,1.Doyoustillrememberthedaywhenwewenttovisitthemuseumtogether?,Doyoustillrememberthedayonwhichwewenttovisitthemuseumtogether?,2.Thisisthefactorywheremyfatheronceworked.,Thisisthefactoryinwhichmyfatheronceworked.,3.Thisisthereasonwhyhewaslate.,Thisisthereasonforwhichhewaslate.,Summarize:,在定语从句中关系副词都等于一个适当的介词加上which，在从句中作状语,When=in/at/on/+which;Where=in/at/on/+which;Why=for/+which,Practice:,1.-IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.(1999)-Isthatthereason_youhadafewdaysoff?A.whyB.whenC.whatD.where2.Imgoingtovisittheschool_mymothertaughtphysicstenyearsago.A.whereB.thatC.whichD.what3.Doyoustillremembertheday_IfirstcametoBeijing?A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where,A,A,C,关系副词when,where和关系代词that,which的区分同样是修饰一个地点，有时使用where，有时使用that/which；同样是修饰一个时间，有时使用when，有时使用that/which主要看：从句意思是否完整；完整的话需用关系副词，若意思不完整则需加关系代词充当某个成分。请比较以下句子：Thisistheparkthatwevisitedlastyear.(从句意思不完整需要加宾语)Thisistheparkwhereweheldabirthdayparty.（从句完整，只需加上特定的关系副词）Thatsthedatethatshewontforgetforever.Thatsthedatewhenwewenttothecollege.Ilikethetimethatwehadtogether.Ilikethetimewhenwelivedtogether.,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,定义：限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的修饰成分，否则主句的意思不完整或不成立。非限制性定语从句只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明，去掉之后主句的意思照样完整。,Comparethefollowingsentences:,Amanwhodoesnottrytolearnfromotherscantachievemuch.Thereremanyplays(that)Idliketosee.ThisnotewasleftbyXiaoWu,whowasjusthere.,YesterdayMrBrownpaidavisittoHangzhou,whichisfamousforitsWestLake.Theyhaveinvitedmetovisittheircountry,whichisverykindofthem.,Summarize:,1.限制性定语从句常和先行词紧密相连；非限制性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号分开。,2.非限制性定语从句不能用that来引导。,3.非限制性定语从句有时可以用来修饰整个句子。,*关系代词和人称代词/指示代词的选择Hehasthreesons,noneof_isadoctor.Hehasthreesons,butnoneof_isadoctor.Hehasthreesons,_aredoctors.Hehasthreesons;_aredoctors.A.whomB.themC.theyD.who,A,D,B,C,Practice:,1._isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.(2001)A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What2.Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,_ofgreatimportancetoscience.(1998)A.whichIthinkisB.whichIthinkitisC.whichIthinkitD.Ithinkwhichis3.Ishallneverforgetthoseyears_Ilivedinthecountrywiththefarmers,_hasagreateffectonmylife.(1994上海)A.that;whichB.when;whichC.which;thatD.when;who,B,A,B,Correctmistakesforthefollowingsentences.1.Underthebigtreeare34students,manyofthemcomefromclasstwo.2.Mymotherhasagoodbook,whichcoverlooksterrible.3.Whoaretheyounggirlswhoarehavingdinnerintherestaurant?4.Sheisoneofthegirlswhoisveryinterestedinmaths.5.Tomistheonlyoneoftheboyswholikeplayingfootball.6.Whoisthegirlthatyoutalkedtoherjustnow?7.Thisistheverypenthatyougaveittomebefore.8.Thereisanoldwoman,thatisholdingastick.,whom,whose,that,are,likes,去掉her,去掉it,who,主动表示被动：,某些感官动词和系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义，如look,smell,taste,feel,prove,wear,sound等Theflowersmellssweet.Thedishtastesdelicious.Theclothfeelsverysoft.Thestoneshavewornsmooth.,2.某些及物动词后加副词（有些可不加副词）表示事物固有的属性或特征,也可以表示被动意义，如wash,write,sell,read,open,cut,lock,peel,pack,play,shut,spot,split,strike,record,act,clean,draw,iron,keep,photograph等Thistypeofrecordersellswell.Thatkindofshirtwashesverywell.Ripeapplespeeleasily.Theplayswontact.Nylondriesquickly.,6)Thenovelreadswell.7)Thedooropenswithdifficulty.8)Thewoodwontburn.9)Waterheatsrapidly.10)Thiskindofshirtcleanseasily.11)Hercoatcaughtinthedoor/onthenail.,比较：1.Theboxdoesntlock.这个箱子锁不上。（箱子本身的性质）2.Theboxwasnotlocked.这个箱子没有上锁。（箱子当时的状态）3.Thetheoryprovedtobecorrect.那个理论证明是正确的。（含有自身证明的特征）4.Thetheorywasprovedtobecorrect.那个理论被证明是正确的。（被人证明）,3.want,need,require,和beworth等词的后面可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。Thebookisworthreading.Thecoatrequiresmending.Thechildrenneedslookingafter.Thetablewantscleaning.,那是不堪想象的。,这规则需要下点功夫才能学会。,某些作表语(expensive,cheap,difficult,fit,hard,light,heavy,easy,的形容词后，用不定式形式表示被动意义。,Theboxistooheavytolift.Sheiseasytoapproach.Thefishisnotfittoeat.Heishardtoplease.Thepassageisdifficulttoread.Thejewelistooexpensivetobuy.,Therearealotofworktodo/tobedone.Therearealotofworkforustodo.,ThePassiveVoice被动语态,了解被动语态,被动语态构成：be+P.P,2、形式:1）一般现在时：am/is/are+P.P,1.英语中有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态,2)一般过去时：was/were+P.P,3)情态动词+be+P.P,4)一般将来时：will+be+p.p,5)现在完成时：have/has+been+P.P,6)现在进行时态：is/am/are+being+P.P,1.BananasaregrowninHainan.(海南种植香焦。）,2.Manymoretreeswillbeplantedinourschoolnextyear.（我们学校明年将种更多的树。）,3.Werethetreesplantedbyhim.这些树是他种的吗？,4.Youngtreesmustbelookedafter.(必须照看好小树）,5.Thebuildingisbeingbuilt.(那栋楼房正在建设中。）,6.Thehomeworkhasbeenfinishedyet.（家作已经做完了。）,1.HeteachesEnglishinourschool.,Englishistaughtinourschoolbyhim.,语态转换,宾提前变主，主变介by宾，被动be加done,时态看主动,2.Weplantedmanytreeslastyears.,Manytreeswereplantedbyuslastyear.,过去时的被动语态：was/were+P.P,3.Weshouldplantmanymoretrees.,Manymoretreesshouldbeplantedbyus.,含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+PP,4.ShewillteachClass6.,Class6willbetaughtbyher.,将来时的被动语态：Will/shall+be+PP,5.Manycountrieshavesentupsatellitesintospace.,Satelliteshavebeensentupintospacebymanycountries.,完成时的被动语:Have/has+been+PP,现在进行时的被动语态：is+being+pp,6.SheisteachingClass6.,Class6isbeingtaughtbyher.,Iwasgivenabookbyher.,Abookwasgiventomebyher.,7.Shegavemeabook.,如遇双宾语，最好变间宾，如若变直宾，间宾前to/for（pass,lend,buy,write,bring,show,tell）,8.Hemademedothework.,Iwasmadetodotheworkbyhim.,这些动词真奇怪，主动句中to离开，被动句中to回来。（feel,listento,hear,lethave,make,lookat,see,watch),9.Theytakegoodcareofthebaby.,Thebabyistakengoodcareofbythem.,注意：含动词词组的被动语态，须将其看作一个整体，不可把它们分隔开来。,1Stamps_bypeopleforsendingletters.A.useB.usingC.usedD.areused.2.Mustoldpeople_topolitely?A.speakB.spokenC.bespokeD.bespoken3.Bikemustnt_everywhere.A.beupB.beputC.putC.putting4.Thewomanfelloffthebikeand_ontheroad.A.layB.waslainC.liedD.haslain,D,D,B,A,5.Theoldmanandthechildren_inourcountry.A.musttakegoodcare.B.mustbetakegoodcareofC.musttakegoodcareofDmustbetakengoodcareof6.Alltreesmust_wellwhenitisdry.A.bewaterB.wateringC.waterD.bewatered7._Ithinktheshop_._No,itsopen.It_atsix.close,closeBclosed,closedC.closed;closesD.isclosed,closes,D,D,D,将下列句子变为被动语态，每空一词。1.Wecanfinishtheworkintwodays.Thework_intwodays.2.TheyproducesilkinSuzhou.Silk_inSuzhou.3.ThechildrenwillsinganEnglishsong.AnEnglishsong_bythechildren.4.Youneedntdoitnow.It_byyounow.5.LucysentmeaNewYearCardlastweek.ANewYearCard_mebyLucylastweek.6.Hemademedothatforhim.I_thatforhim.7.Ihavegiventhisbooktothelibrary.Thisbook_tothelibrary.,canbefinished,isproduced,willbesung,needntbedone,wassentto,wasmadetodo,hasbeengiven,Atrafficaccident_(happen)justnow.,happened,2.连系动词（Link.v.)如：be,look,seem,feel,sound,smell,taste,get,turn,become,PekingOpera_(sound)beautiful.,sounds,3.当此动词表示事物的自然属性的时候:,Thepen_(write)veryfast.,writes,Thiskindofsweater_(sell)well.,sells,1.不及物动词（vi.)如:happen,takeplace,appear,disappear,不用被动语态的动词：,1.Largenumbersofplasticbags_(use)inthesupermarketseveryday.,2._ourcountry_(send)upanotherman-madesatellitelastyear?,3.Musttheoldpeople_(speak)topolitely?,4.Hergrandmawasstillalivewhenhe_(take)tothehospital.,5.English_(speak)inmanycounties.,areused,Did,send,bespoken,wastaken,isspoken,6.Threequartersoftheworldsbooks_(write)inEnglish.,7.Thiskindofsweater_(sell)well.,8._Lesson50_(teach)nextweek?,arewritten,sells,Will,betaught,Fillintheblanksusingrightforms:,1.Allthestudents_(ask)tobringakitewiththemlastSunday.,2.Aremanyways_(try)tostoppeoplefromcuttingdownsomanytrees?,3.Whatareonshowinthemuseum?,Somephotos_(take)byAmericanchildren.,4.,Thiscoat_(wash)well.,9.Haveyoufoundyournecklace_(偷)lastweek?,6.Imoften_(警告）nottocopyothershomework.,7.Hecouldntexplainwhydinosaurs_(消失).,8.Illhavemybike_(修理)tomorrow.,5.Musttheoldpeople_(speak)topolitely?,10.ThePRCwas_(成立)onOctober1,1949.,wereasked,tried,taken,washes,bespoken,warned,disappeared,mendedrepaired,stolen,founded,Thankyou!,Goodbye!,IndirectSpeech,DirectSpeech,and,一字不改地引用或复述别人的话，被引用或复述的部分就叫直接引语；直接引语必须都放在引号中，其位置常在句尾或句首。,用自己的话转述别人的话；被转述的部分就叫间接引语；间接引语不必用括号，一般用宾语从句或复合宾语表达法。,原封不动引用别人的原话,原话在引号中。,“Takeoffyourboots,”hesaid.,“Idontknowwhereyourbikeis,”saidtheArab.,“Imsorry,”theprofessorsaidtotheclass,“butnoneofyouwatchedcarefullyenough.”,DirectSpeech:,用自己的话转述别人所说的内容。通常以宾语从句的形式出现。当直接引语变为间接引语时，有关的人称、语序、时态、代词、时间状语、地点状语、和少数动词都要作相应的改变。,IndirectSpeech:,时态的变化,一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去完成时或不变,过去将来时,附：,代词时间状语地点状语少数动词,that,those,there,then,go,take,could,might,hadto,时间状语,陈述句：,引语前用that引导,有时也可以不用。,Hesaid,“Iopenedthewindowthismorning.”,Hesaidthatheopenedthewindowthatmorning.,Mysistersaid,“Wehavecleanedthefloor.”,Mysistersaidthattheyhadcleanedthefloor.,Themanagersaidtome,“Youmustgotherenextweek.”,ThemanagertoldmethatIhadtogotherethenextweek.,Thegirlsaid,“Icandomyhomeworkmyself.”,Thegirlsaidthatshecoulddoherhomeworkherself.,如直接引语是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。,Theteachersaidinclass,“Themoonmovesaroundtheearth.”,Theteachersaidinclassthatthemoonmovesaroundtheearth.,陈述句直接引语变间接引语的结构：,Asaidthat,AtoldBthat,Thegirlsaidthatshecoulddoherhomeworkherself.,ThemanagertoldmethatIhadtogotherethenextweek.,一般疑问句：,变为间接引语后，要用陈述语序（主语先写）用if或whether引导。时态等作相应变化。,Heasked,“Canyouhearme?”,Heaskedif/whetherIcouldhearhim.,Theteacherasked,“Haveyoureadthisbook,Bob?”,TheteacheraskedBobif/whetherhehadreadthatbook.,Shesaidtome,“Willyougotherewithme?”,Sheaskedmeif/whetherIwouldgotherewithher.,Sheasked,“Didyouseethefilmyesterday,Peter?”,SheaskedPeterif/whetherhehadseenthefilmthedaybefore.,“Areyouleavingtodayortomorrow?”JoanaskedKate.,JoanaskedKateif/whethershewasleavingthatdayorthenextday.,一般疑问句直接引语变间接引语的结构：,Aaskedif/whether,AaskedBifwhether,Heaskedif/whetherIcouldhearhim.,TheteacheraskedBobif/whetherhehadreadthatbook.,特殊疑问句：,变为间接引语后，仍用原来的疑问词引导，用陈述语序。时态等作相应变化。,Whendidtheybuildthisbridge?”sheasked.,Sheaskedwhentheybuiltthatbridge.,Theteacheraskedher,“Whydidyoucomelate?”,Theteacheraskedherwhyshecamelate.,RobertaskedAlice,“Whereismydictionary?”,RobertaskedAlicewherehisdictionarywas.,Mrs.Billaskedhim,“Whichbookdoyoulikebest?”,Mrs.Billaskedhimwhichbookhelikedbest.,特殊疑问句直接引语变间接引语的结构：,Aasked+原句疑问词,AaskedB+原句疑问词,Sheaskedwhentheybuiltthatbridge.,Mrs.Billaskedhimwhichbookhelikedbest.,祈使句：,改为间接引语后，就成了以不定式短语形式出现的宾语补足语（动词常是ask/tell/order/advise/warn/remind等）。,Hesaidtothegirl,“Doitatonce.”,Hetoldthegirltodoitatonce.,Mrs.Hillsaid,“pleasesingatourparty,Mary.”,Mrs.HillaskedMarytosingattheirparty.,Shesaidtome,“Dontsmokeintheclassroom.”,Shetoldmenottosmokeintheclassroom.,Hesaid,“Letsgofishingtomorrow.”,Hesuggestedgoingfishingthenextday.,祈使句直接引语变间接引语的结构(sbtodosth)：,AtoldB(not)todo,AaskedB(not)todo,Hetoldthegirltodoitatonce.,Mrs.HillaskedMarytosingattheirparty.,二）祈使句改间接引语后是sb(not)todosth结构注意以下几点1.said/saidto要变成asked/told/order等可跟不定式作宾补的动词。2.呼语变宾语，please要去掉.,感叹句直接引语(变化前)Hesaid,“HowhappyIam!”间接引语(变化后)Hesaidthathewasveryhappy.Hesaidhowhappyhewas.Whatacleverboyyouare!sheexclaimed.Shetoldhimwhatacleverboyhewas.Shetoldhimthathewasacleverboy.,由直接引语转变为间接引语,有时会引时态的变化,注意以下几个方面,1.主句动词为一般现在时、现在完成时或一般将来时，在转述直接引语过程中可以不作任何时态改变：,直接引语Sheoftensays,“Allmenandwomenareequalunderthelaw.”间接引语Sheoftensaysthatallmenandwomenareequalunderthelaw.,由直接引语转变为间接引语,下列情况时态不变1.不变的真理：Theteachersaidtothestudents,“Waterfreezeswhenthetemperaturefallsbelow0.”Theteachertoldthestudentsthatwaterfreezeswhenthetemperaturefallsbelow0.2.经常的习惯(强调动作或状态现在仍然如此时，)Hesaidtothedoctor,“Ismoketwopackseveryday.”Hetoldthedoctorthathesmokestwopackseveryday.,3.历史事件(直接引语中有绝对具体的过去时间做状语时)Theteachersaid,“WorldWarendedin1945.”TheteachersaidthatWorldWarendedin1945.4.部分情态动词,如must,oughtto,usedto,hadbetter等：Shesaidtome:“Youmusthurryup.”ShesaidthatImusthurryup.,Heoftensays“Ishalltellyouaboutthem.”Heoftentellsmethat_willtell_about_.IyouthemB.hemethemC.heyouusD.Imeyou,B,例题,2.Youmustsaytoher,“Idependonyouandhim.”Youmusttellherthat_dependon_and_.A.IyouhimB.sheyoumeC.youherhimD.youmehim,C,例题,3.Ishalltellhim,“Ihavewrittentoyouandhertwice.”Ishalltellhimthat_havewrittento_and_twice.IhimherB.youhimherC.IyoumeD.youmeher,A,例题,4.Jacksaidtome,”Youlookworriedtoday.”Jacktoldmethat_worried_.helookstodayB.youlooktodayC.welookedthatdayD.Ilookedthatday,D,例题,5.Theysaidtous,“Areyouafraidtoleavethishouse?”Theyaskedus_afraidtoleave_house.thatwerewethisB.thatwewerethatC.ifwerewethisD.ifwewerethat,D,例题,6.“DoyouknowEnglish?”heasked.Heaskedif_English.IknewB.youknowC.heknewD.Iknow,A,例题,7.Janesaid,“Whatdidhehearaboutaweekago?”Janeasked_about_.thatheheardaweekagoB.ifheheardtheweekagoC.whathehadheardaweekagoD.whathehadheardtheweekbefore,D,例题,8.Sheasked,”Whosehousewillhebreakintonexttime?”Sheaskedwhosehouse_breakinto_.willhenexttimeB.wouldhethenexttimeC.hewillnexttimeD.hewouldthenexttime,D,例题,9.Jacksaidtoher,”Wheredoyouspendyourholidays?”Jackaskedherwhere_holidays.shespendherB.youspendyourC.shespentherD.youspentyour,c,例题,10.Theteacheraskedher,“Doesthesunriseintheeast?”Theteacheraskedher_thesun_intheeast.ifriseB.ifrisesC.whetherroseD.whetherdidrise,例题,B,1.现在进行时态表将来go,come,leave,get,arrive,meet,seeoff,takeoff,return,start,fly,stay,etc.,e.g.Imleavingatseventonight,2.Whentheplane,thetrain,thebus,meetingplan,filmandprogrammeareusedasthesubject,theseverbsshouldbeusedinsimplePresentTense.,e.g.TheplanetoLondonleavesat9:30tomorrowmorning.Thefilmbeginsat6:00.,3.Thepresenttenseisusedforthefutureinaclauseintroducedby“when”,“if”,“before”,“till/until”,“everytime”,“bythetime”,“assoonas”,“themoment”.,e.g.Weshallnotgooutforahikeifitrainstomorrow.,一般将来时的被动语态用法例析一般将来时的被动语态是被动语态学习中的难点,也是重点。本文通过对若干典型例题的分析,对其进行了归纳和总结,希望对同学们有所帮助。1.基本结构一:shall/will+be+done【经典例题1】Ipromisethatthismatter_nextweek.A.willbetakencareB.willtakecareofC.willtakegoodcareD.willbetakencareof,【思路点拨】选D。从题干不难看出,一是从句中的thismatter和takecareof是被动关系;二是takecareof是固定搭配,不能拆开;三是相对于promise来说,takecareof是将要发生的动作。故从句谓语应用一般将来时的被动语态。,【经典例题2】Thesedictionaries_thelibraryagain(byyou).A.willbetakenoutofB.wontbetakenoutofC.willtakeoutofD.wonttakeoutof,【思路点拨】选B。由题干结构及句意可知,此题考查的是一般将来时的被动语态的否定式。另外,我们还应注意:其疑问式为Shall/Will+主语+be+done.?或特殊疑问词+shall/will+主语+be+done.?,2.基本结构二:be(am/is/are)goingto+be+done【经典例题1】Theclass_oneverythingtheyhavelearntthisyear.A.isgoingtobeexaminingB.aregoingtoexamineC.isgoingtobeexaminedD.aregoingtobeexamined,【思路点拨】选D。题中theclass指全班同学,谓语动词应用复数形式,并且主语和谓语动词之间是被动关系,所以谓语应用一般将来时的被动语态。,【经典例题2】Anexhibitionofpainting_atthear