chapter_3_词汇学_ology.ppt

Goodafternoon,PREVIEWQUESTIONS,1.HowareEnglishconsonantsclassified?2.HowareEnglishVowelsclassified?3.Whatarephonemesandallophones?,1,Morphology,Chapter3,Thesystemoflanguage,3,Sounds,Phonemes,Morphemes,Phrase,clause,Sentences,Discourses,Phonetics,Phonology,Morphology,Syntax,Pragmatics,KEYPOINTS,DefinitionofmorphologyDefinitionofmorphemesClassificationsofmorphemesTheformationofwords,4,3.1Definitionofaword,Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.ZhangWeiyou(1999)aminimumfreeformStability-internalstructure(cantrearrange)relativeuninterruptibility-internalstructure(cantinsert),5,3.1Classificationofwords(1),Basicwordstock男孩似的boy,-ish(twomorphemes),3.2.2Typesofmorphemes(1),Thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,自由形式的詞素本身就是一個詞，可以單獨使用e.g.:boy,girl,table,nation.,15,Freemorphemes,PK,Boundmorphemes,Thosethatcannotoccuralone,Boundmorphemeincludestwotypes:rootsandaffixes.e.g.:-sindogs,-edinworked,dis-indislike,un-inunable.,Typesofmorphemes(2),16,Acertainaffixherereferstoaninflectionalaffix:grammaticalendings,rootstemaffix,thepartwhichisattachedtootherwords;usuallyboundmorphemesthepartleftwhenalltheaffixesareremovedthepartleftwhenacertainaffixisremoved,Typesofmorphemes(2):Root,Root:thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity,E.g.:friendasinunfriendliness.Rootsmaybe:Free:thosethatcanstandbythemselves,E.g.:black+board;nation+-al;orbound:thosethatcannotstandbythemselves,E.g.:-ceiveinreceive,perceive,conceive.,17,Typesofmorphemes(2):Affix,Affix:normallydividedinto:Prefix(dis-,un-)prefixesoccuratthebeginningofaword.suffix(-en,-ify)attheendinfix(foot-feet)inthemiddle,18,Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.Exceptionsaretheprefixesbe-,anden(m)-.Addedtoadjectivesornounstheyturnthewordsintoverbs,forexample：,19,Prefix前綴,mis-誤mistake誤解over-過分overdo做得過分,little,belittle,large,enlarge,body,embody,Suffixes,Suffixesmodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.Accordingly,therearenoun-formingsuffixes,adjective-formingsuffixes,adverb-formingsuffixes,andverb-formingsuffixes.,20,-erteacher,writer-ician“.(專)家,.工作者”electrician電工-bility“能力”possibility可能性-hood“時期”childhood幼年時期,童年時期,Suffixes,-age“(人生的)某一時期”orphanage孤兒-ary(adj)elementary基本的,secondary第二位的-ful(adj)beautiful美麗的,delightful愉悅的,sorrowful悲傷的-en(V使.)weaken使變弱,darken,deepen-ize(v化)modernize使現代化-ly(adj+-ly=advn+-ly=adj)slowly慢慢地,friendly友善的-ward(往方向)forward(adv)往前,eastward往東,21,Typesofmorphemes(2):Stem,Stem:amorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixmaybeadded,e.g.:friend+-s;write+-ing,possibility+-es.,22,Astemcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.e.g.:*toler-(root)+affixate:tolerate忍受*quick(freemorpheme)+affixly:quickly*careless(aderivedform)+affixless,Typesofmorphemes(3),Inflectionalaffix:Boundmorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers,signifyingsuchconceptsastense,number,caseetc.e.g.:-ed,-s,-erHehadregularfeatures.他五官端正。Youwillbeforthehighjumpwhenwheyfindoutyouvecrashedthefirmscar.highereducation高等教育,23,Inflectionalmorphemes,PK,Derivationalmorphemes,Typesofmorphemes(3),Derivationalaffix:Boundmorphemewhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofwords.Addedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwordse.g.:inter+languageinterlanguagein+visibleinvisiblesoft+ensoftenspeak+erspeaker,24,3.2.3Word-formation,25,(1)Inflection,Nominalforms:boys,boysVerbforms:wants,wanted,wantingAdjective/adverbforms:smaller,smallest“Inflection”:isthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspect,andcase,whichdoesnotchangethegrammaticalclassoftheitemstowhichtheyareattached.,26,(2)Wordformationa.Compound,Twoormorefreerootscombinetomakeanewword.Nouncompounds:daybreak,playboy,haircut,windmillVerbcompounds:brainstorm,lipread,baby-sitAdjectivecompounds:gray-haired,insect-eating,duty-free,27,Endocentrice.g.self-control:akindofcontrolarmchair:akindofchairExocentric:thereisnohead,sonotarelationshipof“akindofsomething”,e.g.scarecrow:notakindofcrowbreakneck:notakindofneck,28,b.Derivation,Class-changing:NV:lengthen,hospitalize,discardNA:friendly,delightful,speechlessVN:worker,empl