医学英语词汇

Medical Vocabulary,Teaching Office of Fundamental NursingWang Juan,construction,English Medical Terminologyprofessional literature reading Writing for Abstract of Medical Thesis ISPN and Related Issues,Nursing Process Health Assessment Community Health Nursing Nursing Care of the Oldest Old Promoting Coping in Hospitalized Children Midwifery and Perinatal Care Principles and Methods of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Nursing,医学英语词汇概述,教学内容医学英语语词的来源医学英语词汇特点 医学词根、前缀、后缀,词 源,古英语： 数量极少，只是最基本的人体解剖术语和与人体基本生理功能和疾患相关术语。有些单词意义基本没有变化： blood; bone; eye; mouth; hand拼写、读音、意义都发生变化： chest breast,词 源,希腊语： 借自希腊语的前缀： peri-(周围，围绕，靠近)；auto-(自己，独自)借自希腊语的词根： append(o)-(阑尾)；mast(o)-(乳腺，乳房)借自希腊语的单词： colon-(结肠)；coma-(昏迷),词 源,拉丁语： 借自拉丁语的前缀： re-(再，又，重新)；centi-(百)借自拉丁语的词根： audi(o)-(听觉，听力)； urin(o)-(尿)借自拉丁语的单词： medicine-(医学)；tumor-(肿瘤),词 源,阿拉伯语：syrup 法语：hospital; benigh德语：aspirin; gene意大利语：influenza; malaria西班牙语：mosquito; quinine,词 源,中医术语： yin(阴)；yang(阳)；jing(精)；qi(气) tui na(推拿)；acupuncture point(穴位),医学英语词汇主要特点,1、医学英语借用普通英语部分词汇2、部分医学词汇中英之间音或形相近3、大量医学英语词汇包含词根、词缀4、医学英语词汇中存在大量缩略词5、一个意义常有多个表达,1、医学英语借用普通英语部分词汇Irrigation:冲洗-灌溉Solution:溶液-解决问题Labor:分娩-劳力Indication:适应-指示Secondary:继发性中级的,2、部分医学词汇中英之间音或形相近音近： penicillin:盘尼西林 Gua Sha: 刮痧形近： milk tooth:乳齿 chicken breast:鸡胸,3、大量医学英语词汇包含词根、词缀Electrocardiogram：心电图Autotransplantation:自体移植,4、医学英语词汇中存在大量缩略词字母缩略词： 取自短语:BP=Blood Pressure SARS=Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 取自单词：ECG=electrocardiogram截短词：cardiogram=electrocardiogram,5、一个意义常有多个表达近视： myopia; near-sighted; near/short-sightedness小便： urinate(V.); urine(n.) pass water; pee,医学英语词汇结构,医学词素(morpheme)：医学词根(root) 医学词缀(affix:prefix,suffix),医学英语词汇结构,词根：可以在不同的单词里出现，但它的基本形式和含义相同 erythr(o)-1、自由词根：abdomen2、黏着词根：vas(o)-,医学英语词汇结构,前缀（prefix）： 置于词根前对词根的含义加以补充与限定的词素1、指事物基本状况的前缀：a-,dys-,hyper-2、指时间、方位或位置的前缀： ex-,in-,peri-,sub-,trans-3、指相互关系的前缀：auto-,idio-,homo-4、指数字的前缀：uni-,bi-,tri-,cent-,医学英语词汇结构,后缀（suffix）： 置于词根后对词根的含义加以补充与限定的词素常常用于单词后作为添加词素来改变词汇含义的一小部分或改变词性，但不可能改变一个单词的含义简单后缀（simple suffix） 复合性后缀（compound suffix）,医学英语词汇结构,简单后缀：形容词后缀：-ar,-ic,-itic动词后缀：-ize,-ate,-fy名词后缀：-oma,-ia,-itis副词后缀：-ad,-ward,-wise,医学英语词汇结构,复合性后缀： 由部分词根和简单后缀结合而成-graphy=-graph+y:process of recording-logy=-log+y:study,science-uria=-ur+ia:urine condition,连接元音字母： 在两个词素之间常会被添加进一个连接元音字 母，以使人们在连读这两个词素时，在语音上顺 口流畅。连接元音字母大多出现在两个词素相连而后一个词素的起始字母发辅音的情况下，尤其是在前一个词素的末尾字母发辅音而后一个词素的起始字母也发辅音的情况下。,6个连接元音字母：o:为最常见的连接元音字母i:为较常见的连接元音字母a,e,u:较少见的连接元音字母y:为最少见连接元音字母,-o-: therm（温）+meter（测量器）：thermometer-i-：insect（虫）+cide（杀）：insecticide-a-：pent（五）+gon（角）：pentagon-e-：liqu（液）+fy（化）：liquefy-u-：cent（百）+ple（倍）：centuple,连接元音字母的标注：一个词素在后连另一词素时需要添加的连接元音字母是特定的。my-,myo-:肌ost-,osto-:骨dent-,denti-,dento-:牙ant-,anti-:对立，反抗，制止,快速记忆,-centesis 穿刺术-graphy 记录，摄影-plasty 成型术-scopy 镜检-stasis 停止，制止,测试,arthrocentesis cardiography myoplasty cystoscopy mycostasis pelvimetry,关节穿刺术心电图肌成型术膀胱镜检查抑制霉菌作用骨盆测量仪,医学英语常用词根及构词,呼吸系统（The respiratory system),This includes the lungs and the passages leading to and from them. The purpose of this system is to take in air ,and from it extract oxygen which is then dissolved into the blood and conveyed to all the tissues . A waste product of the cells ,carbon dioxide ,is taken by the blood to the lungs ,whence it is expelled to the outside air.,The respiratory system,1、呼吸breath词根：-pnea,pneum(o)-,pneumat(o)-,-spir(o)例词：orthopnea端坐呼吸；pneumothorax气胸； expiration呼气2、鼻nose词根：nas(o)-,rhin(o)-例词：nasopharynx鼻咽；rhinitis鼻炎,3、喉throat词根：laryng(o)-例词：laryngitis喉炎；4、气管windpipe词根：trache(o)-例词：tracheotomy气管切开术； tracheal气管的,The respiratory system,5、支气管bronchi词根：bronch(o)-例词：bronchiectasis支气管扩张； bronchitis支气管炎,The respiratory system,6、肺lung：词根：pneumon(o)-,pulmo(n)(o)-例词：pneumonia肺炎；pulmonary肺的7、胸chest：词根：thorac(o)-例词：thoracentesis胸腔穿刺术；,The respiratory system,Practice,Respiratory distress syndrome PneumoniaLung ventilationMetabolic compensationdyspnea,呼吸窘迫综合征肺炎肺通气代谢代偿呼吸困难,Diagnostic terms,Inspection：视诊Auscultation ：听诊 Percussion：叩诊Palpation：触诊,Abbreviations,ARDSBronchCOPDCPRCXRDPT,Abbreviations,ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndromeCOPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitationCXR: Chest X-rayDPT: diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus,The circulatory system,The heart ,blood vessels, lymph vessels and lymph nodes all make up the system whereby blood is pumped to all the body tissues, bringing with it food ,oxygen and other substances ,and carrying away waste materials.,The circulatory system,1、心heart：词根：cardi(o)-例词：electrocardiogram心电图； cardiomyopathy心肌病2、心房auricle：词根：atri(o)-例词：atrial心房的；sinoatrial窦房的,The circulatory system,3、心室ventricle：词根：ventricul(o)-例词：ventricular心室的； interventricular室间的4、瓣膜valve：词根：valvul(o)-例词：valvular瓣膜的,The circulatory system,5、血管vessel：词根：vas(o)-,angi(o)-例词：vasculitis血管炎； angiography血管造影6、动脉artery：词根：arteri(o)-例词：arteriography动脉造影； arteritis动脉炎,The circulatory system,7、静脉vein：词根：ven(o)-,phleb(o)-例词：venous静脉的；phlebitis静脉炎8、主动脉aorta：词根：aort(o)-例词：aortitis主动脉炎；aortic主动脉的,The circulatory system,9、毛细血管capillary：词根：capillar(o)-例词：postcapillary后毛细血管； 10、脉搏pulse:词根：puls(o)-,sphygm(o)-例词：pulse脉搏；sphygmogram脉搏图,Practice,Acute myocardial infarctionPrimary coronary stentingAngioplastyProspective studyIntracoronary stent,急性心肌梗死冠状动脉主支架术血管成形术前瞻性研究冠状动脉内支架,Abbreviations,AFBPCathCCUCHDCHF,CVPDVTHDLLDL,Abbreviations,AF：atrial fibrillationBP: blood pressureCath: catheterizationCCU: coronary care unitCHD: coronary heart diseaseCHF: congestive heart failure,Abbreviations,CVP: central venous pressureDVT: deep venous thrombosisHDL: high-density lipoproteinLDL: low-density lipoprotein,The digestive system,This system comprises all organs which have to do with taking in food and converting the useful parts of it into substances that the body cells can use .Examples of these organs are the mouth, the teeth ,and the alimentary tract.,The digestive system,1、咽throat：词根：pharyng(o)-例词：pharyngitis咽炎2、胃stomach：词根：gastr(o)-,stomach(o)-例词：gastritis胃炎；stomachache胃痛,The digestive system,3、肠intestine：词根：enter（o）-例词：enteritis肠炎4、消化digestion：词根：peps(o)-,-gest(o)-例词：dyspepsia消化不良；digestion消化,The digestive system,5、胆囊gallbladder：词根：cholecyst(o)-例词：cholecystitis胆囊炎；6、肝liver:词根：hepat(o)-例词：hepatitis肝炎；hepatocyte肝细胞,The digestive system,7、阑尾appendix：词根：appendic(o)-例词：appendicular阑尾的； appendicitis阑尾炎,Practice,HypoplasiaLeft hepatic lobeGallbladder,发育不全左肝叶胆囊,The urinary system,Its main components are the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra. Its purpose is to filter out and rid of the body of certain waste products taken by the blood from the cells.,The urinary system,1、尿urine:词根：urin(o)-,ur(o)-例词：urine尿；hematuria血尿2、肾kidney：词根：ren(o)-,nephr(o)-例词：suprarenal肾上的；nephritis肾炎3、输尿管ureter:词根：ureter(o)-例词：ureteric输尿管的；,The urinary system,4、膀胱bladder词根：vesic(o)-,cyst(o)-例词：vesical膀胱的；cystitis膀胱炎,The urinary system,5、前列腺prostate：词根：prostat(o)-例词：prostatic前列腺的；prostatitis前列腺炎,Practice,Transitional cell carcinomaChronic renal failureInvasive bladder cancerRenal pelvic tumor,移行细胞癌慢性肾衰侵袭性膀胱癌肾盂肿瘤,Abbreviations,ADHARFCRFIVPUAUTIcysto,Abbreviations,ADH: antidiuretic hormoneARF: acute renal failureCRF: chronic renal failureIVP: intravenous pyelogramUA: urinalysisUTI: urinary tract infectioncysto: cystoscopic examination,The endocrine system,A few scattered organs know as endocrine glands produce special substances called hormones, which regulates such body functions as growth, food utilization within the cells ,and reproduction.,The endocrine system,1、分泌secretion：词根：crin(o)-,secret(o)-例词：endocrine内分泌；secretive分泌的2、腺gland:词根：aden(o)-例词：adenoma腺瘤；3、下丘脑hypothalamus：词根：hypothalam(o)-例词：hypothalamus下丘脑； hypothalamic下丘脑的,The endocrine system,4、垂体pituitary：词根：pitui-例词：pituitary垂体；5、甲状腺thyroid：词根：thyr(o)-例词：thyroiditis甲状腺炎,The endocrine system,6、钙calcium：词根：calc(i)-例词：calcification钙化7、皮质cortex：词根：cortic(o)-例词：corticosteroid皮质类固醇,The endocrine system,8、胸腺thymus：词根：thym(o)-例词：thymosin胸腺素； thymocyte胸腺细胞9、葡萄糖glucose：词根：gluc(o)-例词：glucocorticoids糖皮质激素,Practice,PerturbationCortisolEstrogenGrowth hormonethyroid,紊乱皮质醇雌激素生长激素甲状腺的,Abbreviations,BMRGTTHGHFBSTFT,Abbreviations,BMR: basal metabolic rateGTT: glucose tolerance testHGH: human growth hormoneFBS: fasting blood sugarTFT: thyroid function test,The nervous system,The brain ,the spinal cord and the nerves all make up this very complex system by which all parts of the body are controlled and coordinated. The organs of special sense, sometimes classed as a separate sensory system, together with the sense of touch ,receive stimuli from the outside world, which are then converted into impulses that are transmitted to the brain. The brain determines to a great extent the bodys responses to messages from without and within ,and in it occur such higher functions as memory and reasoning.,1、脑brain：词根：encephal(o)-例词：encephalitis脑炎； 2、大脑cerebrum：词根：cerebr(o)-例词：cerebrovascular脑血管的,The nervous system,3、丘脑thalamus：词根：thalam(o)-例词：epithalamus上丘脑；subthalamus底丘脑4、髓质marrow：词根：medull(o)-例词：medullary髓质的,The nervous system,The nervous system,5、脑膜、脊膜membrane：词根：mening(o)-例词：meningitis脑膜炎6、脑室ventricle：词根：ventricul(o)-例词：intraventricular脑室内的,The nervous system,7、脊柱spine：词根：spin(o)-例词：spinal脊柱的；cerebrospinal脑脊的8、运动motor：词根：-kinesia例词：bradykinesia运动迟缓； hyperkinesia运动过多,The nervous system,9、迷走vagus：词根：vag(o)-例词：vagal迷走的；10、精神、意志mind：词根：psych(o)-例词：psychotic精神的；psychiatry精神病学11、神经nerve：词根：neur(o)-例词：neuroscience神经科学； neurology神经病学,The nervous system,12、交感神经sympathetic nerve：词根：sympath(o)-例词：sympathoblast成交感神经细胞13、观念，理想idea:词根：ide(o)-例词：ideal观念的；idealism理想主义,Practice,EncephalitisSignal intensityUpper ponsBrainstemMagnetic resonance,脑炎信号强度上桥脑脑干磁共振,Abbreviations,CSFCNSCVAICPLP,Abbreviations,CSF: cerebrospinal fluidCNS: central nervous systemCVA: cerebrovascular accidentICP: intracranial pressureLP: lumbar puncture,The integumentary system,The word “integument” means “skin”. The skin is considered by some authorities to be a separate body system. It includes the hair, nails ,sweat and oil gland ,and other related structures .,1、眼eye:词根：ocul(o)-;例词：oculomotor动眼的；,The integumentary systemSense organs,The integumentary system,2、角膜cornea：词根：corne(o)-;kerat(o)-例词：corneal角膜的；keratitis角膜炎3、结膜conjunctiva:词根：conjunctiv(o)-例词：conjunctival结膜的,The integumentary system,4、皮肤skin：词根：cut(i)-;derm(o)-;dermat(o)-例词：subcutaneous皮下的；dermatitis皮炎,The integumentary system,5、耳ear：词根：auri-;auricul(o)-;ot(o)-例词：auricula耳廓；auris耳；6、感觉sensation:词根：sens(o)-;例词：sensory感觉的；,The integumentary system,7、视觉、视力vision：词根：-opia例词：diplopia复视；myopia近视,The integumentary system,8、瞳孔pupil:词根：pupill(o)-例词：pupillometer瞳孔计；9、听觉、听力hearing：词根：audi(o)-;例词：audiology听力学,The integumentary systemSense organs,10、嗅觉、嗅smell：词根：olfact(o)-;-osm(o)-例词：olfactory嗅觉的11、味觉taste：词根：gust(o)-;例词：gustation味觉,Practice,PupilIntracutaneousMyopiaRhinitis,瞳孔皮内的近视鼻炎,Abbreviations,IOPODOSOUVAVF,Abbreviations,IOP: intraocular pressureOD: right eyeOS: left eyeOU: each eye VA: visual acuityVF: visual field,The skeletal and muscular system,The basic framework of the body is a system of over 200 bones with their joints. Collectively know as the skeleton.Body movements are due to the action of the muscles which are attached to the bones. Other types of muscles are present in the walls of such organs as the intestine and the heart.,1、肌肉muscle：词根：muscul(o)-;my(o)-例词：myoglobin肌红蛋白2、骨bone：词根：os-;osse(o)-;oste(o)例词：ossicles小骨；ossification成骨；,The skeletal and muscular system,3、韧带ligament：词根：ligament(o)-;syndesm(o)-例词：ligamentous韧带的,The skeletal and muscular system,4、骨骼skeleton：词根：skelet(o)-例词：skeletal骨骼的5、颅骨skull：词根：crani(o)-例词：craniofacial颅面的；craniometer颅骨量器,The skeletal and muscular system,4、盘disk：词根：disc(o)-例词：discitis关节盘炎,The skeletal and muscular system,5、肋骨rib：词根：costa;cost(o)-例词：intercostals肋间的；,The skeletal and muscular system,6、关节joint：词根：arthr(o)-例词：arthritis关节炎； arthrodesis关节固定术,The skeletal