英语外研版高中二年级选修6 m6u3Grammar and usage

Unit3,Unit3Understandingeachother,Unrealconditionals虚拟语气中的非真实条件句,Grammarandusage,虚拟语气可用于条件句和其它一些从句中。虚拟语气用于条件句中比较多，情况也比较复杂，所以要特别加以注意。首先要判断一下是否应该用虚拟语气，因为条件句分为两种，一种是真实条件句，一种是非真实条件句，只有在非真实条件句中才用虚拟语气，在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气。,虚拟语气的介绍,Observethefollowingsentencesandtellwhethertheyarerealorunrealconditionalclauses.,Ifwegoonpollutingtheworld,itwontbefitforustolivein.Ifyouarebusydoingyourhomework,Iwontinterruptyou.Ifyouhavefinishedcleaningtheclassroom,youcangohomenow.(Undertheseconditions,thethingsaresuretohappen.),Iftherewerealotofgoodrestaurantsinthecity,thiswouldmakeitmoreattractive.(Therearentmanygoodrestaurantnow.)IfalotofpeoplespokeEnglish,itwouldbeveryhelpfulfortourists.(NotmanypeoplecanspeakEnglishnow.),非真实条件句的时态表达,如果假设的情况完全不存在或者实现的可能性很小,可以说几乎没有时,就需要用虚拟语气来表达,也就是说,这时的条件句是非真实的条件句。此时的句子时态比真实条件句中的时态后退一步。,虚拟语气,条件从句和主句中的虚拟语气,动词的过去式（be动词一般用were）,would/should/could/might+动词原形,would/should/could/might+have+过去分词,had+过去分词,would/should/could/might+动词原形,动词的过去式（be动词一般用were）wereto+动词原形should+动词原形,注意：在ifI/he/she/it之后，可用were代替was。两者在意义上没有区别，但是were更为正式，特别是在陈述心存怀疑的事情时，如：Ifshewereready,wewouldgo.,在与将来事实相反的条件从句中，我们可以用wereto或should+do来表示,如:IfIweretofailmyEnglishtest,Iwouldhavetotakeitagainattheendoftheterm.Ifheshouldcometomorrow,Iwouldtalktohimaboutit.,【拓展】当主从句所表示的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整，主从句按各自的时间采用相应的谓语形式。如：Ifyouhadtakenheradvice,youwouldntbeinsuchtroublenow.Ifhewereleaving,youwouldhaveheardaboutit.,如果if条件句中有were,had,should等词，可以省去if，把这几个词放在句首。如：WereIinyourposition,IwouldlethimknowwhatIthoughtofhim.Hadweknownaboutthenewmethod,weshouldhaveapplieditearlier.Shoulditraintomorrow,wewouldnotgoclimbing.,【即学即练】根据括号内的提示补全下面句子或对话。1.Kengottothestationintimetocatchhistrain.Ifhe_(miss)it,he_(be)lateforhisinterview.2.Ithinktherearetoomanycars.Ifthere_(not,be)somanycars,there_(not,be)somuchpollution.,would/could/might/shouldhavebeen,hadmissed,werent,wouldnt/couldnt/mightnt/shouldntbe,3.Youresotired.Ifyou_(go)tobedearlierlastnight,you_(not,be)sotirednow.4.A:Shallwecatchthe10:30train?B:No.Ifwe_(catch)the10:30train,we_(arrive)tooearly.,hadgone,wouldnt/couldnt/mightnt/shouldntbe,caught,would/could/might/shouldarrive,5.A:Howwasyourholiday?B:ItwasOK,butwe_(enjoy)itmoreiftheweather_(be)better.6.A:IsJimgoingtotaketheexamination?B:No.Ifhe_(take)theexamination,he_(fail).,would/could/might/shouldhaveenjoyed,hadbeen,took,would/could/might/shouldfail,在非真实条件句中，如果有were，had，should，我们可以将if省略，把这些词置于句首，采用倒装形式，如:IfIshouldmeether,Iwouldtellher.=ShouldImeether,Iwouldtellher.,虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装,IfIwereinyourposition,Iwoulddoitbetter.=WereIinyourposition,Iwoulddoitbetter.Iftheyhadmadepreparations,theywouldhavesucceeded.=Hadtheymadepreparations,theywouldhavesucceeded.,如果条件从句的谓语中有were,had或should等词，可以省略if，而把这几个词放在句首，构成倒装表示虚拟语气。但否定词not不可随之提前，应放在原位。如：HadIknownaboutthiscomputerprogram,ahugeamountoftimeandenergywouldhavebeensaved.,省略if的虚拟条件句,如果主句和从句的动作发生的时间不一致，就要看清主句和从句中的时间状语，从而选用正确的形式。如：Ifithadsnowedlastnight（过去）,itwouldbeverycoldnow（现在）.IfIweretenyearsyounger（现在）,ImightgotovisittheGreatWallwithyoutomorrow（将来）.,错综时间条件句,句中没有明显的条件句，常用without,butfor,otherwise等引出暗含的条件。有时假设的条件暗含在上下文中。,用with，without等介词短语或分词短语或者独立主格结构来代替条件从句。,含蓄条件句,e.g.Wemighthavediedwithoutyourhelp.=Wemighthavediedifyouhadnthelpedus.Havingknownintime,wecouldhavestoppedit.=Ifwehadknownintime,wecouldstoppedit.,在条件从句中除最常见的连词之外,尚有下列连词:otherwise;incase;butthat;onconditionthat;unless;suppose/supposing(that);solongas;provided/providing(that),2.用相当于if的其他连词表示虚拟结构,e.g.Iwasbusylastweek,otherwiseIwouldhavecometoseeyou.Butthatyouhadofferedhelp,theycouldnthavefinishedtheirworkontime.,e.g.Iwouldhavegivenyoumoremoney,butIwaspoorthen.Iwouldhavecalledyou,butIforgotyourtelephonenumber.,3.通过上下文来虚拟,Its(high)time后的从句,从句的谓语动词常用过去式，表示虚拟语气，意为“是的时候了”。如：Itshightimeyougotajobandsettleddown.,名词性从句中的虚拟语气,wish后的宾语从句：表示与现在事实相反，从句中谓语动词用过去式；表示与过去事实相反，从句中谓语用“had+过去分词”；表示对于将来的主观愿望，从句中谓语用“would/might+动词原形”。如：IwishIwereashealthyasyou.Carywishedhehadntbeenrudetohisparents.Iwishpriceswouldcomedown.,wouldrather后的宾语从句：尚未发生的动作用过去式，已经发生的动作用“had+过去分词”。如：Georgeisgoingtotalkaboutthegeographyofhiscountry,butIdratherhefocusedmoreonitsculture.,当表示建议、命令、要求之意时，在suggest,order,demand,command,request,require,desire,insist,recommend等动词后的宾语从句中，或在“It+be+suggested/ordered/demanded/commanded/.that.”句型中，或在suggestion,order,request,advice,demand,proposal等后的表语从句和同位语从句中一般用虚拟语气，即：“should+动词原形”，其中should可以省略。如：,Myproposalisthatwe(should)thinkitoverbeforeacceptingit.,(1)_(2)_(3)_(4)_(5)_(6)_(7)_(8)_(9)_(10)_,attended,went,would/mightbe,would/mightsee,would/couldbe,did,hadtravelled,wouldhavetotake,wouldnothaveneeded,travelled,YeFeiasksMaLiforhelponhishomework.Fillineachblankwiththecorrectformoftheverbinbrackets.,MygrandpasifsHadbeenHad;gotHad;had/if;hadhadWould;havebeen,MaLiisthinkingabouthergrandfatherandiswritingabouthiminhernotebook.Helphercompletethesentences.,_forthefreetickets,Iwouldnothavegonetothefilmssooften.A.IfitisnotB.WereitnotC.HaditnotbeenD.Iftheywerenot,Practice,2.Hecamelate,otherwisehe_thefirstbus.A.caughtB.wouldcatchC.wouldhavecaughtD.hadcaught3.Marywasgoingtotheweddingifherfriend_her.A.hadntcalledonB.didntcallatC.didntcallonD.hadntcalledat,4.LetsstopwatchingtheboringTVprogramme,Jack!Ifyoudontwatchit,I_,either.A.dontB.wontC.amnotD.stop,5.ShallItellJohnaboutthebadnews?No,you_.Ithinkthatwillmakehimsad.A.needntB.wouldntC.shouldntD.mustnt,6.Whydidyouthrowthebottleoutofthewindow?You_somebody.A.mighthurtB.couldhavehurtC.wouldhurtD.musthavehurt7.Mum,mayIgotoutandplay?No,you_.A.wontB.dontC.arentabletoD.cant,8.FromwhatIhearabouttheirhotelandtheweather,they_theirholidayverymuch.A.wouldhaveenjoyedB.shouldnthaveenjoyedC.neednthaveenjoyedD.canthaveenjoyed,9.Didyouhearmecomeinlastnight?No,I_asleep.A.cantbeB.mustbeC.musthavebeenD.couldnthavebeen,10.Illpayyoubychequemonthly.Idratheryou_mecashweekly.A.payB.willpayC.aretopayD.paid,11.Theydidntwanttocomewithusatfirst.Butthenwe_pers