高一语法主谓一致【2015全新升级版】.ppt

Subject-Verbagreement,主谓一致,Subject-Verbagreement,定义：所谓主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词之间保持数量和人称方面的一致,即主语的单复数和人称决定着谓语动词的形式。,什么是主语和谓语,注意：形意有别,树干?,句子,树枝?,句子成分,Look,thetree!,词汇,树叶?,主语,谓语,宾语,状语,定语,补语,表语,句子的成分,表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”,主语,GinaisfromAustralia.Sheoftengoestothemovies.Threeisenough.Doingtheworkishardforhim.Toseeistobelieve.Whatheneedsisabook.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.,-名词-代词-数词-动名词-不定式-主语从句-名词化adj.,主语一般位于句首！关注形式主语it!,主语在哪儿,1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.ThestudentsofourclassoftenspeakEnglish.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Theyoungaretolookuptotheold.7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.9.Thatheisntathomeisnottrue.10.Whenandwheretomeetisunknown.,练习：在下面句子的主语下划横线，并说出由什么充当,是句子的核心动词，说明主语“做什么”或“怎么样”,词形有“四位一体”的变化。,主谓要一致,谓语,WeloveChina.,Hehasabadcold.,谓语动词变形要遵循“四位一体”的要求：时态+语态+主谓一致+语气,Wehavefinishedreadingthisbook.,谓语在哪儿,TheycanspeakEnglishwell.,助动词或情态动词须和实义动词/系表结构一起构成复合谓语,Helooksaftertwoboys.,Theyenjoyedplayingcomputergames.,？主语必须在句首吗？主语和谓语必须挨着吗？主语必须在谓语前面吗？,Theboy_diving.,They_diving.,BothJackandTim_diving.,Allofthem_diving.,NeitherJacknorTim_walking.,is,are,are,is,are,Finishthefollowingexercises:,Diving_veryinteresting.,is,牛刀小试,Bob,Bob_aworker.,is,Mike,MikeandBob_workers.,are,BothMikeandBob_workers.,are,NeitherMikenorBob_ateacher.,is,Bill,Neitherofthem_(know)howtoteachEnglish.,knows,Allofthem_workers.,Noneofthem_(know)howtoteachEnglish.,are,knows/know,找准主语,Eachofus_(have)thatbook.Weeach_(have)thatbook.,has,have,Theholidaywehavebeenlookingforwardto_(come)intime.,comes,断定谓语,1或不可数2,主语,三个原则,语法一致意义一致就近原则,稳！,准！,谓语,夯实基础,语法一致原则：主语为单数可数名词或不可数名词以及相当于它们的结构（动名词、不定式、主语从句等）时，谓语动词要用单数词形；而主语为复数可数名词或多主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。,语法一致原则,Collectingstampsishishobby.集邮是他的爱好。Waterandairareneeded.水和空气都是必需的。,解题关键：形,Part1,关注“特殊”名词,常用的绝对不可数名词：clothing,equipment,baggage,fun,news,furniture,weather,advice,progress,information,jewelry等。,1.某些名词如clothes,trousers,shoes,glasses,shorts等以及goods,stairs,wages,surroundings,thanks,suburbs等,通常只用其复数形式,谓语动词用复数（被apairof修饰时除外）。如:Theshoesaredirty.鞋子脏了。Thepairofshoesisdirty.这双鞋脏了。,语法一致原则的几种特殊情况：,Fewofthecars_checked.这些车几乎都没有被检查过。Neitherofthestudents_here.两名学生都没在这里。,were,is,2.主语为不定代词both,many,(a)few时，谓语动词用复数形式；主语为不定代词each,either,neither,every-,some-,any-,no-时，谓语动词用单数形式。,3.manya(n),morethanone与单数名词组成短语作主语,谓语用单数。Manyachildhasseenit.许多孩子都看到了。Morethanonemeanshasbeentried.不只一种方法被尝试过了。,我是单数！,意义一致原则,意义一致原则：谓语形式不取决于主语的语法形式,而是其实际意义。有的名词作主语在形式上是单数,但在意义上却是复数；有的名词作主语在形式上是复数,但在意义上却是单数。,解题关键：义,Part2,形意有别,1.不定代词all,most,some,any,none,half,partof,lotsof,plentyof,therest(of),thelast(of)以及名词性物主代词或分数、百分数作主语,谓语动词视主语含义而定或与of后面的名词保持一致。,Alloftheapples_rotten.所有的苹果都烂了。Alloftheapple_rotten.整个苹果都烂了。,are,is,意义一致原则的几种特殊情况：,即学即练(语法填空)：1.Halfofthestudents_(finish)theircompositions.一半的学生已经完成了他们的作文。2.Morethan70%ofthesurfaceoftheearth_(cover)withwater.大于70%的地球表面被水覆盖。3.Aboutonethirdofthebook_(miss).这本书的大约三分之一缺失了。,havefinished,iscovered,ismissing,2.单数形式集合名词作主语,动词可用单数,也可以用复数，主要由句子的意思决定：强调整体时谓语动词用单数；强调内部成员时,谓语动词则用复数。这一类常见的集合名词有：public,family,class,crowd,team,population,army,group,audience,club,company,union,government等。,Hisfamily_hisgreatestconcern.家人是他最大的牵挂。Hisfamily_allmusiclovers.他们全家人都是音乐爱好者。但要注意：people（人们、人民）,police,cattle等集合名词作主语时谓语动词用复数。Thepolicewerepresentatthespot,butonlyonepolicewomanwasamongthem.Thecattleareeatinggrassonthehill.,is,are,3.某些名词以s结尾，表示学科、国名、书刊名、组织机构名称等，如：politics,physics,theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations等，谓语动词用单数。Physicsisaveryinterestingsubject.物理是一门很有趣的学科。RootsisafamousAmericannovel.,我是单数！,4.有些名词单数和复数同形,作主语时,其谓语动词由上下文决定,这一类名词有:means,works,series,species,crossroads;deer,sheep,Chinese,Japanese等。Noteverymeansisuseful.不是每种方法都好使。Notallmeansareuseful.不是所有的方法都好使。,5.时间、距离、价格、度量等名词的复数作主语时常表示一个整体,谓语动词用单数。Thirtyyearsisnotalongtime.Tendollarsisenough.,我是单数！,6.主语是the+形容词(或分词)结构,表示类指，谓语通常用复数，如:thepoor,therich,theyoung,theold,thesick,thedead,theblind,theinjured,thewounded,theunemployed等;但表示特指时（指个别）,谓语形式则视语境而定。例如：,Theblindstudyinspecialschools.Thedeparted(死者)wasawell-knownengineer.,7.what(ever),which(ever),who(ever),whom(ever)等引导的主语从句，其对应的主句谓语应视语境而定。如：Whatweneedismoreequipment.Whatweneedaremoreworkers.,either.or;neither.nor;notonly.butalso,whether.or,or,notbut在句子中连接并列主语时或者在therebe句型中出现并列主语时,谓语动词要和临近的主语保持一致。,就近原则,Eitherthechildorhisparentsarewrong.Iseitherthechildorhisparentswrong?,解题关键：位,Part3,近水楼台先得月！,1.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherwishesforaholiday.2.EitheryouorJaneistobesenttoChina.3.NeitherRichardnorIamgoing.4.NotyoubutIamwrong.5.Thereisacupofteaandsomeapplesonthetable.,Sentencesasexamples:,特殊句式/结构中的主谓一致问题,A.并列结构作主语时的主谓一致,1.就近原则（略）,2.and连接两个或两个以上单数名词作主语时,谓语动词有以下两种情况：1）指两个或两个以上不同的人或事物时,谓语动词用复数。其结构为：bothAandB,冠词+Aand冠词+B,冠词+AandB(A、B不兼容),Part4,or,(1)TheChineseandtheEnglishdictionary_(belong)tome.(2)Bothwaterandair_(be)needed.(3)Adoctorandnurse_(send)theresofar.,用所给单词的适当形式填空：,belong,are,havebeensent,2）但如果连接两个或以上的名词共指同一个人或物,或者指同一概念时,谓语要用单数。其结构为：冠词+AandB(A、B兼容)冠词+AandB（表示一套/副用具）冠词+AandB（表示混合物）,我是单数！,Thesingeranddancer_goingtogiveusaperformance.那个歌唱家兼舞蹈演员要给我们表演。Theknifeandfork_onthetable.刀叉在桌子上。Lotsofsandandmud_washedawaybyfloodseveryyear.每年大量的泥沙被洪水冲走。,is,is,is,用适当的单词形式填空：,注意：两个或两个以上的不定式、动名词或是从句做主语时，谓语通常用复数。但是如果这个结构指一个共同概念，仍然用单数。,Whathesaysandwhathedoesdonotagree.Earlytogotobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.,即学即练：Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactory_yet.A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasnotdecidedD.havenotdecided,3.every/each/no/manya(n)+and+every/each/no/manya(n)结构中，and连接两个单数名词做主语,谓语动词常使用单数。,Everyboyand(every)girlintheclassisdiligent.班级中的每个男孩女孩都很用功。Nosoundand(no)voiceisheard.听不到任何声音。,我是单数！,找准主语！,AliceisoneofthestudentswhoIamsurealwaysdotheirbestinmostdifficultsituations.AliceistheveryoneofthestudentswhoIamsurealwaysdoesherbestinmostdifficultsituations.,B.其他特殊句式或结构中的主谓一致,1.定语从句的关系代词who,which,that在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词要与先行词的人称和数保持一致。Thosewhoenjoysingingmayjoinus.Tom,whoisyourfriend,shouldhelpyou.,2.强调句型中如果强调主语，要注意that/who后面的谓语形式与被强调的主语保持一致。,ItisIthat/whoamyourbestfriend.我才是你最好的朋友。Itiswhatyoudoratherthanwhatyousaythatmatters.正是你做了什么而不是你说了什么才重要。,3.在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后面的主语一致。例如:Betweenthetwowindowshangsapicture.OnthemapexisttwocitiesbothcalledBirmingham.,主语,主语,4.主语后有介词：with,alongwith,togetherwith,aswellas,besides,like,including,without,except,but,ratherthan等构成的短语，谓语动词的形式随介词前面的主语变化。例如：Theteacher,togetherwithhisstudents,isplantingtreesinthestreet.老师和他的学生们正在街道上植树。,主语,A.Marytogetherwithherfriends_（live)abroad.B.Allbutone_(be)herejustnow.C.Sheaswellastheotherteachers_(be)goingtoanotherpark.D.Hisparents,ratherthantheboy,_(be)toblame.E.Thepassengersincludingtheboy_(be)excitedthen.F.Nooneexcept/butme_(know)aboutit.,即学即练：,lives,were,is,are,were,knows,1）a/this/that/each/every+kind/sort/type/pair/seriesof作主语,其谓语用单数;several/these/those/all/different/various+kinds/sorts/types/pairs/seriesof作主语，谓语用复数。另外，menofthiskind结构的谓语用复数。例如：Thiskindofmenisdangerous.Menofthiskindaredangerous.,5.应该注意的几个主语修饰语:,2）a(n)number/total/variety/averageof+pl.作主语时,谓语动词用复数;thenumber/total/variety/averageof+pl.作主语时,谓语动词用单数。试比较：Anumberofnewbooksareonthedesk.Thenumber/totalofstudentsinourclassis50.,3）a(large)quantityof和(large)quantitiesof均可修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词，作主语时,前者谓语动词依语境而定,后者谓语动词只用复数。Alargequantityofmoneyisneededhere.Alargequantityofnewbookswerepublishedlastyear.,试对比:Quantitiesoffood/paperswereonthetable.,Alargeamountof(=Agreatdealof)damagewasdoneinaveryshorttime.Largeamountsofmoneywerespentontheproject.,4）alargeamountof和largeamountsof均修饰不可数名词，作主语时,前者的谓语动词用单数;后者的谓语动词通常用复数。例如:,Thenumberofteachershere_(be)about300.Anumberofteachers_(be)workinghardeveryday.Largequantitiesofwater_(be)sentthere.Alargequantityofbooks_(be)soldout.Heisoneoftheboyswho_(have)beenthere.Heistheoneoftheboyswho_(have)beenthere.,is,are,were,are,have,has,即学即练：,主谓一致问题解题思路解析结构，明确主谓；三个原则，具体分析；谓语变形，四项兼顾；,定语从句、强调句、倒装句、主语后有介词短语或有定语、状语、同位语,语法一致意义一致就近原则,主谓一致时态语态语气,Letspractise!,语法填空：1.Thegirllikeboys_(like)playingfootball.2.Tolearntwolanguages_(be)noteasy.3._(be)thereanypolicearound?4.Whathegaveme_(be)someusefuladvice.5.Threemonths_(pass)sincethen.6.Breadandbutter_(be)dailyfoodinthewest.7.Morethanoneboy_(be)therebefore.8.Bikesofthisnewtype_(make)inChina.9.Insidethewalls_(stand)atalltree.10.Theagreeable_(be)notalwaystheuseful.,likes,is,Are,is,haspassed,is,hasbeen,aremade,stands,are,单句改错1:,（1）Billwasstandingatthesideofthecar，talkingtotwomenwhowashelpinghimtorepairit.（2）Playingfootballnotonlymakesusgrowuptallandstrongbutalsogiveusasenseoffairplayandteamspirit.（3）Nowmypictureandtheprizeishanginginthelibrary.（4）Butthentherewasalwaysmoremysteriestolookinto.（5）Notallinformationaregoodtosociety.,were,gives,are,were,is,单句改错2:（1）HerparentswereinShanghai,andsowashis.（2）Asisknowntousall,rememberingEnglishwordsarenoteasy.（3）Thepolicewaslookingforthemurderereverywhereinthecity.（4）WritingEnglishandspeakingitisdifferentthings.（5）Itistheparentsandtheirsonwhowantstobuythebicycle.（6）Whathesaidatthemeetingwereveryimportanttous.（7）HeistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohavebeentoTibet.,单项选择：1.Asurveyoftheexpertsopinions_thatthreehoursofoutdoorexerciseaweek_goodforoneshealth.A.show；areB.shows；isC.show；isD.shows；are解析：“asurvey”作主语，谓语动词用单数；表时间，距离，金钱的可数名词复数作主语，谓语动词也用单数。答案：B2.Welivedaybyday，butinthegreatthings，thetimeofdaysandweeks_sosmallthatadayisunimportant.A.isB.areC.hasbeenD.havebeen解析：主语是“thetime”，故谓语动词用单数。答案：A,3.NotonlyIbutJaneandMary_tiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.A.isB.areC.amD.be解析：notonly.but(also).连接并列主语要采取就近原则，此句主语应是JaneandMary，故谓语为复数。答案：B4.MostofwhathasbeensaidabouttheSmiths_alsotrueoftheJohnsons.A.areB.isC.beingD.tobe解析：主语为“大部分对Smith夫妇的说法”，看成单数，谓语动词用is。答案：B,5.Apoetandartist_comingtospeaktousaboutChineseliteratureandpaintingtomorrowafternoon.A.isB.areC.wasD.were解析：apoetandartist指一个人，既是诗人，也是艺术家。答案：A6.Thefatheraswellashisthreechildren_skatingonthefrozenrivereverySundayafternooninwinter.A.isgoingB.goC.goesD.aregoing解析：主语仍为thefather，单数形式；aswellashisthreechildren作句子的状语，不影响谓语动词的单复数。答案：C,7._ofthelandinthatdistrict_coveredwithtreesandgrass.A.Twofifth；isB.Twofifth；areC.Twofifths；isD.Twofifths；are解析：表示分数时，分子大于一，分母(序数词形式)加s；主语为land，不可数，故谓语动词用单数。答案：C8.Everypossiblemeans_topreventtheairpollution，buttheskyisstillnotclear.A.isusedB.areusedC.hasbeenusedD.havebeenused解析：everypossiblemeans每一种可行的方式；means单复数同形，此句中为单数；表示“每种办法都用过了”，用现在完成时的被动语态。答案：C,9.Asaresultofdestroyingtheforests，alarge_ofdesert_coveredtheland.A.number；hasB.quantity；hasC.number；haveD.quantity；have解析：alargenumberof不修饰不可数名词；alargequantityof不可数名词，谓语用单数。答案：B10.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho_thewinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.A.isB.areC.havebeenD.hasbeen解析：有theonly修饰先行词，其后的定语从句中谓语用单数。答案：D,11.ThepopulationofChina_over1.3billionandeightypercentofitspopulation_peasants.A.is；areB.are；isC.is；isD.are；are解析：population表示“人口”。当表示人口数为多少时谓语动词用单数，如果有分数或百分数修饰时，谓语用复数。答案：A12.Whoever_tosavethedrowninggirl_worthpraising.A.hashelped；isB.havelelped；isC.havehelped；areD.hashelped；are解析：whoever引导的主语从句强调个体含义，故谓语也用单数。答案：A,13.Eitheryourparentsoryourelderbrother_toattendthemeetingtomorrowafternoon.A.areB.haveC.isD.had解析：either.or.遵循就近一致的原则，因yourelderbrother为单数，句中谓语也用单数。答案：C14.30%ofthecattle_thin，buttherest_f