高中英语主谓一致.ppt

高中语法：主谓一致agreement,Usefulstructures,所谓主谓一致(agreement)是指主语和谓语动词之间,即主语的人称和单复数形式决定着谓语动词对应的形式。,Theboy_diving.,They_diving.,BothJackandTim_diving.,Allofthem_diving.,NeitherJacknorTim_walking.,is,are,are,is,are,Finishthefollowingexercises:,Bob,Bob_aworker.,is,Mike,MikeandBob_workers.,are,BothMikeandBob_workers.,are,NeitherMikenorBob_ateacher.,is,Bill,Neitherofthem_(know)howtoteachEnglish.,knows/know,Allofthem_workers.,Noneofthem_(know)howtoteachEnglish.,are,knows/know,主谓一致主要有以下几种情况：,1.and连接两个或两个以上单数名词或者代词作主语的时候,谓语动词有以下两种情况：(1)Heandshe_bothstudentsofthisschool.他和她都是这个学校的学生。如果指两个或两个以上不同的人或事物的时候,谓语动词用复数。,一、语法一致原则,are,(2)但如果连接两个以上的名词指的是同一个人或物,或者指同一概念的时候,谓语要用单数。,Thesingeranddancer_goingtogiveusaperformance.那个歌唱家兼舞蹈演员要给我们表演。Theknifeandfork_onthetable.刀叉在桌子上。,is,is,2.如果主语是不定式,动词ing形式或主语从句的时候,谓语动词一般用单数。Whenheiscomingseemsveryimportant.他什么时候要来看起来很重要。Collectingstampsishishobby.收集邮票是他的爱好。Toloveherisnottobreakherwings.爱她就不该折断她自由飞翔的翅膀。.,3.定语从句的关系代词who,which,that在从句中作主语时，要与先行词的人称和数保持一致。Thosewhoenjoysingingmayjoinus.Tom,whoisyourfriend,shouldhelpyou.I,whoamyourfriend,willcertainlyhelpyou.,4.with,alongwith,togetherwith,aswellas,besides,like,without,except,but,including如果句子中有这些连接词和主语连用,谓语动词的数随主语的变化而变化,即从前一致的原则。例如：Theteacher,togetherwithhisstudents,isplantingtreesinthestreet.老师和他的学生们正在街道上植树。,either.or;neither.nor;notonly.butalso,whether.or在句子中连接主语的时候或者在therebe句型中,谓语动词要和就近的主语保持一致。,二、就近原则,NeitheryounorIamwrong.Thereisacupofteaandsomeapplesonthetable.,Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherwishesforaholiday.,三、意义一致原则,所谓意义一致原则是指谓语动词和主语一致不是取决于主语的语法形式,而是其实际意义。有的主语名词在形式上是单数,但在意义上却是复数；有的主语名词在形式上是复数,但在意义上却是单数。,1.不定代词all,more,some,any,none作主语,谓语动词视情况而定。,Alloftheapples_rotten.所有的苹果都烂了。Alloftheapple_rotten.整个苹果都烂了。,are,is,Noneofthemoney_left.没有剩下一点钱。Noneofthestudents_there.没有学生在那里。,is,are,2.therestof;halfof;partof;themajority/minorityof;percentof;onethirdof在句子中加名词作主语的时候,谓语动词与of后面的名词保持一致。,Halfofthestudents_finishedtheircomposition.（have)Halfoftheapple_bad.(be)About60percentofthestudentsinourschool_boys.(be),have,is,are,3.集合名词作主语,动词可用单数,也可以用复数。主要由句子的意思决定。强调整体谓语动词用单数；指全体人员时,动词则用复数。这一类常见的集合名词有public,family,class,crowd,population,team,group。,Hisfamily_goingout.他们全家要外出。Hisfamily_allmusiclovers.他们全家人都是音乐爱好者。,is,are,(be),4.某些名词如people,police,cattle等,形式上是单数,但意义上是复数,谓语动词应用复数。people指“民族”时是例外。Thepolicearesearchingforathief.Thecattleareeatinggrassonthehill.,5.复合不定代词作主语,谓语动词要用单数，如someone,somebody,something,anybody,anyone,anything,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,noone,nothing。Someoneisaskingforyou.有人找你。Nothingisfoundintheroom.在屋子里什么也没找到。,6.某些名词如clothes,trousers,shoes,glasses等,通常只用其复数形式,但当它们被apairof修饰时,谓语动词用单数。如:Thepairofshoesiswornout.这双鞋破了。Theshoesarewornout.鞋子破了。,某些名词以s结尾表示学科、机构等如maths,politics,physics,news,plastics,theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations等，谓语动词应用单数。Physicsisaveryinterestingsubject.物理是一门很有趣的学科。TheUnitedStatesisadevelopedcountry.Nonewsisgoodnews.,8.every.andevery.;each.andeach.;no.andno.在以上短语中and连接的单数名词,整个短语在句中作主语时,谓语动词常使用单数。Eachmanandeachwomanisaskedtoattend.Everyboyandeverygirlintheclassisdiligent.班级中的每个男孩女孩都很用功。Nosoundandnovoiceisheard.听不到任何声音。,9.以anumberof作主语时,谓语动词用复数;以thenumberof作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Anumberofnewbooksareonthedesk.Thenumberofstudentsinyouclassis50.,10.有些名词的单数和复数形式一样,作主语的时候,其谓语动词由上下文决定,这一类名词有:means,works（工厂）,deer,fish,sheep,Chinese,Japanese等。Noteverymeansisuseful.Notallmeansareuseful.Alargesteelworkswasbuilthereinthethirties.Anumberofsteelworkswerebuilthereinthethirties.,11.manya,morethanone,oneandahalf与单数名词组成的短语,谓语用单数。Manyaboyhasseenit.许多孩子都看到了。Morethanonecarwasdamagedintheaccident.Oneandahalfcakewaseatenbytheboy.,12.书刊名、时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。Thirtyyearsisnotalongtime.RootsisafamousAmericannovel.500dollarsisquitealargesumofmoneyforthepoorman.,thiskindofbook=abookofthiskind(这种书),其谓语用单数;短语thiskindofmen=menofthiskind但thiskindofmen的谓语用单数,menofthiskind谓语用复数allkindsof后跟复数名词,谓语用复数形式。例如：Thiskindofmenisdangerous.Menofthiskindaredangerous.,应该注意的几个问题:,4.在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。例如:Betweenthetwowindowshangsapicture.5.“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词。例如:Lotsofdamagewascausedbyfire.Aboutthree-fourthsoftheearthssurfaceiscoveredwithwater.Three-fifthsoftheworkersherearewomen.,6.a(large)quantityof修饰可数或不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词根据修饰的名词而定。Alargequantityofpeopleareneededhere.quantitiesof修饰可数或不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数。例如:Quantitiesoffood(nuts)wereonthetable.,7.alargeamountof+修饰不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数;largeamountsof+不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数。例如:Alargeamountofdamagewasdoneinaveryshorttime.Largeamountsofmoneywerespentonthebridge.,8.如果主语由“the+形容词(或分词)”结构担任时指某一类人时,谓语通常用复数;这类词有:thebrave,thepoor,therich,theblind,theyoung,theold,thesick,thedead,thedeafanddub,theoppressed,theinjured,thewounded,theunemployed,theliving等;例如：Theblindstudyinspecialschools.Thericharenotalwayshappy.Theinjuredwererushedtohospital.,主谓一致与高考,1.语法填空中所给动词作谓语时，要考虑主谓一致。2.短文改错中也常有主谓一致错误。3.写作中要注意谓语动词的单复数，考虑主谓一致。,1.Eitheryouortheheadmaster_(be)tohandouttheprizestothosegiftedstudentsatthemeeting.,谓语与theheadmaster一致，故be用第三人称单数is,“be+todo”表示安排好的事。,is,一、单句填空,灵活运用,2.Theteacher,with6girlsand8boysofherclass,_(visit)amuseumwhentheearthquakestruck.,谓语与theteacher一致，又根据惯用句型结构was/weredoing.when.可知，用过去进行时态。,wasvisiting,3.Twofifthsofthelandinthatdistrict_(be)coveredwithtreesandgrass.,谓语与theland一致，用单数。,is,4.Nowadays,alargenumberofwomen,especiallythosefromthecountryside,_(work)intheclothingindustry.,因alargenumberof(许多)短语作主语，谓语用复数；由nowadays可知，用一般现在时。,work,5.Withmoreforestsbeingdestroyed,hugequantitiesofgoodearth_(wash)awayeachyear.,因quantitiesof作主语,谓语用复数；又需要用被动式，指近些年或近阶段正在发生的事，用现在进行时。,arebeingwashed,6.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho_(be)awinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.谓语应与theonlyone一致，又由forthreeyears可知用完成时。7.Everypossiblemeans_(use)topreventtheairpollution,buttheskyisstillnotclear.由every可知means是单数,由语境可知用完成时。,hasbeenused,hasbeen,8.Whenandwheretogofortheon-salaryholiday_(not,decide)yet.不定式作主语，谓语用单数；由yet可知用完成时。9.Shehassetanewrecord,thatis,thesalesofherlatestbook_(reach)50million.主语是复数sales；又由前句的hasset可知用现在完成时态。,hasnotbeendecided,havereached,10.ProfessorSmith,alongwithhisassistants,_(work)ontheprojectdayandnighttomeetthedeadline.,主语ProfessorSmith是单数，又由语境可知用现在进行时。,isworking,11.He_(pretend)thatatigertoywasrealandgivingitavoice.,在主格he后，pretend是谓语动词，又由与之并列的giving可知，是过去进行时，主语是第三人称单数，故填waspretending。,waspretending,12.“Yourfatherhasatlastdecidedtostopsmoking.”Jane_(inform).,在主语Jane后的inform应是谓语动词，Jane与inform是被动关系，要用“be+过去分词”；由语境可知是一般过去时，主语是第三人称单数，故wasinformed。,wasinformed,三、单句改错,1.Tomhavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorningsoheistirednow.havehas主语为第三人称单数，与allthemorning连用，应为现在完成进行时。2.Aseverybodyknows,politicsarenowtaughtinallschools.areis以-ics结尾的学科名词，如politics,physics,mathematics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。,3.Kate,oneofmygoodfriends,comefromGecomes主语Kate为第三人称单数，谓语为一般现在时，用comes。4.Asweallknow,peoplespeaksEnglishallovertheworld.speaksspeak因people作“人，人们”讲时，总是以单数形式表示复数概念，因而谓语动词用speak。,5.Theteacher,togetherwithhisstudents,areplantingtreesonthestreet.,areis当主语后面有aswellas,with,alongwith,togetherwith,but,like,ratherthan,except等介词或短语介词连接的名词时，谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致。因为在英语里，介词短语是不能作主语的，作主语只能是名词、代词，或相当于名词的短语或句子充当。,6.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherwishforaholiday.,wishwishes在notonlybutalso,eitheror，neithernor等结构中，谓语动词的人称和数常常与动词离得最近的那个主语保持一致。,7.Itistheparentsandtheirsonthatwantstobuythebicycle.wantswant此句为强调句，强调的是主语theparentsandtheirson，为复数。8.Manyastudenthavebeensenttoplanttrees.havehas因“manya+单数可数名词”作主语时，从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词常用单数，以便与名词的数一致。,9.Billwasstandingatthesideofthecar,talkingtotwomenwhowashelpinghimtorepairit.waswere因先行词twomen是复数，从句的主语who是代表先行词的，也是复数，所以定语从句的谓语动词也用复数。10.ToreadEnglishaloudeverymorningdoyoualotofgood.dodoes不定式、动名词，以及从句作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。,写作中的主谓一致,1.写人写景：Shanghai,locatedintheeastofChina,_(cover)anareaof6340squarekilometresand_(have)apopulationof13.8million.There_(be)manyplacesofinterestinChina,amongwhich_(be)theGreatWall.JayChou,who_(be)popularwiththeteenagers,hasreceivedmanyawardsforhissongs.ZhongNanshan,oneofthemostfamousdoctorsinChina,_(bear)inGuangzhouin1941.,covers,has,are,is,is,wasborn,写作中的主谓一致,2.活动、讨论或问卷调查报道及通知：Lastweek,we_(have)aheateddiscussionabouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofonlineshopping.Recently,theStudentsUnion_(conduct)asurveyamongallthestudentsinourschoolaboutwhethertheypreferdigitaltextbookstotraditionaltextbooks.Thesurvey_(show)that63%ofthesurveyed_(prefer)digitaltextbookswhiletherest_(prefer)traditionalones.Alecture_(give)byProfessorSmithtomorrowonthedevelopmentofleadership.,had,hasconducted,shows,prefer,prefer,willbegiven,Two-fifthsofthelandinthatdistrict_(be)coveredwithtreesandgrass.Eachofthestudents,workinghardathisorherlessons,_(hope)togotouniversity.Thenumberofstudentsinthisschool_(rise)by5%everyyear.Lastyearalibrarywithfivethousandbooks_(offer)tothenationasagift.E-mail,aswellastelephone,_(play)animportantpartindailycommunication.,Testyourself!,is,hopes,rises,wasoffered,plays,6.NobodybutJane_(know)thesecret.7.Allbutone_(be)herejustnow.8.Eitheryouortheheadmaster_(be)tohandouttheprizetothesegiftedstudentsatthemeeting.9.NotonlyIbutalsoJaneandMary_(be)tiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.,knows,were,is,are,10.Sheisoneofthefewgirlswho_(be)wellpaidinthekindergarten.11.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho_(be)awinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.12.Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactory_(have)notbeendecidedyet13.Everypossiblemeans_(have)beenus