语言学精品课ppt-05.ppt

Topic5,Syntax,Pre-readingquestions:Studythefollowingsentencesandpickoutthoseincorrectsentences.1.Theboyfoundtheball.2.Theboyfoundquickly.3.Theboyfoundinthehouse.4.Theboyfoundtheballinthehouse.,6.ZackbelievesRoberttobeagentleman.7.Zackbelievestobeagentleman.8.ZackwantsRoberttobeagentleman.,DefinitionofSyntax,Syntaxisasubfieldthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.1.Syntaxasasystemofrulesthesyntacticrules,FunctionsofSyntacticRules,1)thegrammaticalityofsentencesThegreencolorlesscloudsleepsfuriously.IdontlookTV.2)wordorderTheboymilkspiltthe.Theboyspiltthemilk.,Thetableisonthecat.AndThecatisonthetable.Shegotmarriedandbecamepregnant.Shebecamepregnantandgotmarried.吃啥有啥。有啥吃啥。,3)structuralambiguitySyntheticbuffaloshides,Syntheticbuffaloshides,4)grammaticalrelationssubject-predicate5)whetherdifferentsentenceshavedifferentmeaningsorthesamemeaningsCF:Thedogcaughtthefox.Thefoxwascaughtbythedog.6)thecreativeaspectoflanguage,2.Sentencestructure,Example:Johnlikeslinguistics.SubjectPredicate,3.Typesofsentences,Asentenceisanindependentunitoflanguagewithacompleteidea,endedwithastop,oraquestionmarkoraninterjectionmark.SimplesentenceComplexsentenceCompoundsentence.,4.Thelinearandhierarchicalstructuresofsentences.,Thestudentslikethenewprofessor.Thevisitorslikethenewprofessor.Theteenslikethenewprofessor.Thetreeswelcomethespringrain.Thedogsliketheirnewmaster.,5.Syntacticcategories.,5.1.lexicalcategoriesNoun(N):student,homeVerb(V):likeread,goAdjective(Adj):tall,lovelyAdverb(Adv):loudly,constantlyDeterminer(Det):the,a,this,hisAuxiliary:can,will,do,be,havePrepositions(Prep):with,from,at.ToPronouns(Pron):he,she,us,noneConjunction(Conj):and,but,whileInterjection(Int):oh,ah,eh,5.2.Phrasalcategories,NounphraseNP:atallman,thestudent,KennedyVerbphraseVP:read,hittheball,walkwithastickPrepositionalphrase-PP:withastick,intheparkAdjectivephraseAdjP:quiterudeAdverbphraseAdvP:veryfast,swiftly,SNPVPThestudentVNPlikesthenewlinguisticsprofessor.,SNPVPVSNPVPVNPJohninsists(that)Marytakethepianoclass.,Moreexamples(Exercises):,1)Thepuppyfoundthechild.2)Afrightenedpassengerlandedthecrippledairliner.3)Thehouseonthehillcollapsedinthewind.4)Theicemelted.5)Thehotsunmeltedtheice.6)Afastcarwithtwincampsspedbythechildrenonthegrassylane.,7)Theoldtreeswayedinthewind.8)Thechildrenputthetoyinthebox.9)thereporterrealizedthatthesenatorlied.10)Brokenicemeltedinthesun.11)Theguitargentlyweeps.12)Thatthepresidentrealizedthattheheadmasterliedsurprisedher.,Analyzetheambiguityofthefollowingsentences.,1)Dickfinallydecidedontheboat.2)Theprofessorsappointmentwasshocking.3)Thedesignhasbigsquaresandcircles.4)Thatsheepdogistoohairytoeat.5)Couldthisbetheinvisiblemanshairtonic?6)Thegovernorisadirtystreetfighter.,7)Icannotrecommendhimtoohighly.8)TerryloveshiswifeandsodoI.9)Theysaidthattheywouldgoyesterday.10)Nosmokingsectionavailable.11)Burninggrassisdangerous.,7.Abriefreviewofsyntacticstudiesinhistory.,7.1.TraditionalgrammarAimsatdefiningandclassifyingEnglishwordsintopartsofspeechcategoriesandproceedsfromthosesentences.Phrases:verbphrase,predicatephrase,syntaxindependent,dependentsentencetypes,7.2.Structuralgrammar,Structuralistgrammarcoversthreelevels1)phonemics2)morphology3)syntaxICanalysisimmediateconstituentanalysis.InICanalysissentencesaredividedintotheirprincipalpartsorimmediateconstituents.Eachoftheseisthendividedandsubdivideduntiltheultimateconstituentsofthesentencearereached.,LimitationsofICanalysis:,Toosubjectiveandarbitrary.Somestructurescantbedividedinthisway.Areyougoing?ThekindofEnglishTheshootingofthehunterfrightenedallofus.,7.3.Transformational-GenerativeGrammarTG,Chomskyputsforthan“adequategrammar”:1)Itshouldproduceallgrammaticalsentencesandruleoutallungrammaticalones.2)Itshouldbeabletoexplainwhatthematurenativespeakersknowtobepossibleinalanguage.3)Itexplainsthespeakersabilitytoproduceandunderstandunlimitedumberofsentencesthewell-knownhypothesis“geneticcomponents”4)mustexplainrecursion,Transformationalaspect:,Asentencestructuremayhavetwolevelsofsyntacticrepresentation:DeepStructureandSurfacestructure.ThedeepstructurecanbetransformedintotheSurfacestructure:,Transformationalaspect,Phrasestructurerules+thelexiconD-structureMovementrulesS-structure,Transformationalaspect,Phrasestructurerules+thelexiconD-structureMovementrulesS-structure,Thegenerativeaspect,Wecanproducealloranyofthepossiblesentencesofthelanguagefollowingthephrasestructurerulesandsomemovementrules.Forexample:SNPVPNPDetNVPV,8PhraseStructureRules,SNPVPaphrasestructurerule,orrewriterule:SNPVPWereadthisas“consistof,”,or“iswrittenas”.,Exercises,Writeoutthephrasestructurerulesthateachofthefollowingruleabbreviate.Giveanexamplesentenceillustratingeachexpansion.VPV(NP)(PP)(Adv)NP(Det)(Adj)N(PP),VPRewriting,VPVSmokingkills.VPVNPSmokingkilledJohn.VPVPPJohnstayedinthehotel.VPVAdv.Johnhithard.VPVNPPPJohnhitthemaninthemiddle.VPVNPAdvThedogkilledthefoxbravely.VPVPPAdv.Thesmokecameoutofthewindowslowly.VPVNPPPAdv.Johnmethissisterinthestationunexpectedly.,NPRewriting,NPNRosesarebeautifulflowers.NPDetNThoserosesareextremelybeautiful.NPAdjNStalebreadcannotbebeaten.NPNPPBusesinmotionareinaccessible.NPDetAdjNPPThefadedfloweronthetablewillbecollectedtomorrow.NPDetNPPTherosesonthetablearefaraway.NPDetAdjNPPTheunpackedgiftsonthetablehavetobecheckedagain.NPAdjNPPPublicbusesinmotionareinaccessible.,8.2.Therecursivenessofphrasestructurerules.,“AnScontainsaVPthatmaycontainanotherS;AVPmayincludeanSthatcontainsanotherVP;APPconsistsofanNPthatmaybefollowedbyanotherPP;andanNPtakeaPPthatincludesanNPand/oranS!”,Theremayappearaspecifierinfrontofthehead,andacomplementafterthehead:XP(Spec)X(Compl)NP,VP,APandPPallsharesimilarsyntacticfeatures.,Forexample:SpecifierXComplementNPIknowtheboywholikesmaths.APSheisverycuriousoftheanswer.VPTheyeachtoldastory.PPHestoodrightinthemiddle.,XPYP(Spec)XXZP(Compl),YP,adaughterofXPandsisterofX,istheSpecifierofXP,oftenshortenedasSpec(XP);ZP,adaughterofXandsisterofX,isthecomplement.Examples:TheRomansdestroyedthecity.,TheRomansdestroyedthecity.VPNPVVNPTheRomansdestroyedthecity.,TheRomansdestructionofthecity.NPDetNNPPTheRomansdestructionofthecity.,8.4.Syntacticmovementandmovementrules,Phrasestructurerulesprovideexplanationsonhowsyntacticcategoriesareformedandsentencesaregenerated.Thisisthegenerativeaspectoflanguage.Thetransformationalaspectoflanguageisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalledtransformationalrules,whoseoperationmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.,8.4.1.NP-movementandWH-movement.,OneexampleofNPmovementisintherepresentationofpassivevoice.Themanbeatthechild.Thechildwasbeatenbytheman.Questionsareformedbywh-movement:JohnsoldMaryacomputer.WhatdidjohnsellMary?,8.4.2.Aux-movement,Moveauxiliariestotheinitialplaceofasentence,so