xx职称英语答案

xx职称英语答案 第二部分 阅读判断 第一篇 Inventor of LED When Nick Holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor alloys, his colleagues thought he was uealistic. Today, his discovery of light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, are used in everything from DVDs to alarm clocks to airports. Dozens of his students have continued his work, developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology. On April 23, xx, Holonyak received the $500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize at a ceremony in Washington. This marks the 10th year that the Lemelson-MIT Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has given the award to prominent inventors. “Any time you get an award, big or little , its always a surprise.” Holonyak said. Holonyak, 75, was a student of John Bardeen, an inventor of the transistor, in the early 1950s. After graduate school3 , Holonyak worked at Bell Labs. He later went to General Electric4, where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches5 . Later, Holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light. But while his colleagues were looking at how to generate invisible light, he wanted to generate visible light. The LEDs he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective. Holonyak, now a professor of electrical and puter engineering and physics at the University of Illinois, said he suspected that LEDs would bee as monplace as they are today, but didnt realize how many uses they would have. “You dont know in the beginning. You think youre doing something important, you think its worth doing, but you really cant tell what the big payoff is going to be, and when, and how. You just dont know.” he said. The Lemelson-MIT Program also recognized Edith Flanigen, 75, with the $100,000 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award for her work on a new generation of “molecular sieves,” that can separate molecules by size. 第一篇 LED的发明者 当 Nick Holonyak着手用半导体含金创造一种新的可视照明设备的时候，同事们都认为他不现实。今天，他发现的发光二极管，或叫 LED，使用范围覆盖从 DVD到机场警钟的一切东西。他的许多学生继续着他的工作，发明了交通灯中使用的照明设备和其他的日用技术。 xx年 4月 23号，Holoyak在华盛顿的一次典礼上被授予 Lemelson-MIT项目的 50万美元的奖金。这是麻省理工的 Lemelson-MIT项目第十年颁奖给杰出的发明人。 “任何时候你得了奖，不论是大是小，总是一分惊喜。” Holonyad说。 Holonyak，75岁，是 20世纪 50年代初期晶体管的发明者 John Bardeen的学生。从研究生院毕业之后，Holonyak在 Bell实验室工作。之后去了通用电器公司，在那里他发明了一种开关，现在家用减光开关中普遍使用。 后来，Holonyak开始研究如何应用半导体发电。当他的同事们正在研究如何发出看不见的光 时，他却想要看得见的光。1962年他发明的 LED，现在的使用寿命可以比白炽灯泡长十倍，而且更环保、更经济。 Holonyak现在是伊利诺斯大学电子、计算机工程和物理专业的教授，他说他预料到 LED的使用有可能像今天这样普遍，但没有意识到它会有多少用途。 “开始的时候你并不知道，你认为你在做一件很重要的事情，你认为它值得做，但是你 _出要付出多大的代价，什么时候付出，怎样付出。你并不知道。”他说。 Lemelson-MIT项目同样授予 75岁的 Edith Flanigen 10万美元的终身成就奖，她的成就是创造新一代的“分子筛”，也就是可以通过大小来分离分子。 第二篇 El Nino While some forecasting methods had limited suess predicting the 1997 El Nino a few months in advance1, the Columbia University researchers say their method can predict large El Nino events up to two years in advance. That would be good news for governments, farmers and others seeking to plan for the droughts and heavy rainfall that El Nino can produce in various parts of the world. Using a puter, the researchers matched sea-surface temperatures to later El Nino ourrences between 1980 and 2000 and were then able to anticipate El Nino events dating back to 1857, using prior sea-surface temperatures. The results were reported in the latest issue of the journal Nature. The researchers say their method is not perfect, but Bryan C. Weare, a meteorologist at the University of California. Davis, who was not involved in the work, said it “suggests2 El Nino is indeed predictable.” “This will probably convince others to search around more for even better methods,” said Weare. He added that the new method “makes it possible to predict El Nino at long lead times3.” Other models also use sea-surface temperatures, but they have not looked as far back because they need other data, which is only available for recent decades, Weare said. The ability to predict the warming and cooling of the Pacific is of immense importance4. The 1997 El Nino, for example, caused an estimated $20 billion in damage worldwide, offset by beneficial effects in other areas, said David Anderson, of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Reading, England. The 1877 El Nino, meanwhile, coincided with a failure of the Indian monsoon and a famine that killed perhaps 40 million in India and China, prompting the development of seasonal forecasting, Anderson said. When El Nino hit in 1991 and 1997, 200 million people were affected by flooding in China alone, aording to a xx United Nations report. While predicting smaller El Nino events remains tricky, the ability to predict larger ones should be increased to at least a year if the new method is confirmed. El Nino tends to develop between April and June and reaches its peak between December and February. The warming tends to last between 9 and 12 months and ours every two to seven years. The new forecasting method does not predict any major El Nino events in the next two years, although a weak warming toward the end of this year is possible. 第二篇 厄尔尼诺 当某些预报方法不能提前几个月成功预测 1997年厄尔尼诺现象的时候，哥伦比亚大学的研究人员说他们的方法可以提前两年预测厄尔尼诺现象。这对全世界各地的政府、农民和其他寻求为厄尔尼诺带来的干旱和大雨做准备的人来说是一条好消息。研究人员使用计算机把 1980年初 2000年之间的海面温度和后来的厄尔尼诺的发生联系起来，进而能够用之前的海面温度预测远至 1857年的厄尔尼诺现象。研究结果刊登在最新的自然杂志上。研究人员说他们的方法并不完美，但加利福尼亚大学的气象学家 Bryan C.Weare说这种方法显示出厄尔尼诺是可以预测的，尽管他们已并没有参加研究工作。Weare说:“这会促使其他人去寻找里好的办法。”他还补充说，新的方法“使在提前很长的一段时间里预测厄尔尼诺现象成为可能。”其他 的方法也使用海面温度，但他们没能回顾得那么久远是因为缺少其他的资料，而这些资料在近几十年才能够获得。预测太平洋的升温和降温有极其重要的意义。英国 Reading的欧洲中级天气预报中心的 David Anderson说:以 1997年的厄尔尼诺为例，它导致了全球范围内约 200亿美元的损失，抵消了在其他一些地区的良性影响； 1877年的厄尔尼诺与印度遭受的季风和饥荒同时发生，导致了印度和中国约四千万人丧生，结果剌激了季节性预报的发展。根据 xx年的 _报道，1991年初和 1997年厄尔尼诺爆发的时候，仅中国就有 2亿人受到洪水的侵害。然而小的厄尔尼诺预测还是难以捉摸的，如果新的方法被认可的话，对大型厄尔尼诺现象的预测至少应该被提前一年。厄尔尼诺总是在 4月和 6月期间发展，在 12月初 2月之间达到高峰。气候总是在 9月初 12月之间变暖，并且每 2年到 7年出现一次。尽管气温在年底的时候有可能微弱上升，新的预测方法预计未来两年不会出现大的厄尔尼诺现象。 第三篇 Smoking Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobao smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy1. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply. Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobao does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those ponents form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point. Filters and low tar tobao2 are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards. 第三篇 抽烟 自 1939年以来，人们进行了无数次研究，以确定抽烟是否危害健康，证据的趋向是一致的，显示出抽烟对健康有严重危害。研究组进行的研究确凿无疑地表明抽烟与人的预期寿命的缩短有关。这个领域的大部分研究人员部认为抽烟是肺癌和喉癌产生的重要原因，并且和人体其他某些器官的癌症有关。抽烟的男性因心脏病而死亡的机率高于不抽烟的男性。女性吸烟者被认为受的影响较小，因为她们不深吸烟。除了统计之外，看一看吸烟对人体的影响也可能会有帮助。烟是各种气体、蒸发的化学物质、微小的灰和其他固体颗粒的混合物。里面还有很强的毒素尼古丁和黑焦油。当烟被吸入时，所有这些成分形成肺膜上的沉淀物，其集中的一点是气管和支气管分叉的地方。大部分肺癌开始于这一点。过滤嘴和焦油含量低的烟草被宣称使抽烟在某种程度上安全一些，但是它们只能稍微降低而不是消除危害。 第四篇 Engineering Ethics Engineering ethics is attracting increasing interest in engineering universities throughout the nation. At Texas A&M University, evidence of this interest in professional ethics culminated in the creation of a new course in engineering ethics, as well as a project funded by1 the National Science Foundation to develop material for introducing ethical issues into required undergraduate engineering courses. A small group of faculty and administrators actively supported the growing effort at Texas A&M, yet this group must now expand to meet the needs of increasing numbers of students wishing to learn2 more about the value implications of their actions as professional engineers. The increasing concern for the value dimension3 of engineering is, at least in part, a result of the attention that the media has given to cases such as the Challenger disaster, the Kansas City Hyatt-Regency Hotel walkways collapse, and the Exxon oil spill. As a response to this concern, a new discipline, engineering ethics, is emerging. This discipline will doubtles4 take its place5 alongside such well-established fields as medical ethics, business ethics, and legal ethics. The problem presented by this development is that most engineering professors are not prepared to introduce literature in engineering ethics into their classrooms. They are most fortable with quantitative concepts6 and often do not believe they are qualified to lead class discussions on ethics. Many engineering faculty members do not think that they have the time in an already overcrowded syllabus to introduce discussions on professional ethics, or the time in their own schedules to prepare the necessary material. Hopefully, the resources presented herein will be of assistance. 第四篇 工程道德 工程道德在全美的工程类院校里愈来愈受到关注。在得克萨斯州的 A&.M大学，随着工程道德这门新课的开设以及由全美科学基金会提供基金，旨在为大学工程类必修课程提供道德问题方面的材料的项目的启动，人们对职业道德的关注达到了顶峰，一个由教师和管理人员组成的小组对得克萨斯州 A&.M大学的不懈努力予以了积极的支持，但是由于越来越多的学生希望能够更加了解作为职业工程人员自己的行为的价值含义，为了满足这些需求，目前该小组必须发展壮大。人们之所以对工程价值尺度愈发关注，至少部分原因是由于媒体对挑战者号灾难、堪萨斯城 Hyatt-Regency旅馆通道的坍塌以及 Exxon石油泄漏等事件的关注所引起的，为了响应人们的关注，一个新的学科工程道德应运而生。同医学道德、商业道德和法律道德这些已经确立的学科一样，该学科无疑也将确立起自己的地位。开发这一新学科所面临的问题是，大部分工程教授不愿意将工程道德方面的资料引进课堂，他们满足于使用以数字表达的概念，不相信自己有资格就工程道德问题在课堂上展开讨论，许多工程类教授认为课程安排紧张，没有时间在课堂上就职业道德问题进行讨论，或者觉得自己没有时间去准备必要的材料。希望这里提供的资料会有所帮助。 第五篇 Rescue Platform In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, security experts are trying to develop new ways of rescuing people from burning skyscrapers. One idea is a platform capable of flying vertically and hovering in the air like a helicopter.1 The platform would rise up and down alongside a skyscraper and pick up people trapped in high stories. The idea for the vertical takeoff platform was hatched more than ten years ago by a Russian aerospace engineer，David Metreveli, who has since2 moved to Israel. Metrevelis design, called the Eagle, calls for two jet engines that turn four large horizontal propellers. The spinning of the propellers generates the necessary lift, or upward force, to raise the platform. The more power is supplied to the propellers, the higher the platform rises. Moving the platform sideways involves applying differing amounts of power to each propeller. Helicopters are now used in some cases to get people out of burning buildings. Escape baskets3 slung from them dangle beside the building for people to climb into. Unfortunately, the baskets cannot reach every floor of a building because the ropes from which they hang bee unstable beyond a certain length. So far, Metreveli has built a small-scale model of the Eagle to test his idea. In the wake of4 September 11, he has been able to secure enough funding to start building a larger, 4-meter by 4-meter5 prototype, which he calls the Eaglet. 第五篇 救生平台 在世界贸易中心遭到恐怖袭击后，安全专家们正在努力寻找新方法，来从燃烧的摩天大楼上营救人们，其中的想法之一就是构建一个能够垂直升降并像直升机一样在空中盘旋的平台。该平台可沿摩天大楼上下移动，运送高楼受困人员。十多年前，一名 _航空航天工程师 David Metreveli酝酿出垂直起落平台这一想法，随后移居以色列。Metreveli的方案命名为“老鹰”，需用两个喷气发动机来推动四个大型水平方向旋转的螺旋推进器。螺旋推进器快速旋转，生成必要的上升力，使平台升起。供给螺旋推进器的能量越多，平台升得就越高。要使平台侧向移动，则需要给螺旋推进器添加不等的能量。现在，人们有时还用直升机营救起火大楼中的被困人员，从直升机中抛出的就生篮在大楼旁摇摆，人们可以爬到里面去。不幸的是，由于悬挂救生篮的绳索在超出一定长度后就会非常不稳定，所以救生篮无法到达每一层楼。目前，Metreveli已经建立起一个小型“老鹰”模型来检测自己的构思。“ 9?11”事件后，MetreveJi获得了足够的基金，开始构建一个较大规模的模型。该模型大小为 4米4米，他将之命名为“小鹰”。 *第六篇 Microchip Research Center Created A research center has been set up in this Far Eastern country to develop advanced microchip production technology. The center, which will start out with about US $14 million, will help the country develop its chip industry without always depending on imported technology. The center will make use of its research skills and facilities to develop new technology for domestic chip plants. The advent of the center will possibly free the country from the situation that it is always buying almost-outdated technologies from other countries, said the countrys flagship chipmaker.1 Currently, chip plants in this country are in a passive situation because many foreign governments dont allow them to import the most advanced technologies, fearing they will be used for military purposes. Moreover, the high licensing fees they have to pay to technology providers are also an important reason for their decision of self-reliance2. As mainstream chip production technology shifts from one generation to the next every three to five years3, plants with new technology can make more powerful chips at lower costs, while4 plants with outdated equipment, which often cost billions of dollars to build, will be marginalized by the maker. More than 10 chip plants are being built, each costing millions of US dollars.5 The majority of that money goes to overseas equipment vendors and technology owners mainly from Japan and Singapore. Should the new center play a major role in improving the situation in the industry,6 the country admits the US $14 million investment is still rather small. This country is developing prehensive technologies. Most of the investment will be spent on setting alliances with technology and intellectual property7 owners. 第六篇 微芯片研究中心成立 为了开发先进的微芯片生产技术，这个远东国家建立了一个研究中心，该中心启动资金为一千四百万美元，可以帮助该国开发自己的芯片工业，不必总是依赖于进口技术。该中心将会应用自己的研究技术和设施，为本国芯片厂家开发新技术。 _名列首位的芯片制造公司说，芯片中心的成立可能使 _摆脱从他国购买即将淘汰的技术的困境。由于许多外国政府担心先进技术会被用于军事目的，不允许 _的芯片生产厂家进口前沿技术，所以这些生产厂家处 1、概况及答题顺序 1.1、必杀技：见下表中“答题顺序”： 1.2、详解 1.2.1、词汇、阅读理解、完型填空所占分值最高（合计高达75分），放到前面来做，避免万一时间不够，可以确保先抓住大部分分数。 1.2.2、词汇、阅读理解、完型填空都是部分教材，放到前面来做，记忆比较深刻，答题成功率较高。 1.2.3、阅读判断放到最后，是因为本题根据经验蒙（具体方法后面详述）成功率可拿到全部7分中的3分，这样可以腾出时间给需要查词典即可稳拿分数的词汇题，所以阅读判断的答题时间只有1分钟。 2、词汇（1分/题*15=15分） 2.1、必杀技： 2.1.1、准备一本正式出版的英语同义词词典，推荐牛津出版社出版，外研社翻译出版的牛津英语同义词词典。 2.1.2、教材练习不用做，把答案勾画出来，只需记住其中题目划线部分或者答案是词组的，其余不用看。 2.1.3、考试时看到有教材中的词组题则直接答上，其余的查词典。 2.2、详解： 2.2.1、职称英语考试允许带一本正式出版的，并非针对职称英语考试而编写的词典。而本题考核内容就是同义词（词组），显然使用同义词典效率更高。 2.2.2、词组记忆相对容易而查词典找同义词组相对较困难，又因试题教 材练习4-9题，所以必须记住教材中的词组题。教材词汇练习一共100题，其中有词组的也就20个左右，记住绝对没有困难； 2.2.3、因职称英语词汇数量有限，直接查同义词词典，一般前三个义项就会有答案。 3、阅读理解（3分/题*15题=45分） 3.1、必杀技： 3.1.1、熟记教材文章练习题的正确答案，重点掌握去年教材上没有的新增文章，考试时先找教材上的文章，做出来。 3.1.2、其他文章，先作考试题目中有人名、地名、国家名、数字、年代等专有名词的题。 3.1.3、勾画出考试题目中的关键词（一般是名词，不必认识它也不必查词典），然后到文章中找一样的关键词定位。 3.1.4、定位关键词后，对比文章中关键词附近的词或词组，与答案选项中词或者词组重合的最多的即为正确答案。（就像玩拼图游戏，考察你的眼力！?） 3.1.5、如果你无法定位关键词，则： 、如有选项为“以上X项皆是”，即为正确答案， 、看四个答案选项中有无大部分相似的。如有，若意思完全相反的其中一个必是答案；若意思并非相反的则较长选项为答案，如没有大部分相似的，则最长的选项为答案。 3.1.6、如果考试题目是针对文章中的某个单词的意思，那么就相当于是一个词汇题，则同义词词典又派上用场了！ 3.1.7如果考试题目是问文章主旨（如作者的观点，替换文章标题等）的，则需要细读文章题目，每段第一句和文章最后一句，并大致搞清意思。然后选择意思最接近的一项答案。 3.2、详解： 3.2.1、考题共3篇文章，其中1篇（5个题占15分）教材。根据历年经验，教材新增文章作为考题的概率较大。所以熟记教材上所有文章（以教材新增文章为重点）的练习题答案，即可保证稳拿15分！注意：因为考试会把ABCD4个答案选项次序打乱，所以不要只记正确答案的ABCD编号，而要记住正确答案 的内容，这就需要弄清楚正确答案之所以正确的原因，或者牢记正确答案的特点，确保考试时一眼即可认出。 3.2.2、专有名词比较显眼，作为关键词更容易定位，也就更容易做出来。 3.2.3、一般考试题目的顺序与文章段落的顺序大体一致，定位关键词不是难事，这就象让我在人群中找出一个陌生人很难，但是让我拿着他的照片去找就容易多了。 3.2.4、正确答案必定与问题有关，答案中的词或者词组必定出现在文中关键词的附近！ 3.2.5、根据经验，这是答对概率最大的选择。 3.2.6、注意：与第一大题的词汇题（每题占1分）不同，阅读理解中的词汇题有可能是多义词（每题占3分），查词典的时候一定要仔细，必要时每个答案选项都要查一遍，确保选出正确答案。 3.2.7不需要阅读试题全文，只需要细读文章题目、每段第一句和文章最后一句，文章主旨就在其中！ 山人提示：阅读理解每题占3分，总分高达45分，是重点中的重点！不要怕费时间，坚决按照上述方法答题，务必仔细，保证成功率。 4、完型填空（1分/题*15题=15分） 4.1、必杀技： 4.2、详解： 山人提示：以上三个大题是重点，依照上述秘籍做完，应能拿到少则50分左右，多则60分以上，则大局基本已完！ 5、概括大意、完成（1分/题*8题=8分） 5.1、必杀技： 5.1.1、概括大意（4题）：先看考题要求概括哪4个段落的大意，然后分别细读该4个段落的第一句和最后一句，然后与各个选项对比，选项中大部分词或者词组与段落的第一句或最后一句中的词或者词组重合得最多的即为争取答案。 5.1.2、完成句子（4题）：先勾画出每个考试题目中的关键词，然后回到文章中定位（具体方法参考3.1.3和3.1.4项），最后把文章中关键词附近的词和词组与各个答案选项对比，词和词组重合最多的即为正确答案。 5.2、详解： 5.2.1、概括大意其实就是找文章各段落主题句，而段落主题句往往就是该段落的第一句和最后一句。 5.2.2、完成句子其实就是告诉你一句话得一部分让你找另一部分。利用定位关键词找到了这句话在文章中的位置，则确定另一部分就不难了。 6、补全短文（2分/题*5题=10分） 6.1、必杀技： 6.1.1、先看文章中各个空格在文中所处的位置，如果在一句话得开头（即空格前面是句号），则正确答案的开头字母肯定是大写！反之肯定是小写。这样对比各个答案选项的开头字母可以缩小选择的范围。 6.1.2、先勾画出每个答案选项中的关键词，然后回到文章中定位（具体方法请参考3.1.3和3.1.4项），找出文章中关键词附近的空格。把空格附近词和词组与各个答案选项相对比，词和词组重合最多的即为正确答案。 6.2、详解： 6.2.1、简单的语法常识可以用来缩小选择的范围，是事半功倍的利器！ 6.2.2、补全短文其实就是告诉你一句话让你确定这句话在文中所在的位置，利用定位关键词的方法找到这句话在文章中的位置即可。 山人提示：和阅读理解一样，概括大意、完成句子及补全短文也都很象是拼图游戏哦? ，看来职称英语考试考的根本不是英文能力和记忆能力，而是眼力和对比观察能力！长期参加还可以达到益智的作用哦讽刺吧吼吼 7、阅读判断（1分/题*7题=7分） 7.1、必杀技： 7.1.1、最后做，蒙答案，全选A或者全选B。 7