五年级小升初--宾语从句、四个“花”、六个“than”和多个形容词顺序

宾语从句一. 宾语从句：在复合句中做宾语的从句叫宾语从句。它可以作及物动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。 宾语从句由从属连词that, whether, if , who, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why 等引导。注意一：当主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时时，宾语从句的谓语动词可以和主句的谓语动词时态不一致， 也就是可用所需要的任何时态。 he is back already. (一般现在时) I hear / he has been back for a few days. (现在时完成时) 一般现在时 he came back yesterday. (过去完成时) hell be back in an hour. (一般将来时)注意二：当主句的谓语动词是过去时时，宾语从句的谓语动词是过去范畴的某种时态。但是如果从句表达 的是一种真理或客观事实，使用一般现在时。 she was much better than before. (一般过去时) She said / she hoped to be back soon. (一般过去时) 一般过去时 the doctors were giving him a new treatment(治疗). (过去进行时) the doctors had given him a new treatment. (过去完成时) she would be back soon. (过去将来时)注意三：但是如果从句表达的是一种真理或客观事实，使用一般现在时。 Jenny saidthe earth goes around the sun. (从句是真理性的事物) 詹妮说地球围着太阳转。 Jenny said/that light travels much faster than sound. (从句是真理性的事物) 詹妮说光比声音传播得快得多。 The teacher told us/(that) nothing is difficult if we put our hearts into it. (从句是真理性的事物) 老师告诉我们世上无难事，只怕有心人。(一) 直接引语和间接引语1. 直接引语为陈述句，用that引导。 She says, The song is very beautiful. She says that the song is very beautiful. He said to me, I broke your CD player. He told me (that) he had broken my CD player. She said, I have seen the film. It is good. She said that she had seen the film and that it was good. 千万不能丢 Mr. Smith said to the workers, John has worked very hard and I want him to stay. Mr. Smith told the workers that John had worked very hard and that he wanted him to stay. 千万不能丢 Chuck learns / that we need friends to share happiness and sorrow, and that it is 宾从 宾从 important to have someone to care about. When he makes friends with Wilson, he 时状 understands / that friendship is about feelings and that we must give as much as we 宾从 宾从 take.2. 直接引语为一般疑问句，用if(是否) 或whether(是否) 引导。 He said, Are you ready? He asked (us) if we were ready. He asked me Did you see him last night? He asked me if/weather I had seen him the night before? 3. 直接引语为特殊疑问句，用该句的特殊疑问词引导。 What do you want? he asked me. He asked me what I wanted. She said to Tom, How are you feeling now? She asked Tom how he was feeling then.注意一：当直接引语为陈述句，一般疑问句，特殊疑问句变成间接引语时，此间接引语即宾语从句。注意二：当直接引语为祈使句时，变成间接引语后，大多仍为简单句(即带有宾补的简单句)。4. 直接引语为祈使句 Wait for me, please! the girl said to her mother. The girl asked her mother to wait for her. (简单句) 主 谓 宾 宾补(不定式) He said to Dr. Bethune，“Dont go on operating any more. He told Dr. Bethune not to go on operating any more. (简单句) 主 谓 宾 宾补(不定式) He said, Go away! He ordered him (me, her, the boy etc.) to go away. (简单句) 主 谓 宾 宾补(不定式)小结：宾语从句由以下词来引导，请翻译：(1) I think/(that) hell be all right in a few days.(2) I wonder/whether/if daughters are valued as much as sons in the countryside.(3) Do you know/who (whom) they are waiting for(介词)?(4) He asked/whose dictionary it was.(5) Pay attention to/what the teacher said. 介词(6) He cant tell/which method they will use for the experiment.(7) Please tell me/when we shall discuss our work plan.(8) I dont know/where we are going to have this meeting.(9) Will you tell me/how I can get to the railway station?(10) Do you know/why he said that? (11) Before his talk, he asked some students / if they knew / what kind of animal the milu 宾从(whether) 宾从 (麋鹿) deer was and how many centres there were at present for the milu deer in China. 宾从(12) Tell someone / where you are going. 间宾 直宾从(13) Cellphones have changed our behaviour and how we communicate. 宾语 宾从 移动电话改变了我们的行为和交流方式。(14) Wang Mei calls her best friend Xiao Li at least once a day to see / how she is doing 宾从 and what is going on. She says / that her cellphone helps her do whatever she wants to 宾从 宾从 (让步状) do and still stay in touch with her parents and friends.(二) 辨析 whether和if 的用法及区别1. whether和if都可引导宾从，表示“是否”，在口语和间接引语中两者可互换使用。 I wonder if/whether I can get some advice from you. 我想知道我是否能从你那里得到些建议。 Ask him if /whether he can come. 问问他是否他能来。2. 但以下情况只能用whether引导。(基本上whether都无敌，能用if的都能用whether) whether引导的从句常可以与连词or或or not 连用，而if不能。 Let me know whether you can come or not. 让我知道你是否能来还是不能来。 if 当宾从提到句首时，只能用whether引导，而不能用if。 Whether it is true or not, I cant tell. 这是否是真的我说不上来。 “是否” If whether可引导带to的不定式，if 则不能。 They asked me whether to go fishing or not. 他们问我是否去钓鱼。 if I dont know whether to accept it or refuse. 我不知道是接受还是拒绝。 if whether 及其引导的成分可放在介词之后作介词的宾语，而if不能。 Im thinking of whether we should go fishing. 我正在考虑我们是否该去钓鱼。 介词 if I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我担心我是否伤害了她的感情。 介词 if whether 可引导主从，表从和同位语从句，而if不能。 主从： Whether she will come or not is still a question. 她是否能来还是个问题。 主从 If It was uncertain whether he would come. 他是否能来还不确定。 形主 主从 if 表从：The question is whether we can catch the bus. 问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。 系 表从 同位语从句： We must consider the question whether we will take these measures. if 我们必须要考虑的问题是我们是否要采取这些措施。二. 主语从句：在复合句中作主句的主语，引导主语从句的词有连词that, whether, 连接代词who, what, which, 连接副词when, where, how, why等。(1) that引导的主语从句，that千万不能丢。 That she was chosen made us very happy. That he will come is certain. 变问句：Is it certain that he will come? 形主 真主从 All the visitors / who go there / believed / that it was right that the temple was 主 定从 谓 宾从 形主 主从 rescued.reskju“营救” Do you think / its possible that it will happen?(2) whether 引导的主语从句不能用if去取代。 Whether she will come or not is still a question. 她是否能来还是个问题。 If Whether she will go or not is up to her to decide. 区别：I dont know / whether she is seventeen or eighteen. (whether引导的 _ 从句)注：“whetheror”意为“不管还是” 引导让步状语从句或选择条件-让步状语从句 引导名词性从句 She had to go, whether or not she wanted it. 无论她是否愿意，她不得不去的。 Whether it rains or snows, Ill go tonight. (whether引导的 _ 从句)(3) 其他引导词 What we need is more time. Which team will win the match is still unknown. When they will start has not been decided yet. Why he did it wasnt quite clear. How he become a great scientist is known to all.(4) 为了避免头重脚轻，用it 作形式主语，把真正的主语从句放在后面。 Its a pity that she has made such a mistake. 形主 真主从(A) It is+过去分词+that It was said that 据说 It is reported that 据报道 It is recorded that 据记载 It must be pointed that 必须指出 It has been found that 业已发现(B) It is + 形容词 + that It is clear that 很清楚 It is necessary that 有必要 It is important that 重要的是 It is possible that 可能 It is well known that 众所周知(C) It is+名词+that It is a fact that 事实是 It is a good thing that 是好事 It is good news that 是好消息(D) It seem/seemed that 好像是 It (so) happens/happened that 碰巧 =sb. happen to do sth. 碰巧 It so happened that a policewoman was there. =A policewoman happened to be there.四个“花”辨析 四个“花”1.人 pay 钱 for sth. (pay-paid-paid) I paid two yuan for the water. 我花两块钱买这瓶水。2. 物 cost sb.+钱 (cost-cost-cost) The water/It cost me two yuan. 这瓶水花了我两块钱。 过去式 Two parties? It must cost you guys an arm and a leg. az“各位” “经济大出血(花费大)”(注：must情态动词可能性用法，表推测“一定；准”)两个派对？一定会花掉你们很多钱的。3a. 人 spend 钱 on sth. (spend-spent-spent) (见PETS P75, P236, P249) 时间 (in) doing sth. “某人在(做)某事上面花费(时间、金钱、精力等)” I spent two yuan on the water. 我花两块钱买这瓶水。 I spent one hour (in) doing my homework. 我花一小时做作业。 =I spent one hour on my homework.3b. 人 spend some time with sb. 与某人度过一段时间Practice( ) Remember to spend some time _ your loved ones, because theyre not going to be around forever.A. from B. with C. in D. on (B)4. It takes 形主 took sb. some time to do sth. (take-took-taken) will take 分开的some time表示一段时间 不定式作真主(为了避免头重脚轻) It took me one hour to finish my homework. 我花一小时做作业。 形主 不定式作真主(见PETS P236 Passage-3)Practice( )1. How much does the ticket _ from Shanghai to Beijing? A. cost B. took C. spend D. pay (A)( )2. Its nice of you to _ so much time showing me around your school. A. take B. spend C. cost D. have (B)( )3. It _ me fifteen minutes to go to school by bus every day. A. spends B. pays C. takes (C)用比较级表示最高级(1) 用比较级表示最高级 他是他们班上最高的。 He is the tallest students in the class. (有范围用最高级) =He is taller than any other student in his class. any为adj.“任何的”, other为adj.“其