Introcution to Business 商学导论PPT IB01.ppt

Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,IntroductiontoBusinessJeffMadura,1,MotivesandFunctionsofaBusiness,PartIBusinessEnvironment,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,42,LearningGoals,Explainthegoalofabusiness.Identifytheresourcesabusinessusestoproduceaproductorservice.Identifythekeystakeholdersthatareinvolvedinabusiness.Describethebusinessenvironmenttowhichafirmisexposed.Describethekeytypesofbusinessdecisions.,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,43,KeyTerms,accountingcapitalcreditordemographicsdividendelectronicbusinessentrepreneurentrepreneurshipfinance,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,44,KeyTerms,humanresourcesinformationsysteminformationtechnologymanagementmanagermarketingnaturalresourcesnonprofitorganization,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,45,KeyTerms,stakeholderstockstockholder,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,46,TheGoalofaBusiness,Tomakeprofitsbyprovidingproductsorservicesdesiredbycustomers.,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,47,WheretheProfitsComeFrom,Abusinessreceivesrevenuewhenitsellsproductsorservices.Itincursexpensesfrompayingemployeesandpurchasingmachineryorfacilities.Thedifferencebetweentherevenuesandexpensesistheprofit(orearnings).,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,48,ProfitsDependonThreeConditions,Thereneedstobeademandfortheproductsorservicesyouoffer.Youneedtoattractcustomerstochooseyouinsteadofyourcompetitors.Youneedtokeepyourexpenseslow.,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,49,HowtheGovernmentInfluencestheProfitMotive,Governmentsoffree-marketeconomiesallowprivateownershipofbusinesses,becausethesebusinessesservecustomersandcreatejobopportunities.Insomeothercountries,businessesaretypicallyownedbythegovernmentsandarenotprofitoriented.,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,410,NonprofitBusinesses,Anonprofitorganizationisanorganizationthatservesaspecificcauseandisnotorientedtomakeprofits.IntheU.S.,anonprofitorganizationisnottaxedaslongasitmeetsspecificrequirements.Althoughnotorientedtomakeprofits,itisstillrunlikeabusinesstoaccumulateenoughfundingtoservethecommunity.,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,411,ResourcesUsedtoProduceProductsorServices,NaturalresourcesHumanresourcesCapitalEntrepreneurship,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,412,NaturalResources,Anyresourcesthatcanbeusedintheirnaturalform,e.g.land,coal,fossilfuels,forestry,lake,river.,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,413,HumanResources,Peoplewhoareabletoperformworkforabusiness,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,414,Capital,Machinery,equipment,toolsandphysicalfacilitiesusedbyabusinessTechnologyimprovescapitalbyhelpingtoproduceproductsandservicesmorequicklyandatahigherquality.Informationtechnology,asasubsetoftechnology,enablesinformationtobeusedtoproduceproductsandservices.,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,415,ElectronicBusiness,ArelatedtypeoftechnologyUseofelectroniccommunications,suchastheInternet,toproduceorsellproductsandservicesBusiness-to-businesse-commercecommercetransactionsbetweenbusinesses,suchasbetweenamanufacturerandawholesaler,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,416,ElectronicBusiness,Business-to-customere-commercebusinessactivitiesservingendconsumerswithproductsand/orservices.Anexamplewouldbeapersonbuyingapairofshoesfromaretailer.,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,417,Entrepreneurship,ThecreationofbusinessideasandthewillingnesstotakeriskTheactofcreating,organizing,andmanagingabusinessEntrepreneursarepeoplewhoorganize,manageandassumetheriskofstartingabusiness.,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,418,KeyStakeholdersinaBusiness,Peoplewhohaveaninterestinabusiness;Thebusinesssowners,creditors,employees,suppliersandcustomers.,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,419,ABusinessandItsStakeholders,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,420,Owners,Anentrepreneurwhocreatesabusinessinitiallyservesasthesoleowner.Withtheexpansionofthebusiness,otherpeoplemayinvestinthefirmandbecomeco-owners.Theinvestorswhopurchasestockarecallstockholdersorshareholders.Ownerscreatebusinessideasandpossiblyprovidesomefinancialsupportforthefirm.,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,421,Creditors,FinancialinstitutionsorindividualswhoprovideloansCreditorswilllendfundstoafirmonlyiftheybelievethefirmwillperformwellenoughtopayinterestsontheloansandtheprincipal(amountborrowed)inthefuture.,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,422,OtherKeyStakeholders,Employeesarepeoplehiredtoconductbusinessoperationsforthefirm.Managersareemployeeswhoareresponsibleformanagingjobassignmentsofotheremployeesandmakingkeybusinessdecisions.Suppliersprovidematerialsneededforproduction.Toattractcustomers,afirmmustprovideadesiredproductorserviceatareasonableprice.,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,423,InteractionamongStakeholders,Managersdecidehowthefundsobtainedfromowners,creditorsorsalestocustomersshouldbeutilized.Someoftheprofitisretainedandreinvestedbythefirm.Anyremainingprofitisdistributedasdividends,orincomethatthefirmprovidestoitsowners.Exhibit1.2,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,424,TheBusinessEnvironment,SocialenvironmentIndustryenvironmentEconomicenvironmentGlobalenvironment,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,425,SocialEnvironment,SocialtendenciestowhichabusinessisexposedDemographicsrefertothecharacteristicsofthehumanpopulationorspecificsegmentsofthepopulation.Achangeindemographicsorconsumerpreferencesmayincreaseordecreasedemandforcertainproductsorservices.,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,426,U.S.PopulationShifts,Source:CensusBureau,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,427,IndustryEnvironment,ConditionswithinthefirmsindustryIndustryenvironmentvariesaccordingtothedemandandthecompetition.Firmsbenefitfromhighconsumerdemandforitsproducts.Intensecompetitionforcesfirmstokeeptheirpricesrelativelylow.,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,428,EconomicEnvironment,Economicconditionshaveastrongimpactontheperformanceofeachbusiness.Whentheeconomyisstrong,firmsbenefitfromthelargedemand.Whentheeconomyisweak,firmsareadverselyaffectedandunemploymentraterisesasaresult.,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,429,GlobalEnvironment,Somefirmsrelyonforeignsuppliersorselltheirproductsinforeigncountries.Firmsmayfaceforeigncompetitionwhensellingproductslocally.Ifeconomicconditionweakeninforeigncountries,foreigndemandforU.S.productswilldecrease,leadingtosomelayoffs.ThegeneralincomelevelintheU.S.willdecreaseanddemandforallproductswilldecline.,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,430,KeyTypesofBusinessDecisions,Management,marketingandfinancialdecisions.Managementisthemeansbywhichemployeesandotherresources(suchasmachinery)areusedbythefirm.Marketingisthemeansbywhichproducts(orservices)aredeveloped,priced,distributedandpromotedtocustomers.Financeisthemeansbywhichfirmsobtainandusefundsfortheirbusiness.,Copyright2004South-Western.Allrightsreserved.,431,HowBusinessDecisionsAffectPerformance,Manageme