虚拟语气,英语语法

虚拟语气,英语语法 虚拟语气 1. 表示现在/过去/将来情况的虚拟条件句 虚拟条件句主要有三种结构： 1)表示与现在情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might +动词原形”，从句谓语用“动词的一般过去时”（动词be的过去式一律用were）。 If I were you, I would not aept his offer. If I had time, I would certainly go to the cinema with you. 2) 表示与过去情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might + have +过去分词”，从句谓语用过去完成时。 If I had got up a little earlier, I wouldnt have missed the train. If I had been more careful, I might have passed that exam. 3) 表示与将来情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might +动词原形”，从句谓语用“were +动词不定式”或“should +动词原形”。 If I were to do the job, I would not be able to have enough time to study. If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go out with you. 2. 虚拟条件句连接词if的省略 如果虚拟条件句的从句中含有were, had, should, could等词时，可以省略连接词if，但这时必须把were, had, should, could等词移到主语前面，形成倒装。这种句型主要用于书面形式。 Were I to do the job, I would finish doing it within two weeks. Had it not been for his help, we couldnt have arrived there on time. Should it rain tomorrow, I would stay at home. 3. wish后宾语从句中的谓语构成 动词wish后的宾语从句表示未实现的或不可能实现的愿望，其宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，有以下三种构成形式。 1) 表示现在不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时。（be的过去式为were）。 I wish I had enough money to buy a car. I wish I were as young and energetic as you. 2) 表示过去未能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时（had +过去分词）或“would / could + have +过去分词 ”。 I wish I hadnt made such a mistake. I wish I could have done it better. 3) 表示将来不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用“would / should (could, might) +动词原形”。 I wish I would not get old. I wish I could travel around the world one day. 4. 某些动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气 在一些动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类动词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有：advise, ask, mand, decide, demand, desire, direct, insist, move, order, propose, remend, request, require, suggest,等。 The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 per cent. The teacher decided that you do the experiment first. 5. 某些名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气 在一些名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类名词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有：advice, idea, instruction, motion, order, plan, proposal, remendation, request, requirement, suggestion,等。 My suggestion is that we (should) send for a doctor immediately. He gave the order that they (should) do the experiment again. 6. 错综时间条件句 条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，有时发生的时间是不一致的.如从句是对过去情况的假设，而主句可能是对现在正在进行情况的假设。 这种句子称为错综时间条件句. If the weather had been more favourable, the crops would be growing still better. 7. 某些主语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气 某些表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张以及“重要性”和“紧迫性”等概念的主语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类主语从句一般由 “It is (was) + 形容词过去分词 + that引导的从句”构成。该结构中，常用的形容词主要有：advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, proper, urgent, vital等；常用的过去分词主要有：arranged, decided, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, remended, requested, suggested等。 It is necessary that you (should) stop smoking so heavily. It is arranged that you (should) enter for this petition. 8. as if / though引起的从句 当as if / though引起的从句所表达的内容完全与实际情况相反或者纯粹是一种假设时，通常要用虚拟语气。如果从句表示与现在的事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；如果从句表示与过去的事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时；如果从句表示与将来的事实相反，谓语动词用would (might, could) + 动词原形； They talked as if they had been friends for years. I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. It looks as if it might rain. Note: 如果as if / though引起的从句所表达的内容被看作是事实或者有可能是真实的，则要用陈述语气。 It seems as if it is going to rain. The meat tastes as if it has already gone bad. 9. lest, for fear that和 in case引起的从句 当lest, for fear that和 in case表示“以免，以防，生怕，惟恐”等时，在它们引起的从句中，谓语动词常用should + 动词原形。 He ran away lest he should be seen. Hes working hard for fear that he should fall behind. He left early in case he should miss the last train. 10. If only引出的从句 If only引出的从句用以表达感叹性的愿望，常译为“要是就好了”。If only从句经常省略结果主句，且主要用在虚拟语气中，即从句的谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来不可能实现的愿望，或用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。 If only the rain would stop. If only Id listened to my parents. Note: if only引出的句子偶尔也可使用陈述语气，但考生须注意的是，在各类测试中一般都以用虚拟语气为正确。 11. would rather（that）引出的从句 would rather意为“宁愿”，接从句时常省略关系代词that。would rather后的从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。 Id rather you told me the truth. I would rather you came tomorrow than today. Id rather you hadnt told me about it. 12. It is (about/high) time (that) 句型 该句型表示“（早）该做”，其后的定语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气表示。在测试中从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。 It is time that we went to bed. It is high time that somebody taught you to behave yourself. 13. 表示猜测的几种不同的方法及意义 一些情态动词与动词的完成式连用能够表示对过去情况的猜测或者未实现的可能性。 1) could have + 过去分词 A. 表示对过去可能发生的事情的推测，意为，“可能做了某事”。 He couldnt have seen her yesterday. They could have lost their way. B. 表示某事在过去本有可能发生，但事实上并未发生，意为，“本可以做某事”。 We could have started a little earlier. I could have killed her. It was a narrow escape. 2) may (might) have + 过去分词 A. 表示对过去情况的推测，意为，“可能已做某事”。 He may have heard the news. I might have e to a wrong conclusion. B. 表示一种未实现的可能性，即本可以做某事，而实际上并没有做，有时含有抱怨的口吻。 It was a narrow escape. You might have killed yourself. A lot of men died who might have been saved. 3) must have + 过去分词 表示逻辑上的必然性，即按照某些现象推断过去肯定发生过的某事。 She must have made a big mistake. The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization. 4) neednt have + 过去分词 表示过去不必做某事，但已经做了，即本可不必做某事。 You neednt have woken me up. I dont have to go to work today. He neednt have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain. 5) should / ought to have + 过去分词 表示过去应该做某事而实际上没有做。 You should / ought to have done what your parents told you. (But you failed to do it.) You should / ought to have been more careful. (But you werent.) 6) shouldnt / oughtnt to have + 过去分词 表示过去不应该做某事而实际上却做了。 You shouldnt / oughtnt to have crossed the road when the lights were red. (But you did.) They shouldnt / oughtnt to have left so soon. (But they did.) 7) would have + 过去分词 表示对现在或将来某时之前业已完成的动作的推测。可译为，“可能”、“也许”、“想必”。 He would have arrived by now. She would have recovered by then CET4最终精选，一周可以复习完 单词篇：100个六级高频词，四级必考词 1 aelerate vt. (使)加速，增速 【例】aelerate the rate of economic growth 加速经济增长 【派】aeleration n. 加速 aelerating a.加速的 2 aount n. 账户、考虑 【考】take sth. into aount 把?考虑在内 3 austom vt.使习惯 【考】be austomed to 4 adapt vi. 适应 【考】adapt to?适应 5 adjust vi.适应 【考】adjust to.适应? 6 advocate vt. 宣扬 7 affluent a.富裕的 【派】affluence n.富裕 8 annoy vt.使烦恼, 使恼怒 【派】annoying a. 令人恼人的; annoyance n. 烦恼;?annoyed a.颇为生气的 9 ascribe vt.把?归咎于 【考】ascribe.to 归因于 10 assess vt.评估 【派】assessment n. 评估 11 assign vt.指派，选派；分配，布置（作业） 【派】assignment 作业 12 assume vt.假象、假定 13 attain vt.获得 【考】attain ones ideal 达到理想 14 attribute vt. 把?归因于 【考】attribute sth.? to 把.归咎于 15 attribute vt.归咎于 【考】be attributed to? attribute sth. to ? 16 automatically ad. 自动地 17 boost vt.提高，推动，使增长 n. 推动，增长 【例】boost the economy 推动经济增长 【派】booster n.支持者，推动器 18 brilliant a.光辉的、辉煌的 【派】brilliance n. 19 collaborate vi.合作 【考】collaborate with. sb. 20 prehensive a. 综合的 【考】综合性大学 21 conscious a. 有意识的 【考】be conscious of sth. 对 ?有意识 22 conserve vt.保存、节省 【考】conserve energy 保护能源 23 considerate a. 考虑周到的 24 contribute vt.贡献 【考】contribute to 导致、带来、为?贡献 25 convenient a.方便的 n.convenience 方便 26 convey vt.传达 27 cooperate vt.合作 【考】cooperative a.合作的 28 coordinate vt.合作 29 cultivate vt.培养 30 derive vt. 出自、源于 【考】derive from ? 31 despair vi.绝望; n. 绝望 【考】despair of 绝望; sb. be in despair 某人处于绝望中 32 disapprove vt. 不批准、不赞同 【派】disapproval n. 不赞同 【考】 express strong disapproval 33 dismiss vt.撤销、免职 【考】be dismissed by ones pany 被公司解雇 34 distinguish vt.辨别 【派】distinguished a.? 突出的 35 distribute vt.分配、分发 【考】distribution n.分配、分发 36 dominate vt. 支配、统治 【考】male-dominated society 男性主导社会 37 embarrass vt.使窘迫, 使尴尬; 【派】embarrassed a.(某人) _; embarrassment n. 沮丧 embarrassing a. (某事)令人 _ 38 employ vt. 雇佣；使用 【考】in the employ of 受雇于 【派】employer n. 雇主；employee n.雇员 employment n. 雇佣, 工作 unemployment n. 失业 39 engage vt. 从事、订婚 【考】be engaged in sth. 从事? 40 enhance vt.加强 41 eoll vt.注册、使?入会 【派】eollment 42 evacuate vt. 撤走、疏散 43 evaluate vt.评价、估计 【派】evaluation n. 44 evaluate vt.评价、估计 45 excessive a.过度的 46 frustrate vt.使沮丧, 使灰心 【派】frustration n. 挫折; frustrating a. 令人沮丧的 47 geic a.遗传的 48 guarantee vt. 保证 49 identify vt.鉴别、验明 【考】idenfity theft 辨别偷窃 50 immigrate vt. 移民 【派】 immigrant n.移民immigration 51 implement vt.实施 【派】implementation n. 52 incline vi.倾向 【考】be inclined to do sth. 倾向于做某事 53 inferior a.下级的、下等的 【考】be inferior to 比?低级 54 injure vt. 受伤 【派】injured a.受伤的; injury n. 受伤 55 inquire vi. 询问 56 instinct n.本能、直觉 【考】human instinct 人类本能 57 integrate vt. 使结合、使一体化 【派】integral a.一体的；integration n.一体 【考】as an integral whole 作为一个整体global economic integration 全球经济一体化 58 internship n.实习 59 inverse a.倒转的、反转的 60 justify vt.证明?是正当的 61 launch vt. 发射、开展 【考】launch the spacecraft 发射飞船launch a movement 发起一项运动 62 negative a.消极的 63 notify vt.、告诉 【派】notification n. 64 obligation n.? 责任、义务 【考】legal obligation? 法律责任 65 obstacle n.障碍 66 optimistic a. 乐观的 【考】be optimistic about sth.对?很乐观 67 originate vt.由?产生 【考】originate from 由?产生 68 overe vt.战胜, 克服 【例】overe difficulties 克服困难 69 phenomenon n.现象 70 positive a.积极的 71 potential a.潜在的 【考】potential customer 潜在客户 72 preferable a. 更好的 73 prevail vt.压倒、胜过 【派】prevailling a. 流行的 74 priority n. 优先 【考】sth. is the top priority 优先考虑? 75 proceed vi.进行、着手 76 prompt vt.刺激、推动 【考】prompt sb. to do sth. 77 proportion n.比例 【派】proportional a.相应的、成比例的 78 pursue vt. 追求 【派】pursuit n. 追求 【考】pursue ones dream 79 qualify vt. (使)胜任，（使）具有资格 【考】qualify for sth. 使具有?的资格 【派】qualification n.资格，条件；qualified a.有资格的 80 remend vt.推荐 81 reference n.参考 82 remind vt.提醒某人注意 【考】be reminded of sth. 83 relevant a. 有关的，切题的【考】be relevant to 与?有关 【派】relevance n. 有关，相关；irrelevant a. 不相关的；不切题的 84 restore vt. 恢复、修复 【考】restore reputation 恢复名誉 85 restrain vt.遏制 【考】be restrained to do sth. 86 resume n. 87 reverse vt.颠倒、反转 88 sacrifice vt.牺牲 89 starvation n.饿死 90 submit vt. 提交 【考】submit sth. to sb. 把?提交给某人 91 subsidy n.津贴、补助 【考】provide subsidy for sb. 为?提供津贴 92 superior a.高级的、高等的 【考】be superior to 比?高级 93 survive vt.幸免于? 【考】survive sth. 从?中幸免 94 transmit vt. 传播 95 tropical a.热带的 96 undertake vt. 承担，着手做；保证，同意 【考】undertake sth. 从事? 【派】undertaking n.事业，任务 97 vanish vi. 消失 98 victim n. 受害者 99 visiable a.可看见的 100 vision vt. 视力、眼光 语法句型篇： 一、 the + est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) 例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。 Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。 二、Nothing is + er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V 例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education. 虚拟语气用法总结大全 一 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中 二虚拟语气在名词从句中 1.在由suggest, demand, require, request, insist, order, mand, propose等表示建议、请求、命令、愿望等动 词或其同根词引出的名词从句中，名词从句虚拟句的谓语变化的形式只有一条规律名词从句虚拟句无 论其主句的谓语动词时何种形式，从句的谓语形式均为should+动词原形，其中should可以省去。（特别 三 虚拟语气的其他用法 省 一 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中 1. If the traffic hadnt been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 oclock. What a pity! Tina _ here to see you. (xx 湖南) A. is B. was C. would be D. has been 2. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. (xx 上海) A. wouldnt have fallenB. had not fallen C. should fallD. were to fall 3. He hesitated（犹豫） for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he _ a goal. (xx 上海春) A. had scored B. scoredC. would score D. would have scored 4. You didnt let me drive. If we _in turn, you_ so tired. (NMET96) A. drove; didnt get B. drove; wouldnt get C. were driving; wouldnt getD. had driven; wouldnt have got 5. I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she _, she would have met my brother. (1994全国) A. has e B. did e C. came D. had e 6. -If he_, he _that food. -Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. (MET93) A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken C. would be warned; would not have taken D. would have been warned; had not taken 7. If it_ for the snow, we_ the mountain yesterday. (MET91) A. were not; could have climbed B. were not; could climb C. had not been; could have climbed D. had not been; could climb 8. Without electricity human life_ quite different today. (MET91) A. is B. will beC. would have been D. would be 11. - Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution. - I it, but I was busy preparing for a job interview. (福建34) A. attendedB. had attendedC. would attendD. would have attended 12. I _ through that bitter period without your generous help. ( 陕西 22) A. couldnt have goneB. didnt go C. wouldnt go D. hadnt gone 13. I _ sooner but I didnt know that they were waiting for me. (天津15) A. had e B. was ingC. would e D. would have e 14. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I fully oupied the whole of last week. A. were B. had been C. have been D. was （xx浙江） A. would have been saved B. had been saved C. will be saved D. was saved 17. - The weather has been very hot and dry. - Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my （xx北京） A. wouldnt die B. didnt die C. hadnt died D. wouldnt have died 18. If we the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting. (xx湖南) A .followedB .should follow C. had followed D. would follow 20. This printer is of good quality. If it _ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.(09天津 15) A. would B. shouldC. couldD. might 21. - Did you go to his wedding ceremony yesterday ?- No. But I would if I had been free. (改错) 二虚拟语气在名词从句中 1. Where are the children? The dinners going to be pletely ruined. I wish theyalways late. （北京28） A. werent B. hadnt beenC. wouldnt be D. wouldnt have been 2. _ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail aount. (05 上海) A. What is required B. What requires C. It is requiredD. It requires 3. Dont you think it necessary that he _ to Miami but to New York? I agree, but the problem is _ he has refused to. (xx 江苏) A. will not be sent; thatB. not be sent; thatC. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what 4. The chairman suggested that the meeting _(put off) until the next week. The look on his face suggested that he _(be) angry with what you did. 5. Thank you for all your hard work last week. I dont think we （08山东） A. can manage B. could have managed C. could manage D. can have managed 6. The doctor remended that you _swim after eating a large meal. A. wouldnt B. couldntC. needntD. shouldnt(09浙江13) 7. The man in prison insisted that he _ nothing wrong and _ set free. A. had done, should be B. should do, should be C. had done, had been D. should do, had been The patient insisted that he _ ill and _ to the hospital. A. wasnt, wasnt sent C. shouldnt be, wasnt sent B. wasnt, shouldnt be sent D. shouldnt be, shouldnt be sent 8.The workers demanded that their wages by 20 percent. A. raisedB. raiseC. should have been raisedD. be raised 9. At the meeting everybody was against his suggestion that a new bridge over the river. A. be builtB. must be builtC. was to be builtD. had to be built 10. It is politely requested by the hotel manager that radios after 11 oclock at night. A. were not playedB. not be playedC. not to playD. did not play 11. It is essential(必要的，重要的) that the books you borrowed from the library back before the deadline(截止日期). A. be sentB. would be sentC. were sentD. must be sent 三 虚拟语气的其他用法 1. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I your advice. A. followB. had followedC. would followD. have followed 2. Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night _, too cold for us to live. (97 上海) A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldly C. would be frozen coldD. can freeze coldly 3. It is necessary the dictionary immediately. A. that he will returnB. that he returnedC. that he returnD. that he has to return 4. Its already five oclock now. Do you think its about t