美国文学 超验主义.ppt

NewEnglandTranscendentalism,Importantterms(1),Transcendentalism:TranscendentalismisphilosophicalandliterarymovementthatflourishedinNewEnglandfromabout1836to1860.Itoriginatedamongasmallgroupofintellectualswhowerereactingagainsttheorthodoxy(正统的)ofCalvinismandtherationalismoftheUnitarianChurch(唯一神论教派),developinginsteadtheirownfaithcenteringonthedivinityofhumanityandthenaturalworld.,Importantterms(1),TranscendentalismderivedsomeofitsbasicidealisticconceptsfromromanticGermanphilosophy,andfromsuchEnglishauthorsasColeridge,andWordsworth.ItsmysticalaspectswerepartlyinfluencedbyIndianandChinesereligiousteachings.,Importantterms(1),Althoughtranscendentalismwasneverarigorouslysystematicphilosophy,ithadsomebasictenetsthatweregenerallysharedbyitsadherents.ThebeliefsthatGodisimmanentineachpersonandinnature(每人都有内在的神性)andthatindividualintuitionisthehighestsourceofknowledgeledtoanoptimisticemphasisonindividualism,self-reliance,andrejectionoftraditionalauthority.,Importantterms(1),TheideasoftranscendentalismweremosteloquentlyexpressedbyRalphWaldoEmersoninsuchessaysasNature(1836),andSelf-RelianceandbyHenryDavidThoreauinhisbookWalden.,Importantterms(2),Individualism:Individualismisamoral,political,andsocialphilosophy,whichemphasizesindividualliberty,theprimaryimportanceoftheindividual,andthe“virtuesofself-reliance”.Itassumesthatapersoncanbesociallyandculturallyfreeofupbringing.,Importantterms(2),Individualismclaimstheabilitytooppose“authority”,andtoallmannerofcontrolsovertheindividual(反对一切压抑个人的支配行为),especiallywhenexercisedbythepoliticalstateor“society”.Itisthusdirectlyopposedtocollectivism(集体主义),socialpsychologyandsociology,whichconsidertheindividualsrapporttothesocietyorcommunity.,Importantterms(3),AmericanRenaissance:ThenameisgiventoaflourishingofdistinctivelyAmericanliteratureintheperiodbeforetheCivilWar.ThisrenaissanceisrepresentedbytheworkofRalphWaldoEmerson,H.D.Thoreau,NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,andWaltWhitman.ItsmajorworksareHawthornesTheScarletLetter(红字，1850),MelvillesMoby-Dick(白鲸，1851),andWhitmansLeavesofGrass(草叶集，1855).TheAmericanRenaissancemayberegardedasadelayedmanifestationofRomanticism(浪漫主义的延续),especiallyinEmersonsphilosophyofTranscendentalism.,ImportantfeaturesofNewEnglandTranscendentalism(1),Firstly,theTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit精神,ortheOversoul超灵,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.TheOversoulwasanall-pervadingpowerforgoodness(超灵是善良的体现),omnipresentandomnipotent(无处不在，无所不能),fromwhichallthingscameandofwhichallwereapart.Itexistedinnatureandmanalikeandconstitutedthechiefelementoftheuniverse.(是宇宙构成的主要元素),ImportantfeaturesofNewEnglandTranscendentalism(2),Secondly,theTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothemtheindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.Astheregenerationofsociety(社会的再生)couldonlycomeaboutthroughtheregenerationoftheindividual,hisperfection(自我完善),hisself-culture(自我休养)andself-improvement,andnotthefrenziedefforttogetrich,shouldbecomethefirstconcernofhislife.,ImportantfeaturesofNewEnglandTranscendentalism(2),Theidealtypeofmanwastheself-reliantindividualwhomEmersonneverstoppedtalkingaboutallhislife.TheTranscendentalistslikeEmersonandThoreauweretellingpeopletodependuponthemselvesforspiritualperfectioniftheycaredtomaketheeffortbecause,intheiropinion,theindividualsoulcommunedwiththeOversoulandwasthereforedivine.Nowthisnewnotionoftheindividualandhisimportancerepresented,obviously,anewwayoflookingatman.,ImportantfeaturesofNewEnglandTranscendentalism(2),Itwasalsoareactionagainsttheprocessofdehumanization(磨灭人性)thatcameinthewakeofdevelopingcapitalism.TheindustrializationofNewEnglandwasturningmenintononhumans.Peoplewerelosingtheirindividualityandwerebecominguniform.TheTranscendentalistssawtheprocessinprogressand,bytryingtoreasserttheimportanceoftheindividual,emphasizedthesignificanceofmenregainingtheirlostpersonality.,ImportantfeaturesofNewEnglandTranscendentalism(3),Thirdly,theTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod(自然是超灵或上帝的体现).Naturewas,tothem,notpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGodsoverwhelmingpresence.ItwasthegarmentoftheOversoul(自然是超灵的外衣).Thereforeitcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind(自然能够影响人类心灵的健康和恢复).WhattheTranscendentalistsseemedtobesayingwas,“Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluence,andyoullbecomespirituallywholeagain.”,RalphWaldoEmerson,AsthemosteloquentspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)hashadgreatinfluenceforcenturiesextendingbeyondtheliterarycommunitytotheAmericanpeopleatlarge其思想已成为美国传统文化意识的一部分.,RalphWaldoEmerson,EmersonwasborninBoston,thesonofaUnitarianminister唯一神教牧师whodiedwhenEmersonwaseightyearsold.HeattendedHarvard,studiedtheology,andbecameaUnitarianministerhimselfin1829.Inthatyearhewasalsomarried,buthisbelovedwife,Ellen,diedonlysixteenmonthslater.In1832,Emersonfeltobligedtoresignhisministry,AfteratriptoEurope,wherehemettheEnglishwritersWordsworth,Coleridge,andCarlyle,hesettledinthevillageofConcord,Massachusetts.Heremarriedandbeganhislifelongcareeraslecturerandwriter.AtConcordhebecameamemberoftheTranscendentalClub,RalphWaldoEmerson,AtConcordhewassurroundedbyaremarkablegroupofmenandwomen,includingHenryDavidThoreau.ItwasatConcordthatEmersoncomposedhisfirstbook,Nature(1836).,Emersonsaddress演讲calledTheAmericanScholar(1837)hasbeenaninspirationtogenerationsofyoungAmericans,butEmersondidnotachievenationalfameuntilhisEssays:Essays,FirstSeries(随笔：第一卷，1841),SecondSeries(随笔：第二卷，1844),RepresentativeMen(代表人物，1849),TheConductofLife（生活的准则）andsoon.,RalphWaldoEmerson,EmersonsNature,regardedastheBibleofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,isalyricalexpressionoftheharmonyEmersonfeltbetweenhimselfandnature.Emersondefinesnatureasanall-encompassingdivineentityinherentlyknowntousinourunfetteredinnocence(人与自然有一种天然的和谐对应关系),ratherthanasmerelyacomponentofaworldruledbyadivine,separatebeing，learnedbyusthroughpassed-onteachingsinourexperience(自然并不只是作为世界的一部分，与我们所知的经验相分离。通过个人直觉从自然中获取知识）Self-RelianceisalsoatthecoreofEmersonsideas，thatthepotentialpowersoftheself-reliantindividualaresignificant（自立的个人潜能巨大）,QuotationformNature,Ourageisretrospective（向后看的，怀旧）.Itbuildsthesepulchersofthefathers（建筑在祖先的坟墓之上即以旧的事物为基础）.Itwritesbiographies,histories,andcriticism.TheforegoinggenerationsbeheldGodandnaturefacetoface（先人们可以同上帝与自然面对面），we,throughtheireyes(我们却需利用先人做媒介感悟上帝与自然).Whyshouldnotwealsoenjoyanoriginalrelationtotheuniverse?Whyshouldnotwehaveapoetryandphilosophyofinsight(内省）andnotoftradition,andareligionbyrevelation（心灵启示）tous,andnotthehistoryoftheirs?,QuotationformNature,whyshouldwegropeamongthedrybonesofthepast（我们为何要在毫无生气的历史废墟中摸索）,orputthelivinggenerationintomasqueradeoutofitsfadedwardrobe（让当代人穿上褪色过时的旧服装出丑）?Thesunshinestodayalso.Thereismorewoolandflaxinthefields.Therearenewlands,newmen,newthoughts.Letusdemandourownworksandlawsandworship.,HenryDavidThoreau,Thoreau(1817-1862)wasborninConcord,MassachusettsandheattendedHarvardbutherefusedallthecareers.Sohemadehishomewithhisfather,heassistedhiminhistradeofpencilmaker.ThenhemetEmersonandlivedwithEmersonfortwoyears,doingchoresandkeepingthehouse.TherehewrotethegreatessayCivilDisobedience(论公民之不服从，1849).,HenryDavidThoreau,ThoreausmostmemorablegesturewashismovetoWaldenPond.HelivedfortwoyearsandtwomonthsinacabinhebuiltwithhisownhandsonapieceoflandownedbyEmerson.ThatexperiencegavehimthematerialforoneofthegreatestofAmericanclassics,Walden(1854).Thoreaudiedatforty-four,havingpublishedrelativelylittleofwhathehadwritten.,HenryDavidThoreau,Waldendetails详尽描述ThoreauslifefortwoyearsandtwomonthsintheforestaroundtheshoresofWaldenPond.Herecountshisdailylifeinthewoodsandcelebratesnatureandtheindividualsabilitytoliveindependentlyofsociety.Waldenisneitheranovelnoratrueautobiography,butasocialcritiqueoftheWesternWorld,witheachchapterheraldingsomeaspectofhumanitythatneededtobeeitherrenouncedorpraised（每个章节都对人类社会的某方面进行批评或颂扬.）,HenryDavidThoreau,Alongwithhiscritiqueofthecivilizedworld,Thoreauexaminesotherissuesafflictingmaninsociety,rangingfromeconomy(thefirstchapterofthebook)andreadingtosolitudeandhigherlaws（探讨有关阅读、独处、法律等问题）,ThoreaualsotakestimetotalkabouttheexperienceatWaldenPon