M5U1 Grammar 1.ppt

牛津版高二模块五Unit1,英语课件,GrammarandusageTo-infinitiveandVerb-ingformasanoun,Part1To-infinitive,表语,主语,宾语,不定式,宾语补足语,定语,状语,1.todoasasubjectThecatsaid,“Totakerollercoasteristerrible”.,Thecatsaid,“Itsterribletotakerollercoaster.”,Howlongdidittakeyoutotakerollercoaster?Howterribleitistotakerollercoaster!,不定式短语作主语时,可以直接放在句首,但在很多情况下,尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中,往往放在谓语之后,而用先行代词it作形式主语。,It作形式主语,不定式作真主语常见句型:,ItsmydutytoteachyouhowtolearnEnglishwell.Itrequirespatiencetobeagoodteacher.,a)Itis+adj.(easy,important,difficult)+不定式,当形容词是表示人的品质的词时，常用“It+be+形容词+ofsb.+todo”，相当于“sb.is+形容词+todo”；部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，该句型的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，常见的此类形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。,b)Itis+n.(apity,apleasure,onesduty,ashame)+不定式c)Ittakes/needs/requires+sometime(hours,months,days,patience)+不定式,2.todoasapredictive,Ourmostimportanttasknowistomakeaplan.,当句子的主语是aim,idea,policy,question,suggestion,wish,task,duty,job,purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。,注:作表语的不定式都带to,但当主语部分有实义动词do时,to可以省略。,Nowtheonlythingwecandoiswait.,当不定式充当表语的时候,表示具体动作或是将来要发生的动作。如:1.Mywishistobeadoctor.2.Whatshewantstodoistotellyouasecret.3.Hisplanistogoabroadandcontinuehisstudies.,PS:动名词和不定式同样都可以充当表语,两者的区别在于不定式表达是具体或是将来发生动作，而动名词则表示抽象的一般行为。1.Hisjobisdeliveringtheletterstotheirdestinations.2.MyjobistolookafterthesisterwhenMomiscooking.,3.TodoasanobjectThecatsaid“Remembernottotakeitnexttime!”(Tips:不定式否定为notto),可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多,如agree,afford,tend,ask,decide,determine,expect,fail,hope,learn,intend,manage,offer,plan,promise,refuse,want,wish,2005年天津卷12题：Idontwant_likeImspeakingillofanybody,butthemanagersplanisunfair.A.tosoundB.tobesoundedC.soundingD.tohavesounded,当不定式短语比宾补长时,往往将不定式放到宾补后,而用先行代词it作形式宾语,常用动词有feel,think,find,believe,consider,make等。Thecatfeltitterribletotakerollercoaster.,b)只有少数介词如but,except等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to，但如果but或except所在句子里的谓语动词含有do,does,did时，通常省略to。,Wehavenochoicebuttowait.Cf.Wecandonothingbutwait.,4.todoasanobjectcomplementYoushouldgetthemtohelpyou.(Theywillhelpyou.),(常用谓语动词有:get,ask,force,order,tell,invite,allow,wish,want,like,expect,advise,beg,cause,persuade,teach,warn,hate,permit,forbid,encourage等。),通常这样的动词用在以下的结构里:Verb+sb/sth+todosth,Thebossmadeherworklonghours.主语谓语宾语宾补,She主语,wasmade谓语,towork主补,longhours(byherboss).,2005全国卷(I)No.18Whilewatchingtelevision,_.A.ThedoorbellrangB.ThedoorbellringsC.WeheardthedoorbellringD.Weheardthedoorbellrings,2008全国卷IIThedirectorhadherassistant_somehotdogsforthemeeting.A.pickedupB.picksupC.pickupD.pickingup,Tips:有些动词后面须接不带to的不定式做宾语补足语,常用的动词有:,make,let,have,see;hear,watch,notice,feel;lookat,listento;help,observe等,但是句子变成被动语态后,不定式成为句子的主语补足语,需带to。,Iwouldrather_(go)swimming.Youhadbetter_(tidy)yourbedroom.Whynot_(visit)yourcousininJapan?,Tips:有些句型后面须接不带to的不定式。,go,tidy,visit,Shetoldme_(be)cheerfuland_(look)onthebrightside.Wehadnothing_(do)but_(watch)TV.,Tips:当两个不定式and,or,expect,but,than或ratherthan连接起来时，第二个不定式符号省略。,tobe,look,todo,watch,5.todoasanattributive,Hehasnotkepthispromisetowrite(write)tohisparentsregularly.Shemadeadecisiontogo(go)abroadforayear.,不定式可以在句子充当后置定语,修饰名词。以下几类情况常用不定式作定语:,能带不定式作宾语的动词,其同源名词可以带不定式作定语。常见的有attempt,decision,promise,plan等,Hiseagernesstofinishhishomeworkwasquiteclear.,常与不定式搭配的形容词,其同源名词一般可以用不定式作定语。常见的有ability,determination,anxiety,eagerness等Shewastheonlypersontosurviveaftertheearthquake.序数词,形容词最高级或被only,last,next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。,Hesalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.(=Thefirstcomesandthelastleaves.)(主谓关系)Ihavenotimetolistentoyourexcuse.(同位关系)Shehasameetingtoattend.(=attendameeting)Theresnothingtoworryabout.(=worryaboutnothing)(动宾关系),Tips:不定式在作定语时,有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系,如果该不定式是不及物动词,它后面需要加上适当介词。,6.todoasanadverbial不定式可以作状语,表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。,soasto(不能放句首),to,inorderto作目的状语,2005年辽宁卷22题：Allthesegiftsmustbemailedimmediately_intimeforChristmas.A.inordertohavereceivedB.inordertoreceiveC.soastobereceivedD.soastobereceiving,在soasto,suchasto,onlyto结构中不定式作结果状语,其中onlyto用于表示意想不到的结果。,Hehurredtothestationonly_thatthetrainihadgone.（广东2005）tofindB.findingC.foundD.tohavefound,enoughto,tooto结构,Theboyisntoldenoughtogotoschool.=Theboyistooyoungtogotoschool.,Iamgladtomeetyou.,形容词(glad,happy,lucky,fortunate,surprised,angry,anxious,ready,quick,slow,cruel,clever等)+不定式结构作原因状语,7.作插入语,用来说明说话人的态度、看法、对整个句子进行解释,如tobefrank/honest(坦白地说),tobesure(确实),tomakethematterworse(更糟糕的是)等。,Totellyouthetruth,Ihateyou.,8.作同位语不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式,Theordertostartthegeneralattacksooncame.,SomestudentspretendedtobereadingEnglishwhentheteachercamein.,不定式的进行式：tobe+V-ing,用来表示谓语动词动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行。,2005年江苏卷No.25-IsBobstillperforming?-Imafraidnot.Heissaid_thestagealreadyashehasbecomeanofficial.A.tohaveleftB.toleaveC.tohavebeenD.tobeleft,不定式完成式:tohave+v-ed构成,用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。,2006年四川卷No.26TheChineseareproudofthe29thOlympicGames_inBeijingin2008.A.holdB.holdingC.heldD.tobeheld,当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式要用被动语态。,Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.,不定式的被动式分为一般式被动tobev-ed和完成式被动tohavebeenv-ed,当句式为:主语+be+adj.+todo时,且todo的逻辑宾语是句子主语时,todo不用被动语态。,Thequestionisdifficulttoanswer.Heishardtogetalongwith.,Tips:,Itmeanstheinfinitivewithoutto.,使役动词let,make,have，动词不定式不加to。Iletherborrowmybook.Shemademepromisetowriteeveryday.Theteacheroftenhashisstudentsreadaloudinclass.,Bareinfinitive,感官动词feel,hear,see,watch，动词不定式不加to。Isawhertalktohernewfriends.Sheheardtheboybreakhisglasses.注意：在被动语态中则to不能省掉。Agirlsawmywalletdropwhenshepassedby.Mywalletwasseentodropbyagirlwhenshepassedby.,wouldrather,hadbetter,whynot，动词不定式不加to。Iw