非谓语动词用法精讲-doingPPT课件

.,非谓语动词,DOINGDONETODO,非,谓语动词,动名词gerund,不定式infinitive,分词participle,非谓语动词,1性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。,2形式,不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分,3语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。,.,现在分词与动名词,DOING,1动名词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。Swimmingisherfavoritesport.Learningisimportanttomodernlife.2分词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作。Theywentoutoftheclassroom,talkingandlaughing.,3动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。Irememberedsendinghimane-maillastweek.（前）HesuggestedtakingmydaughtertothezoothenextSunday.（后）,B动词-ing形式的完成式,动词-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Havinglivedinthiscityforthreeyears,sheknowsitverywell.点津坊在现代英语中，作宾语的动词-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。Ireallyregrettedmissingsuchanexcitinglecture.=IreallyregrettedhavingmissedsuchanexcitinglectureWerememberedseeingthefilm.(=Werememberedhavingseenthefilm.),时态,C动词-ing形式的被动形式,动词-ing形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是动词-ing形式表示的动作的承受者。Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.Icantstandbeingkeptwaiting.Havingbeenshownthelab,weweretakentoseetheschoollibrary.,语态,动词-ing形式的否定形式由not加动词-ing形式构成。Hisnotcomingmadeeveryonepresentverydisappointed.,否定,1动词-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.2为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.Itsawasteoftimearguingaboutit.,句子成分,必背动词-ing形式作主语的几个常用句型。Itsnogoodtalkingtohim.Itisuselesstelephoninghim.Heisnotwillingtocome.Itsworthmakinganeffort.Thereisnosayingwhenitwillstopraining.Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.,句型,1表示主语的内容Herjobiskeepingthelecturehallascleanaspossible2表示主语具有的特征Theproblemisquitepuzzling.,1.Herworkis_(look)afterthechildren.2.Myaimis_(go)toTsinghuaUniversity.3.Oneofmybadhabitis_(bite)nails（指甲）.,动词-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。1能用动词-ing形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类，只能用动词-ing形式作宾语，可用动词-ing形式作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语。只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词suggestdoingitinadifferentway.,必背只接动词-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有：admit承认appreciate感激avoid避免putoff推迟keep保持consider考虑delay耽搁dislike嫌恶resist抵制mention提及enjoy喜欢escape避免excuse原谅practice练习mind介意fancy想不到feellike意欲finish完成risk冒险include包括forgive原谅giveup放弃suggest建议miss逃过imagine设想cannothelp情不自禁,只能接动词-ing形式作宾语的动词建议冒险去献身，忍受期待不停顿；放弃延期悔失去，坚持欣赏实践成；注意原谅避反对，考虑要求不自禁；允许习惯不介意，价值开始想动名。,1.Hewasinlowspiritsandevenconsider_(go)away.2.Practise_(put)yourhandtotheground.3.Icanthelp_(have)thetriptoBritain.4.Donttellmeyoualwaysescape_(fine)becauseyouhaveafastsportscar.5.Leaveoff_(bite)yournails!6.Hedidntfeellike_(work),sohesuggested_(spend)thedayinthegarden.7.Youcertainlymustntmiss_(see)thewonderfulfilm.,8.Thedoctoradvised_(stay)longerinhospital.9.Weappreciateyour_(want)_(help)usinourdifficulties.10.Michaelhasdelayed_(write)tohertilltoday.11.Thelawforbids_(sell)liquortochildren.12.Theyallsuggested_(give)morechances.13.Canyouimagine_(leave)standingoutsideforawholenight.14.Theybuiltthebankstopreventtheareafrom_(flood).,既可用动词-ing形式作宾，也可用不定式作宾这类动词虽然既能用-ing形式作宾语，也能用不定式作宾语，但用法并不相同，主要有以下几种情况：有些动词，如attempt,continue,hate,intend,like,love,prefer等，后面接动词-ing形式或不定式区别不是很大。Theypreferspending/tospendtheirsummervacationinDalian.Iintendtobuy/buyinganEnglish-Chinesedictionary.提示应尽量避免接连出现两个动词-ing形式。IamstartingtolearnRussian.避免说：IamstartinglearningRussian.,避免重复,有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有所不同。cometodo表示一个渐渐发展的过程Iedoing表示陪衬性的动作Itwasalreadytwooclockwhenshecamehurryingin.,goontodo做完一件事后，接下去做另外一件事Havingfinishedtheexercises,wewentontolearnthenewwordsinthenextunit.goondoing继续做同一件事。Thoughitwasrainingheavily,theywentonworking。meantodo想要做某事Ididntmeantohurtyou.。meandoing意味着要有一个结果Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.。,regrettodo对即将要做的事表示遗憾IregrettosayImustleavetomorrow.regretdoing对所做的事感到后悔Iregretnothavingtoldherearlier.remembertodo指将来的事，表示“不要忘记”Remembertolockthedoorwhenyouleave.rememberdoing讲的是过去的事，表示“记起来”Irememberpostingthatletter.,forgettodo忘记要做某事Shenearlyforgottogivetheporteratipforhisservice.forgetdoing忘记以前曾做过的事Illneverforgetmeetingmyschoolheadmasterforthefirsttime.stoptodo停止原来做的事，开始做另一件事Whileworking,hestoppedtotalkwithTomattimes.stopdoing停止正在做的事Whentheteachercameintotheclassroom,thepupilsstoppedtalking.,trytodo设法做某事Imusttrytogeteverythingreadybeforehearrives.trydoing试验做某事Wouldyoupleasetrydoingthatagain?,need,require,want作“需要”解时，Need/require/wantdoing=tobedone意义上并无差别，但用动词-ing形式比较普通。Yourcompositionneedscorrecting/tobecorrected.Hiscoatwantscleaning/tobecleaned.Theoldwomanrequireslookingaftercarefully/tobelookedaftercarefully.2作介词宾语动词-ing形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关。,1动词-ing形式可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,smell,lookat,listento,observe,find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。Weheardthechildrenshoutingupstairs.Ifeltmyheartbeatingviolently.,复合宾语,2动词-ing形式和不定式作宾语补足语的区别。在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等感官动词后，既可用动词-ing形式构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。-ing时，表示动作正在进行；不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。Hesawagirlgettingonthebus.Hesawagirlgetonthebusanddriveoff.,3动词-ing形式也可用在have,get,leave,keep,set,catch等表示“致使”的动词后作宾语补足语。Theyshouldnotleaveuswonderingwhattheywilldonext.Iwonthaveyourunningaboutintheroom.Wekeptthefireburningallnightlong.点津坊如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只能用不定式来表示，不用动词-ing形式。Isawhimentertheroomsitdownandlightacigarette.,.,1单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。areadingroom=aroomwhichisusedforreading阅览室runningshoes=shoesforrunning跑鞋aworkingmethod=amethodofworking工作方法adrawingboard画板asewingmachine缝纫机aswimmingpool游泳池awaitingroom候车室adiningcar餐车adrivingpermit驾驶许可证asingingcompetition歌咏比赛awalkingstick手杖,表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。developingcountries=countriesthataredeveloping发展中国家anordinary-lookinghouse=ahousethatlooksordinary看起来很普通的房子apuzzlingproblem=aproblemthatpuzzlessomebody困扰人的问题,比较abarkingdog狂吠的狗adisappointingplay令人失望的戏剧anastonishingadventure惊人的冒险asleepingbaby熟睡的婴儿boilingwater正在沸腾的水failingsight逐渐衰退的视力thesettingsun落日thecomingweek下一周,2作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。Thebottlecontainingvinegarshouldbesenttothelaboratory.Theylivedinahousefacingsouth.3某些情况下，动词-ing形式不能用来作定语，必须用定语从句。作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。【误】Theprofessorcominghereyesterdaywillgiveusalecture.【正】Theprofessorwhocamehereyesterdaywillgiveusalecture.,后置,动词-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语，不作定语。【误】Thetemplehavingbeendestroyedbytheearthquakewillberebuiltsoon.【正】Thetemplewhichhasbeendestroyedbytheearthquakewillberebuiltsoon.,动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。1表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。Havingmadefullpreparations,wearereadyfortheexamination.(=Afterwehavemadefullpreparations.)2表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。Beingill,hedidntgotoschoolyesterday.(=Sincehewasill.),3表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。Hisfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.=andlefthimalotofmoney.4表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。Workinghardatyourlessons,youwillsucceed.=Ifyouworkhardatyourlessons.5表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。Knowingallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.=Althoughtheyknewallthis.,6表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。Helayonthegrass,staringattheskyforalongtime.=.andstaredattheskyforalongtime,分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作；分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时发生的；分词表示的是比较次要的动作，对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明；大部分放在谓语之后；分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。,伴随状语,.,1、分词作状语说明谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随情况、行为方式或对谓语加以补充说明等。,2、作状语的分词(短语)通常放在句首或句尾，有时也可插在句子的主谓语之间。,3、分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致（除非独立主格结构）。,4、有时为了明确时间、条件或结果，分词前可加when,while,if,thus等连词。,-ing形式,Herushedtothetrainstation,only_thetrainhadgone.,A.findingB.foundC.findsD.tofind,D,Makingitthepopularsportintheworld为现在分词短语作结果状语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面,v-ing表示顺其自然，不定式表示突然，出乎意料。如：,Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.,Herushedtothepostofficeonlytofinditwasclosed,动词-ing形式的逻辑主语,动词-ing形式作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。Readingaloudisveryhelpful.点津坊如果作主语的动词-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格(即名词后加s)Hisfathersfallingillworriedhimgreatly.(hisfather是fallingill的逻辑主语),动词-ing形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但用作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。Whatworriesmemostisherstayingtoolateeverynight.(stayingtoolateeverynight的逻辑主语是her),C作定语的动词-ing形式,动词-ing形式作定语时，其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。aninterestingbook=abookthatinterestsitsreadersarunningstream=astreamthatisrunning,如果动词-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，就要用-ing形式的被动式。ThemeetingbeingheldinBeijingnowisofgreatimportance.(themeeting和举行之间的关系是被动的，所以用beingheld),动词-ing形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者，也可以在-ing形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。比较Heinsistedondoingithimself.Heinsistedonmydoingit.Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?,动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时，它的逻辑主语就是它前面的宾语。Weoftenhearhersingingthissong.Weoftenhearthissong(being)sung.,1动词-ing形式作状语，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。Enteringtheclassroom,Ifoundnobodyinit.如动词-ing形式表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。这种无依着的-ing形式，语法上称之为“垂悬分词”。【误】Lookingoutthroughthewindow,thegardenwasbeautiful.【正】Lookingoutthroughthewindow,wesawabeautifulgarden.,【误】Readingtheeveningnewspaper,adogstartedbarking.【正】Iwasreadingtheeveningnewspaperwhenadogstartedbarking.2如不能和句子中的主语保持一致，该动词-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常由名词或代词来担任。Thelastbushavinggone,wehadtowalkhome.Weatherpermitting,thefootballmatchwillbeplayedonFriday.,独立主格,.,在用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致,否则它必须有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,这种结构称为:,独立主格,.,独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况,表示时间、原因、条件等,如：Theshowerbeingover,wecontinuedtomarch.(时间)Somanystudentsbeingabsent,wedecidedtoputthemeetingoff.(原因)Weatherpermitting,wellhaveanoutingtomorrow.(条件)Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.(伴随情况),必背高中阶段有一些固定的动词-ing形式短语，如generallyspeaking,judgingfrom.,considering.,talkingof.,supposing.等，它们的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致。这种动词-ing短语可当作一个插入语。一般说来，男孩比女孩对科学更感兴趣.Generallyspeaking,boysaremoreinterestedinsciencethangirls.从他的口音看，他一定来自加拿大.Judgingfromhisaccent,hemustcomefromCanada.,.,考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。Consideringhowpoorhewas,wedecidedtolethimattendtheconcertforfree.假使下雨，你会怎么办呢？Supposingitrains,whatwillyoudo?,B)关于逻辑主语的问题1._tothemeetingsurprisedalloftheboards.A.MikecomingB.MikecameC.MikecomingD.Mikescoming2.Itsnouse_thatyoudidntknowtherules.A.youpretendB.youpretendingC.yourpretendingD.yourpretendChangethefollowingintothesimplesentences.ThatPeterdidntattendthemeetingmadeitputoff.,.,PRACTICE,.,1._fullpreparations,wedecidedtoputoffthemeetingtillnextweek.A.WedidnotmakeB.HavingnotmadeC.WehadnotmadeD.Nothavingmade,.,2.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,_itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.MakesC.MadeD.tomake,.,3._whatthesituationwouldbelike,theydecidedtokeepsilent.A.HavingnotknownB.knowingnotC.NotknowD.Notknowing,.,4._theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedgeoftheearth.A.havingbelievedB.BelievingC.BelievedD.Beingbelieved,.,5._suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.TosufferD.Suffered,.,6._alloverthehillsandaroundthelakea