英语语法大全.ppt

破解新课程学科教学中的典型问题，深度研讨学科难题,高中英语语法课教学疑难问题剖析,宁波效实中学周胜敏2009-7-24,高中英语语法课教学疑难问题剖析,一、语法教学的现状-体验二、新课程对语法教学的要求和期望-理念三、新课程要求的语法教学模式探讨-实践,一、语法教学的现状-体验,（一）语法教学的收获和困惑,分享：你通常是如何组织语法教学的？你在语法教学实践中最成功的案例是什么？你在语法教学中最大的困难或困惑是什么？,一、语法教学的现状-体验,（二）语法教学中的误区及原因分析,误区一、走过头淡化语法,片面理解交际法理论：只要交际双方能沟通和交流，语言形式和语法运用的对错无关紧要。片面理解二语习得理论：语法要靠学生去习得，去领悟，不用专门讲。片面理解新课程：语法隐形，功能为纲,一、语法教学的现状-体验,（二）语法教学中的误区及原因分析,误区二、走老路强化语法,讲-练-考-讲-练-考-讲专题讲中文讲,一、语法教学的现状-体验,（二）语法教学中的误区及原因分析,原因分析：1.新课程教材中对语法项目的编排顺序不像以前教材中的语法项目那样有顺序性、系统性和针对性。2.受考试制度和学校的升学压力的牵制，习惯于用传统教法上新教材，不敢尝试，违背了教材编写的初衷。3.没有领会新课程的理念。4.学生习惯了坐在教室里被动地接受教师传授语言点。,二、新课程对语法教学的要求和期望-理念,（一）什么是语法？,(二)新课程中到底要不要教语法？,（三）新课程中语法教什么？怎么教？,二、新课程对语法教学的要求和期望-理念,Whatisgrammar？,“Grammaristhebusinessoftakingalanguagetopieces,toseehowitworks.”-DavidCrystal,Grammarisafieldoflinguisticsthatinvolvesallthevariousthingsthatmakeuptherulesoflanguage.Subfieldsoflinguisticsthatareconsideredapartofgrammarincludesyntax,phonetics,morphology,andsemantics.Englishgrammaristhesciencewhichtreatsthenatureofwords,theirforms,andtheirusesandrelationsinthesentence.,Grammarisrulesforformingwordsandcombiningthemintosentences.,二、新课程对语法教学的要求和期望-理念,(二)新课程中到底要不要教语法？,课程标准提出“此次英语课程改革的重点就是要改变英语课程过分重视语法和词汇知识的讲解与传授、忽视对学生实际语言运用能力的培养的倾向”Thinkofgrammarassomethinggood,somethingpositive,somethingthatyoucanusetofindyourway-likeasignpostoramap.,语法在整个外语教学中的地位和作用问题，已经不是语法该不该教的问题，而是教什么和怎么教的问题”(束定芳，1996),二、新课程对语法教学的要求和期望-理念,（三）新课程中语法教什么？怎么教？,课程标准在语言知识目标中对语法的描述七级：1掌握描述时间、地点、方位的常用表达方式；2理解、掌握比较人、物体及事物的常用表达方式；3使用适当的语言形式描述事物，简单地表达观点、态度、情感等；4掌握语篇中基本的衔接和连贯手段，并根据特定目的有效地组织信息。八级：1进一步掌握描述时间、地点、方位的表达方式；2进一步理解、掌握比较人、物体及事物的表达方式；3使用适当的语言形式进行描述和表达观点、态度、情感等；4学习、掌握基本语篇的篇章结构和逻辑关系。,附录二、语法项目表“说明：高中阶段的语法教学，应从语言运用的角度出发，把语言的形式、意义和用法有机地结合起来，要引导学生在语境中了解个掌握语法的表意功能”,语法的三个维度：形式(form)意义(meaning)和用法(use),三、新课程要求的语法教学模式探讨-实践,课例一、learningaboutlanguageM4U1Womenofachievement,思考：1.该教学设计体现了新课程语法教学的哪些理念？2.该教学设计中有哪些方面还不符合新课程要求？如何改进？,Unit1Womenofachievement,LearningaboutLanguage,Learningaboutlanguage,discover,usefulwordsandexpressions,meaning.,formation,antonym,usefulstructures,“Only+状语”位于句首+部分倒装,集合名词（collectivenouns）的主谓一致,anobserver/researcher/protectorofchimps,JaneGoodall,astudentofAfricanwildlife,WhatJaneGoodallhasachieved:,SinceherchildhoodJanehaswantedtoworkwithanimalsintheirownenvironment.Shehasspentyearsobservingandrecordingdailyactivitiesofchimps.Janesresearchhasshowedtheconnectionsbetweenchimpsandhumanbeings,helpingpeopleunderstandhowmuchchimpsbehavelikehumans.NobodybeforeJanefullyunderstoodchimpbehavior,butnowpeoplerealizethebondbetweenmembersofachimpfamilyisasstrongasinahumanfamily.,WhatJaneGoodallhasachieved:,ForfortyyearsJanehasbeenoutspokenaboutmakingtherestoftheworldunderstandandrespectthelifeofchimps.Shehasarguedthatwildanimalsshouldbeleftinthewildandnotusedforentertainmentoradvertisements.Shehashelpedtosetupspecialplaceswheretheycanlivesafely.Sheisleadingabusyandhardlife,butallhereffortsareworthwhile.,WhatJaneGoodallhasachieved:,Janehasachievedeverythingshewantedtodo:workingwithanimalsintheirownenvironment,gainingadoctorsdegree,foundingtheJaneGoodallInstituteforWildlifeResearch,EducationandConservation.Sheisawomanofachievementandinspiresthosewhowanttocheertheachievementsofwomen.,Wordmeaning,Fillintheformwiththeproperwordsfromboldfacedwords1.childhoodtheperiodoftimewhensomeoneisachild2.bondcloseconnectionthatpeoplehavewitheachother3.outspokengivingopinionsopenlyandhonestly4.observetoseeandnotice,watchcarefully5.achievementthingdonesuccessfully,esp.witheffortandskill6.instituteorganizationwithaspecialpurpose,esp.forresearchorteaching,typicaluse:completethesentencewithproperword,Sweetmemoriesofher_crowdedintoJanesmind.Janesdiscoveryofchimpslifestylewasagreat_.3.Commoninterestsinwildlifeforma_betweenthetworesearchers.4.Janeisan_womanwhoisneverafraidoftellingtruth.5.Itisanew_Janebuilttohelppeoplelearnmoreaboutchimps.,childhood,bond,outspoken,achievement,institute,entertainment/settlement/movement/agreement,invitation/admiration/presentation/combination,protection/competition/devotion,+ation:modernization+ist:tourist,Wordformation:verb-noun,+ment:,+ion:,+ation:,HowJanehaschangedthewaypeoplethinkofchimpsandherwork:,antonymawordofoppositemeaning,1.Atfirst,localAfricanpeopleignoredthechimpslivingaroundthem,butnowmanyofthemvolunteertohelpJane_chimps.2.Janegaveupthecomfortsoflifetostudythechimps.Whilemanypeoplethinkitisnotworthit,sheherselfthinksitis_.3.TheTanzaniangovernmentagreedtosetuparesearchcenterafterJanehad_fortherightsofthechimps.Shesaid,“TheleastIcandoisspeakoutforthosewhocannotspeakforthemselves.”4.Manypeoplelookdownuponthosewhoworkwithanimals.However,JaneGoodalltodayisacelebrity(名人)almosteveryone_.,Replacetheunderlinedwordwithitsantonym.,observe,worthwhile,argued,respects,Discoveringusefulstructures,HowpeoplesupportJane:,1.Onlyafterhermothercametohelpherforthefirstfewmonthswassheallowedtobeginherproject.,Onlyifweunderstandcanwecare.Onlyifwecarewillwehelp.Onlyifwehelpshalltheybesaved.,“Only+状语”位于句首+部分倒装只有这样，我们才能学好英语。Onlyinthisway_.到那时我才意识到我的错误。Onlythen_.,但Only+主语时不倒装只有你了解我。Only_,didIrealizemymistakes,canwelearnEnglishbetter,youunderstandme.,2.FollowingJaneswayofstudyingchimps,ourgroupareallgoingtovisitchimpsintheforest.Janewarnsusthatourgroupisgoingtobeverytiredanddirty.,HowpeoplesupportJane:,集合名词（collectivenouns）class,family,team,police,government,crowd,audience,public,college,school等作主语时，强调整体时是单数，指个体成员时是复数。Hisfamilyisagreatone.Hisfamilyaremusiclovers.,Filleachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenverb.,1.Janesfamily_(be)asweetonebutatfirst,thefamily_(be)againstherdecisiontogotoAfricaexcepthermother.,2.Thelocalresearchteam_(be)madeupof2members.Andtheteam_(follow)chimpstogethersevendaysaweek.,3.WhereverJanemakesaspeech,peoplecrowdinandusuallyabigcrowd_(gather)beforeJaneappears.InHongkongUniversityin2006,theaudience_(be)nolessthanfivethousand.AfterlisteningtoJanesstory,theaudience_(be)allmoved.,4.ThankstoJanesresearch,thepublicnow_(have)theawarenessthatchimpshuntandeatmeatandthattheycandosomethingtoprotectthewildanimals.,5.Thegovernment_(hold)differentopinionsaboutJanessuggestionofsettinguparesearchcenterforchimps.,is,were,is,follow,gathers,was,were,have,hold,Whatwehavelearned:,whatJanehasachieved,howpeoplesupporther,talkabout,discover,usefulwordsandexpressions,meaning.,formation,antonym,usefulstructures,“Only+状语”位于句首+部分倒装,集合名词（collectivenouns）作主语时，指整体时是单数，指成员时是复数。,Freetalk:inmyeye,usingasmanytextwordsandstructuresaspossible:childhood,bond,achievement,worthwhile,outspoken,leadalife,behave,argue,respect,support,observe,specialize,inspireonly+状语，集合名词主谓一致talkingabout:whyyouadmirehim/her,howhe/sheinspiresyou,Applywhatwehavelearned,Vocabularybuildsupthewholelanguage.,Womenholduphalfthesky.,Homework:finishtheexercisesinthehandoutandonP42,observev.,1.vi.toactinaccordancewith遵守，顺从我们必须遵守交通规则。Wemust_,3.vt.toholdorcelebrate举行（仪式等），庆祝（节日等）你们国家的人庆祝圣诞节吗？Doyou_inyourcountry?,observethetrafficrules.,observeChristmasDay,observedthat,worthwhile(adj.可作定语和表语),1.Itsaworthwhilejob.=Thejobisworthwhile.Itisworthwhiletodothejob.=Itsworthwhiledoingthejob.=Thejobisworthdoing.,2.Wehadalongwait,butitwas_becausewegotthetickets.3.Thesmileonherfacemadeitall_.4.Itdidntseemworthwhile_(write)italloutagain.5.Itmightbe_toreconsideryourattitudetothenewpolicy.,towrite/writing,worthwhile,worthwhile,worthwhile,1.argue(vi.)+withsb.about/oversth.同某人辩论某事Theyare_witheachother_thesolutiontotheproblem.,3.argue(vt.)+n./clause(从句)我们据理力争我们应该得到更高的薪水。We_weshouldbepaidmore.4.argue(vt.)+o/outofdoingsth(说服)We_her_joiningus.,2.argue(vi)for/against为、为反对而辩论Theworkers_therighttostrike.Somepeople_freetrade.,arguev.,arguingabout,arguedfor,argueagainst/for,arguedthat,arguedinto,三、新课程要求的语法教学模式探讨-实践,课例一的分析与反思,三、新课程要求的语法教学模式探讨-实践,语法教学并不仅仅局限于狭义的语法的范畴内，而是从语用角度出发，与逻辑思维、篇章语境、情感、文化相联系，做到主题化、情景化。教师主控，学生虽有讨论、探究的一些机会，但总体还是处