Sentence Fragment 残缺句.ppt

,SentenceFragment残缺句,cry,Gettheaim,laugh,confuse,Introductionoftheexcellenceteacher,HugeIvyAileenNanaHennonAdaVickyKingLily,SentenceFragment残缺句,SentenceFragment残缺句,Asentencefragmentisaphraseorclausethatispunctuatedasasentencebutisnotagrammaticalsentencebecauseitdoesnotexpressacompletethought.,Asentencefragmenttriesitsbesttobeasentence,butitjustcantmakeit.Itsmissingsomething.,Typesofsentencefragments,1.missingasubject2.missinganverb3.missingbothsubjectandverb4.wrongusedconjunction5.wrongusedinfinitiveandprincipial6.addinguselessdetailintothesentence7.dependentclause,I:MissingSubject,Subjectstellwhomorwhatthesentenceisabout.Ifthesubjectismissing,weareleftwonderingwhoorwhatperformedtheaction.,Example:1.Eatingchicken.Thissentenceislackingasubject-whoorwhatiseatingchicken?2.EntertainedtensofthousandswithanoutdoorconcerteveryFourthofJuly.Correct:LilyentertainedtensofthousandswithanoutdoorconcerteveryFourthofJuly.,Soletsdosomesimpleexercises,Ranaroundthetree.(Whoranaroundthetree?)Willwalkintotheroom.(Whowillwalkintotheroom?)Shotthroughthesky.(Whatshotthroughthesky?)Wecanfixeachofthosefragmentsandturnthemintosentencesbyaddingasubject.Thedogranaroundthetree.ThePresidentwillwalkintotheroom.Arocketshotthroughthesky.,Yippee!Nowtheyareallcompletesentences!,Attention:Addasubject.Ifyouhavedeterminedthatthesentenceisafragmentbecauseitismissingasubject,simplyaddoneofthosetomakeacompletesentence.,II:MissingVerbs,Verbstellwhatthesubjectdidoris.Iftheverbismissing,weareleftwonderingwhatthesubjectdidorwhatthesubjectis.,Example:Thebillthatlawmakershavediscussedforalongtime.Correct:Thebillthatlawmakershavediscussedforalongtimewasjustpassedthisafternoon2.AlloftheofficialswithjobsattheKennedySpaceCenter.Correct:AlloftheofficialswithjobsattheKennedySpaceCenterwereworriedaboutthefallofSkylab.,15,Exercisestimeagain!,Mylittlesister.(Mylittlesisterdidwhat?)Mycutelittledog.(Thecutelittledogdidoriswhat?)Wecanfixthesetypesoffragmentsbyaddingaverb.Mylittlesisterranaway.Mycutelittledogiscuddly.,Now,bothofthosegroupsofwordsarecompletesentences!,Attention:Addaverb.Ifyouhavedeterminedthatthesentenceisafragmentbecauseitismissingaverb,simplyaddonetomakeacompletesentence.,affiliateconjunctioncausessentencefragment.Thecommonaffiliateconjunctionsareasfollows:After,eventhough,evenif,since.before,when(whenever),because,if,who(whoever).while.as.(asif),which(whichever),although,though,sothat.where(wherever),until,that.Whenyouusethoseconjunctionsinasentence,youmustavoidthesituationthataffiliateconjunctionscausesentencefragment.,attention:Affiliateconjunctionsareusedtoguideclauses.inasentence,itsnotcompletewhenonlyhasaclause.itdisobeythegrammarrules.Eg:1.themanwhocametodinner.Thecorrectanswer:1.themanwhocametodinnerstayedforthenight,(2)when-ingverbsorinfinitiveappearjustinfrontofagroupofwords,perhapsitcausessentencefragment.thus,thesentencelackofasubjectoraverb,anditsmisunderstanding.Eg:1.Ispentalmost2hoursonthephoneyesterday.Tryingtofindagaragetorepairmycar.Correct:Ispentalmosttwohoursonthephoneyesterday,tryingtofindagaragetorepairmycar.2.Shewasveryhappywiththebluesportscarsheboughtforonly$500.notrealizinguntilaweeklatterthatthecaraveraged7milesagallonofgas.Correct:.sherealizedonlyaweeklaterthatthecaraveraged7milesagallonofgas.,(3)addingsomedetailssometimescausesentencefragment.Whenweaddsomedetails,weoftenchoosethosewords.Forexample:Also,except,suchas,including,especially.1.billisveryaccident-prone.forexample,managingtocuthishandwhilecrumbingabarofshreddedmeat.,Correct:billisveryaccident-prone.forexample,hemanagedtocuthishandwhilecrumbingabarofshreddedmeat.2.oneofmygreatestjoysinlifeiseatingdesserts.suchasjellcakeoricecream.Correct:oneofmygreatestjoysinlifeiseatingdesserts,suchasjellcakeoricecream.,dependentclausesSubordinateClause(从属子句),1.Whatisdependentclause2.Howtojudgeaclausewhetheritisadependentclauseornot3.Howtomakeadependentclauseuseful,dependentclauses,1.IfIlovemycat2.whenJimwalkedinthestreetAdependentclauseisagroupofwordsthatcontainsasubjectandverbbutdoesnotexpressacompletethought.Adependentclausecannotbeasentence.Dependentclausescannotstandalone,Judgedependentclause,1.Atthebeginningofanindependentclausethereisadependentmarkerword.Forexample:Afterhefinishedhishomework2.AtthebeginningofanindependentclausethereisacoordinatingconjunctionForexample:oryouwillbelate,3.AtthebeginningofanindependentclausethereisaSubordinatingconjunction(从属连词),Connectingadverb(连接副词)，Conjunctivepronouns(连接代词)，Relativepronouns（关系代词）,orRelativeadverb（关系副词）Forexample:ifyoueattoomuchBecauseyoumadearashdecision,Makedependentclauseuseful,1.makedependentclauseitselftobeaindependentclause,asentence.Example1:change“afterhefinishedhishomework”tobe“hefinishedhishomework”Example2:change“Becauseyoumakearashdecision”tobe“youmadearashdecision”,2.AdependentclauseJoinsasentencetobepartofit,Example1:Ifyoueattoomuch,youwillbefat.Example2:Thefootballgamewascanceledbecauseofraining.,HowadependentclauseJoinsasentencetobepartofit,Dependentclauseactinthreeway:1:adjuctive/relativeclause,2:adverbclause,3:nounclause1:Forrelativeclause,wecanuserelativepronouns（关系代词):who,whom,whose,that,which.orRelativeadverb（关系副词）when,where,whyExample1:ThegirlwhoisinredisJimssister.,2:Foradverbclause,wecanuseConjunctivepronouns(连接代词)，orConnectingadverb(连接副词),Conjunctivepronouns(连接代词):who,whom,whose,which,whatConnectingadverb(连接副词):where,when,why,howExample1:Noonecantellwhatwillhappennext.Example2:Doyouknowhowtostartthismachine.,3:fornounclause,wecanuseConjunctivepronouns(连接代词)，orConnectingadverb(连接副词)Conjunctivepronouns(连接代词):who,whom,whose,which,whatConnectingadverb(连接副词):where,when,why,how,Example1:Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasanexcuse,Howtoidentifysentencefragment,Asentencefragmentcannotstandaloneandmakesense.Sentencefragmentscanbedifficulttoidentify,becausetheyoccurfrequentlyinspokenEnglish,andsomaynotstandoutasobviouslyincorrect.Whileothersoftenunderstandfragmentsinconversation,formalwriting,lacksthecontexttoprovidecluesthathelpthereaderunderstandwhattheauthormeansbythefragment.Understandinghowtoidentifythenecessarycomponentsofacompletesentencewillhelpyouidentifyandcorrectsentencefragments.,Firstly,lookforagroupofwordswithoutasubject.InEnglishasentenceisusuallywrittenintheorderofSubjectVerbObject.Ifthesubjectnounismissing,thenyouwillknowyouhaveafragment.Askyourselfwhoorwhatyouaretalkingaboutinthesentence.Locatethenoun(person,placeorthing)thatperformstheaction.Forexample,inthesentenceThejaybirdjoinsthejump.itisthejaybirdthatperformstheaction.,Secondlylookforagroupofwordswithoutapredicate,especiallyagroupthatcontainsaverbaloraverbalphrase.Anotherwordforapredicateisaverbphraseandforagroupofwordstobeasentence,itmusthaveaverb.Ifitdoesntthenitisafragment.Andaskyourselfwhatthesubjectdoesinthesentence.Forexample,inthesentenceThejaybirdjoinsthejump.theactionthatthejaybirdperformsisjoins.,Thirdly,lookforsubordinatingconjunctionsifyoufoundbothasubjectandaverb.Subordinatingconjunctionsconnecttwosentencestogetherandmakeonesentencedependentupontheothertomakeacompletethought.Suchas:because,after,when,if,sinceandwhich.Forexample:Iwenttothestore.Ineededmilk.Thiscanbecorrectedbyaddingconjunctionword:IwenttothestorebecauseIneededmilk.,Finally,isolatethesentenceifyouarestilluncertainwhetheritisafragment.Readthesentenceoutloud.Askyourselfwhetherthesentencerequiresmoreinformationtoexpressacompletethought.Andyoucanadd“wasntit?”or“didntit?”attheend,thenaskyourself,“canIanswerthis.Forexample;Becausethejaybirdjoinsthejump.Thissentencehasasubject(jaybird)andaverb(joins),butitposesthequestion,Whatwillhappenbecausethejaybirdjoinsthejump?andisthereforeafragment.,Anotherexample:Thecoldweather.Thecoldweather,didntit?Wecannotanswer.Whatdidthecoldweatherdo?thisstatementconveycompleteinformation?No,westilldontknowanythingaboutthecoldweather.Thissentenceislackingaverb,Howtomodifythesentencefragment,1.Forasentencethatismissingasubject,addthemissingsubject.,Ex.EntertainedtensofthousandswithanoutdoorconcerteveryFourthofJuly.,MaryentertainedtensofthousandswithanoutdoorconcerteveryFourthofJuly.,Howtomodifythesentencefragment,2.Forasentencethatismissingaverb，addthemissingverb.,Ex.Thebillthatlawmakershavediscussedforalongtime.,Thebillthatlawmakershavediscussedforalongtimewasjustpassedthisafternoon.,Howtomodifythesentencefragment,3.Iftheproblemisasubordinatingconjunction，theconjunctioncanberemovedwhichwouldmakethefragmentacompletesentence.,Ex.Bypayingtoomuchattentiontopollscanmakeapoliticalleaderunwillingtoproposeinnovativepolicies.,Payingtoomuchattentiontopollscanmakeapoliticalleaderunwillingtoproposeinnovativepolicies.,Howtomodifythesentencefragment,4.ThesituationofdoublesubjectAddamodifierafterthesubject,thenthemodifierpickupacompletesentence,however,thesubjectofthesentenceandthemodifiersubjectrefertothesamepeopleorthing.,Ex.Mary,aprettygirlfromEngland,sheisnowstudyinginCanada.,Mary,aprettygirlfromEngland,(she)isnowstudyinginCanada.,Howtomodifythesentencefragment,5.Anotheroptionistojointhefragmenttoanothersentenceeitherbeforeitorafteritintheparagraphcreatingacomplexsentence.,Ex.Withtheultimateeffectofalladvertisingistoselltheproduct.,Theultimateeffectofalladvertisingistoselltheproduct.(Removeexcessprepositions),Howtomodifythesentencefragment,2.Toysofallkindsthrowneverywhere.,Toysofallkindswerethrowneverywhere.,Exercise1.Becausesomestudentsworkpart-timewhiletakingafullloadofcourses.,Becausesomestudentsworkpart-timewhiletakingafullloadofcourses,theyhaveverylittlefreetime.,3.Astorywithdeepthoughtsandemotions.,Shetoldastorywithdeepthoughtandemotions.,Whencanyouusesentencefragment?,Afragmentis,bydefinition,anincompletethought.However,sentencefragmentscanbeusedinsomeformsofwritingtoexpressmoreemphasis.,Usefragmentswhenyouarewritingdialoguetoconveyterseness(简洁)andefficiencywithwords.Thisalsomakesdialoguemorerealisticbecausepeople,ingeneral,speakinsentencefragments.Eg.Pie!Forme?Itisagoodexamplebecauseitusestwosentencefragmentstoshowthepersonsexcitement.,Eg.Ihadjustgottenthebiggestcontractofmylife.Notoftheweek.Ofmylife.Thesetwosentencefragmentsemphasizehowimportantthecontractisbecausetheyshowthewritersdesperationtogettheinformationout.,2.Useasentencefragmenttohighlightapoint.,3.Asentencefragmentcanalsobeusedtoexpressastrongemotion:Eg.Selmatoldherdadshefinishedherhomework.Yeah,right!Shedidntevenopenhermathbook.Wow!Ineverknewthatyoucouldplaysoccersowell.,4.Afragmentcanbeusedtopresentananswertoaquestion:Eg.DidtheattackontheWorldTradeCenterleadtothewaronIraq?No.Howdidwewinthetournament?Nerve.,Caution,Beverycarefulwhenintentionallyusingsentencefragments.Thefragmentsmustbejustifiedbytheircontextandbeusedsoseldomthatwhenused,theyattractreadersattentiononwhatisbeingemphasizedinthefragment.,Exercise:SentenceFragmentsExerciseThesentencesbelowappearedinpaperswrittenbystudents.Actastheireditor,markingaCifthesentencesinthegroupareallcompleteandanFifanyofthesentencesinthegroupisafragment.Couldyoutellthesewriterswhythefragmentsareincompletesentences?,_1.ThenIattendedMorrisJuniorHigh.Ajuniorhighthatwasabadexperience,F,(dependentclause),_2.Thescenewasfilledwithbeauty.Suchasthesunsendingitsbrilliantraystotheearthandtheleavesofvariousshadesofred,yellow,andbrownmovingslowlyinthewind.,F,(dependentclause),_3.Hetalkedforfiftyminuteswithouttakinghiseyesoffhisnotes.Likeotherteachersinthatdepartment,hedidnotencouragestudentsquestions.,C,_4.Withineachgroup,awiderangeoffeaturestochoosefrom.Itwasdifficulttodistinguishbetweenthem.,F,(nomainverb),_5.Afewofthelessseriousfellowswouldgointoabarforasteakdinnerandafewglassesofbeer.Afterthismeal,theywerereadyforanything.,C,_6.Itcanbereallyembarrassingtobesoemotional.Especiallywhenyouareonyourfirstdate,youfeelthatyoushouldbeincontrol.,C,_7.Themagazinehasareputationforasophisticated,prestigious,andelitegroupofreaders.Althoughthatisavaluejudgmentandincircumstancesnotatruepremise.,F,(dependentclause),Ofthethreesentencesineachgroup,selecttheonethatisNOTasentencefragment.1Mrs.Blancogonetovisithermotheratthehospital.Findingaparkingspacethereisusuallyeasyduringtheweek.Drivinginthecityduringtheeveningrushhour.2.Toapplyforajobatthenewstoreinthemall.Askingtheinterviewerhowoftenhewouldhavetoworkonweekends.Shakinghisnewbossshand,Tonyknewhewouldlikeworkingthere.3.BythetimeFrancesfoundouthowexpensivethewallpaperingjobwouldbe.Aftergettingestimatesfromfivecontractors,shedecidedtodotheworkherself.Beforepickingoutaninterestingwallpaperpatternthatwentwellwithherfurniture,4.WhoborrowedStefaniescarSaturdaynight.Thenineteen-year-oldcarlookedoutofplacenexttothenewmodels.Whichthesalesmanwassurprisedtofindinsuchgoodshape.5.Whilewaitingforherneighbortomovethecarthatblockedthedriveway.Toavoidhittingtheothercar,Michaelhadtobackacrossthecornerofthelawn.Bymakingsurethatnoonewillparkacrossthedrivewayagain.6.BecauseManuelwassurehehadheardthesamestrangestorymanymonthsago.AlthoughIwillneverforgethowcoldwewerewhenwelostourheatlastwinter.SinceAnnawasntatthemeeting,Itooknotessothatshewouldntmissanything,7.WhenmycousinmovedtoTroy,NewYork,afterhefinishedschool.Afterhewenttoallthetroubleoffixinguphisapartment.Whilelivingthere,hemadeveryfewfriends.8.Mybrotherhasbeenrunningacharterfishingboatforfiveyears.Manyofhiscustomerscomingbackthreeorfourtimesoverthesummer.Hisbusinessbeensobusythathehasverylittletimeforanythingelse.9.InthehidingplacethatCarlhadbeenusingforyearstogetawayfromthenoisyhouse.Bythetimethateveryonehadquieteddown,myfavoritetelevisionshowwasover.Beforeplanninganotherfamilyget-togetheratthealreadycrowdedpark.,conclusion,Asentencefragmentisagroupofwordspunctuatedasacompletesentence.Becauseasentencefragmentdoesnotexpressacompletethought,itshouldbeavoidedunlessyouwishsuchfragmentsforstylistic