托福TOEFL语法句法完整版ppt.ppt

,Syntax句法学,句法：syntax,简单句：simplesentence,并列句：compoundsentence,主从复合句：complexsentence,只包含一个主谓结构的句子，是英文的基本组成单位,两个或两个以上互不依从的主谓结构构成，由并列连词连接,两个或两个以上互相依从的主谓结构构成，有从句有主句,Garfield曾经说过：,Behindeverysuccessfulman,thereisawoman.Andbehindeveryunsuccessfulman,therearetwo.,Otherfamouswordsofhim：,Moneyisnoteverything.Therescreditcard-futureevents.(A)eveninfluencing(B)itmayeveninfluence(C)mayeveninfluence(D)thatitmayeveninfluence,谓语动词,Havingbrushedhisteeth,XMdecidedtogotothebathroomfilledwithboys.Brushinghisteeth,XMdecidedtogotothebathroomfilledwithboys.,男孩女孩起床大不同,谓语专一原则,并列句中的每个分句及主从句中的每个简单句仍需遵循谓语专一原则。牢记这一原则才可准确地排除干扰选项，找出句中的致命错误,确实需要多个谓语时需用连词,或主从句形式加以连接（分号也可）如:Shelookedandsmiled.Hewillgiveyousomeadvice;hemayevenhelpyoudoit.,简单句中只允许存在一个谓语动词，其余动词必须是非谓语形式。英文中切忌：两个谓语形式的动词直接连接（尤其是be动词不能和实意动词连用，isdo是绝不可能出现的），或以逗号连接,例题：,Theedibletubemushroom-acushionlike,moistcapthatislightbrownordarkishred.(A)whichhas(B)tohave(C)having(D)has,表语,表语多由形容词、名词担当，也可是介宾短语、不定式、分词或动名词等1)Quasars-emittingextremelyintenseradiowavesandvisibleradiation.(A)starlikeobjectsare(B)starlike,theyareobjects(C)arestarlikeobjects(D)aretheystarlikeobjects(2)Whereverthereisplentyofrainduringthegrowingseason,lifeis-invariousforms.(A)abundant(B)theabundance(C)anabundant(D)itabundant,状语,句子中除了主谓结构外，还可能包含表示时间、地点、方式等内容的状语，通常由副词、介宾短语来承当。如：Atnight,XMgotonightclubveryoften.此句中atnight,veryoften都是状语,-irritatingeffectonhumans,theuseofphenolasageneralantiseptichasbeenlargelydiscontinued.(A)Its(B)Whereits(C)Sinceits(D)Becauseofits,(2)-achild,sculptorAnneWhitneyshowedaneagerintellectandartistictalentthatherparentsrecognizedandencouraged.(A)Hasbeen(B)Itwaswhile(C)Shewas(D)As(3)-,snakesfrequentlysubduetheirpreywithoutinjectingpoison.(A)Contrarytogeneralbelief(B)Generalbeliefcontraryto(C)Beliefcontrarytogeneral(D)Contrarybeliefgeneralto,宾语,若谓语动词是及物的，那么及物动词后面一定要接宾语。宾语大部分由名词和代词的宾格充当，也可是动名词、不定式等如：Hefoundaladybirdinhispencil-box.Idontwanttodisturbyou.牢记makepossible的三种形式：1.make+名词+possible；Hisfinancialaidmakesthistrippossible.2.make+possible+名词（名词短语较长时）HisfinancialaidmakespossiblethepoorChinesestudentsenteringoftheworldfamousuniversity.3.makeitpossible(forsb.)todo(见形式宾语部分)Thefathershardlabormakesitpossibleforthesontoreceivebettereducation.,(1)Amicrophoneenablesasofttonetobeamplified,thusmakingitpossibletheABCgentlerenditionsofromanticlovesongsinalargehall.D(2)TheUnitedStatesCongressmadeWashington,D.C.,-in1800.(A)afterthegovernmentcenter(B)ofthegovernmentcenter(C)thecenterofgovernment(D)thenthecenterofgovernment,同位语,填空题中若除去空格部分是完整的主谓结构，且空格与句子其他部分之间用两个逗号完全隔开或用一个逗号隔开一边，则空格处需要填入同位语或定语(1)From1946to1949,-WilliamHenryHastieservedasgovernoroftheVirginIslands.(A)thelawyer(B)hewasthelawyer(C)thelawyerwho(D)wasthelawyer,(2)Theskyscraper,-,isanarchitecturalformthatoriginatedintheUnitedStates.(A)isatallcommercialstructure(B)atallcommercialstructure(C)atallcommercialstructurewhich(D)ofwhichatallcommercialstructure（3）Plankton,-,isthebasicfoodstuffforeverythingthatlivesintheocean.(A)comprisebothminutemarineanimalsandplants(B)isthenamegiventominutemarineanimalsandplants(C)thecollectivenameforminutemarineanimalsandplants(D)minutemarineanimalsandplantscollectivelythat,Compoundsentence:s+v+o,ands+v+o,多套主谓共存，互相独立，针锋相对；夹缝中生存，焦头烂额代表人物：谭咏麟,并列句：,有关并列连词的知识,关于平行结构,由连词连接的多套主谓结构并存，彼此之间相互没有依存关系,并列连词,1.最典型的并列连词有：and,but,or,so,yet,for2.固定搭配使用的并列连词：notonlybut(also),notonlybut(aswell),bothand,eitheror,neithernor,tooto,such()asthesame.as,betweenandaswellas(注意和副词aswell相区别),(not)soasasas,notsomuchAasB(与其说A不如说B)so/suchathat,例题：,Accordingtocognitivetheoriesofemotion,angeroccurswhenAindividualsbelievehavebeenharmedandthattheharmwaseitherBCDavoidableandundeserved.(2)Providence,RhodeIsland,isabusymanufacturingcityandseaport,ABaswellthestatecapital.CD,(1)Duringmostofthiscentury,A.PhilipRandolphstruggledforBlackrightsintheABUnitedStatesandbecomesanimportantfigureinthelabormovement.CD(5)LillianD.Wald,publichealthnurseand-,wasborninCincinnatiOhio,in1867.(A)reformingsociety(B)socialreformer(C)whoreformedsociety(6)WesternNebraskagenerallyreceiveslesssnowthaneasternNebraskaisABCD,Complexsentence:s+v+o,becauses+v+o,主句和从句并存，相互依存，和谐共处，其乐融融；左右逢源代表人物：阿拉伯男人,从句的类型,定语从句,在句中充当定语的句子就叫做定语从句，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，修饰从句的先行词。先行词,如果先行词是thegirl,表示人，则引导词应是who或whom或that,从句谓语必须是第三人称单数形式；SheisthegirlwhomIsawinthezooyesterday.Sheisthegirlwhosellscomputer.如果先行词是thegoods,则引导词是that或which,从句谓语是第三人称复数形式DoyougetthephotosthatIsentlastweek.,例题：,(1)ArocketburnspropellantrapidlyandmostrocketscarryasupplythatABClastjustafewseconds.D(2)Resinisasubstancethat-inwater.(A)doesnotdissolve(B)donotdissolve(C)notdissolving(D)notdissolved,关系代词：,大部分定语从句都由关系代词引导，主要的关系代词包括：that,who,which,whom,whose,其中可以代替人（指先行词）的是：that,who,whom；代替物的是that,which；whose之前既可接人又可接物，但必须和名词搭配使用。(1)JackieMcLeansrecordingshaveshownthatheisoneofthefewAjazzmusicianswhostyleofplayinghaskeptpacewiththeevolutionBCDofmodernjazz.,介词前置于关系代词：,当关系代词作句中介词的宾语时，介词可以前置于关系代词，此时关系代词不能省略，而且只能用which或whom.如：Thisistheroadbywhichwecame.Thatisthemanaboutwhomwehaveheardsomuch.注意：先行词为theway的定语从句中inwhich习惯上可以省略Thisistheway(inwhich)Imaketheproblemout.(1)Andidealisastandard-peoplejudgephenomena.(A)how(B)of(C)bywhich(D)forit,(2)InreorganizingthecurriculumofMt.HolyokeCollegeinthelate1800sElizabethMeadlaidthefoundation-themoderncollegerests.(A)iswhich(B)onwhich(C)whichison(D)onit,关系副词：,定语从句还可以由关系副词when,where或why引导，关系副词在从句中作时间、地点或原因状语如：Haveyoueverbeentothehousewhereheusedtolive?(where=inwhich)Icouldhardlyforgetthedaywhenmyunclepassedaway.(when=onwhich)TellmethereasonwhyIamfired.(why=forwhich)Thekneeisthejoint-thethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.(A)when(B)where(C)why(D)which,状语从句,状语从句是从句中的一大类，在考题中更是频繁出现，它的主要功能是作主句的状语，由完整的主谓句构成。状语从句和主句在语法上关系并不紧密，但在逻辑上是不可分割的。,状语从句的分类：,1.时间状语从句主要引导词：when,whenever,before,after,until,while,since,once,solongas,assoonas,themoment,everytime,as,nexttimeeg：IdontcallheruntilIgettothecompany.EverytimeIfeellonely,shecomestotalktome.2.地点状语从句主要引导词：where,wherevereg：Whereveryougo,Iwillberightherewaitingforyou.,3.原因状语从句主要引导词：because,as,since,consideringthat,nowthat,notthat,seeingthat注意：inthat是书面语中原因状语从句的引导词，相当于because,在填空题中曾经出现eg：Nowthatitisraining,wedbettercancalthemeeting.4.目的状语从句主要引导词：sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat,incase,lest,5.结果状语从句主要引导词：sothat,sothat,suchthat注意：sothat句式和tooto句式的区别是重要考点之一，sothat接从句；tooto接不定式eg：Theoldladyissogenerousthatalotofpeopleadmireher.Sheistooyoungtoresistit.6.条件状语从句主要引导词：if,unless,incase,solongas,oncondition(that),provided(that),7.让步状语从句主要引导词：though,although,nomatter,evenif,eventhough,however,whatever注意though,although等都不能够与but连用,(1)Anthropologyisascience-anthropologistsusearigoroussetofmethodsandtechniquestodocumentobservationsthatcanbecheckedbyothers.(A)inthat(B)thatin(C)that(D)in(2)Gorillasarequietanimals,-theyareabletomakeabouttwentydifferentsounds.(A)how(B)inspiteof(C)becauseof(D)eventhough,状语从句的省略用法,原则：1.从句跟主句使用一套主谓结构2.从句是主系表结构时，主语和系动词可省如：whenshewasyoung,shekilledmanymen.whenyoung,shekilledmanymen.,例题：,(1)-relativelycostly,thedieselengineishighlyefficientandneedsservicinginfrequently(A)Even(B)Itis(C)Eventhough(D)Thereis(2)Although-rigid,bonesexhibitadegreeofelasticitythatenablestheskeletontowithstandconsiderableimpact.(A)apparently(B)areapparently(C)apparentlytheir(D)aretheyapparently,同位语从句,句子的同位语多由名词短语充当，但少数词之后可接由that引导的从句作同位语，此时需和定语从句相区别，同位语从句中that不在从句中承担成分，而且不可省略如：Theideathatmanisinferiortoanimalsisquiteunacceptable.可接同位语从句的名词有：fact,reason,idea,news,hope,doubt,belief,proof等,(1)Astronomydevelopedfromtheobservation-throughregularcyclesofm