物理化学专业术语.ppt

物理化学术语PhysicalChemicalTerms,第十课,1.changesofstate,SolidliquidgasSolidgas,liquefaction,melting,2.Fluidityofasubstance,Viscosity:TheresistanceofasubstancetoflowSurfacetension:theamountofenergyrequiredtoexpandthesurfaceofaliquidbyaunitarea.Impartsmembrane-likebehaviortothesurface.,3.Solid,Amorphoussolid:asubstanceinwhichtheatoms,molecules,orionshavearandomandnonrepetitivethree-dimensionalarrangement.Crystallinesolid:asubstanceinwhichtheatoms,molecules,orionshaveacharacteristicregular,andrepetitivethree-dimensionalarrangement.,3.1Crystal,Crystal:asolidthathasashapeboundedbyplanesurfacesintersectingatfixedanglesSpacelattice:asystemofpointsrepresentingsiteswithidenticalenvironmentsinthesameorientationinthecrystalUnitcell:themostconvenientsmallpartofaspacelattice,ifrepeatedinthreedimension,willgeneratetheentirelattice.,3.1.1Unitcell:,Primitiveunitcell:aunitcellinwhichonlythecornersareoccupiedMultipleunitcell:containotherlatticepointsinadditiontothoseatthecornersTheoreticaldensity:themassoftheunitcelldividedbythevolumeoftheunitcell,Polymorphous:abletocrystallizeinmorethanonecrystalstructureIsomorphous:havethesamecrystalstructure,4.Solution,Saturatedsolution:theconcentrationofdissolvedsoluteisequaltothatwhichwouldbeinequilibriumwithundissolvedsoluteunderthegivenconditions.Solubility:theconcentrationofasaturatedsolution.unsaturatedsolution:candissolvemoresolute.Supersaturatedsolution:holdsmoresolutethanwouldbeinequilibriumwithundissolvedsolute,4.1miscibility,Miscibility:themutualsolubilityoftwosubstancesinthesamephase.Likedissolveslike:Substancesthataresimilarinstructure,bonding,andespeciallyinintermolecularforcestendtobehighlyoreveninfinitelymiscible.Immisicible:,4.2Idealsolution,Idealsolutionofamolecular:theforcesbetweenallparticleofbothsolventandsoluteareidentical.Idealsolutionofanionicsolute:theionsinsolutionareindependentofeachotherandattractedonlytosolventmolecules.Henryslaw:Atconstanttemperature,thepartialpressureofagasoverasolutionisdirectlyproportionaltothesolubilityofthegasinthatsolution,4.3standardsolution,standardsolution:asolutionofknownconcentrationConcentrationofsolution:1.mass(weight)percent=(massofsolute/massofsolution)100%2.molarity=molesofsolute/litersofsolution3.molality=molesofsolute/kilogramofsolution,4.4colligativeproperty,Raoultslaw:Thevaporpressureofaliquidinasolutionisequaltothemolefractionofthatliquidinthesolutiontimesthevaporpressureofpureliquid.colligativeproperty:anypropertyofasolutionthatdependsontherelativenumbersofsoluteandsolventparticles,5.Semipermeablemembrane,Semipermeablemembranes:membranesthatallowthepassageofsomemoleculesbutnotothers.Osmosis:thepassageofsolventmoleculesthroughasemipermeablemembranefromamoredilutesolutionintoamoreconcentratedsolution.Osmosispressure:theexternalpressureexactlysufficienttoopposeosmosisandstopit,6.colloid,Colloid:colloidaldispersion,asubstancemadeupofsuspendedparticleslargerthanmostmolecules,buttoosmalltobeseeninanopticalmicroscopySol:solidparticlessuspendedinaliquid,suchasmudGel:solidparticles,usuallyverylargemolecules,uniteinarandomandintertwinedstructurethatgivesrigiditytothemixtureEmulsion:particlesofaliquidsuspendedinanotherliquidFoam:tinybubblesofgassuspendedinaliquidAerosol:airorgasisthesuspendingmedium,7.Chemicalkinetics,Chemicalkinetics:thestudyoftheratesandmechanismofchemicalreactionsActivationenergy:theminimumenergythatreactantsmusthaveforreactiontooccur,7.1reactionrate,reactionrate:thechangeinconcentrationofareactantoraproductinaunitoftimeRateequation:themathematicalrelationshipbetweenthereactionrateandtheconcentrationofoneormoreofthereactantsRateconstant:relatesreactionratetosomefunctionofreactantconcentrationsraisedtovariouspowersInhibitors;catalyst;promoters,7.2equilibriumconstant,equilibriumconstant:Kisequaltotheproductoftheconcentrationsofthereactionsproducts,eachraisedtothepowerequaltoitsstoichiometriccoefficient,dividedbytheproductoftheconcentrationsofthereactants,eachraisedtothepowerequaltoitsstoichiometriccoefficientReactionquotient:Q,takesthesameformasKbutisusedforreactionnotatequilibrium,Solubilityproduct:Ksp,theequilibriumconstantforasolidelectrolyteinequilibriumwithitsionsinsolutionDissociationconstant:Kd,theequilibriumconstantforthedissociationofcomplexions,8.Electrochemistry,Electrochemistry:dealswithoxidation-reductionreactionsthateitherproduceorutilizeelectricalenergy,colligativeproperty,Raoultslaw:Thevaporpressureofaliquidinasolutionisequaltothemolefractionofthatliquidinthesolutiontimesthevaporpressureofpureliquid.colligativeproperty:anypropertyofasolutionthatdependsontherelativenumbersofsoluteandsolventparticles,Colloid:colloidaldispersion,asubstancemadeupofsuspendedparticleslargerthanmostmolecules,buttoosmalltobeseeninanopticalmicroscopySol:solidparticlessuspendedinaliquid,suchasmudGel:solidparticles,usuallyverylargemolecules,uniteinarandomandintertwinedstructurethatgivesrigiditytothemixtureEmulsion:particlesofaliquidsuspendedinanotherliquidFoam:tinybubblesofgassuspendedinaliquidAerosol:airorgasisthesuspendingmedium,colloid,equilibriumconstant,equilibriumconstant:Kisequaltotheproductoftheconcentrationsofthereactionsproducts,eachraisedtothepowerequaltoitsstoichiometriccoefficient,dividedbytheproductoftheconcentrationsofthereactants,eachraisedtothepowerequaltoitsstoichiometriccoefficientReactionquotient:Q,takesthesameformasKbutisusedforreactionnotatequilibrium,Electrochemistry,Electrochemistry:dealswithoxidation-reductionreactionsthateitherproduce