高中英语 语法讲解（通用）

名词和冠词名词一. 名词的分类1. 普通名词： 个体名词，如man，woman，desk，pencil 一般可数， 集体名词，如class，family，police，army 有单、复数形式。 物质名词，如meat，rice，cotton，iron 一般不可数， 抽象名词，如life，help，happiness，sadness 没有单、复数之分。2. 专有名词，如England，Shanghai，London，Smith，Karl Marx二. 名词的数1. 可数名词单复数变化形式可数名词是表示可以计数的人、事物的名词。可数名词一般有单数和复数两种形式，有些词单复数形式相同。单数变复数有规则变化和不规则变化两种。 规则变化A. 单数名词词尾直接加-s。如 boyboys，penpens。B. 以s，x，ch，sh结尾的词一般加-es。如glassglasses，boxboxes，watchwatches。C. 以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的词变y为i再加-es。如babybabies，ladyladies。D. 以o结尾的词有些加-es。如tomatotomatoes，potatopotatoes，heroheroes。以“元音 + o”或“oo”结尾的词和一些以“o”结尾的外来词只加-s。如radioradios，zoozoos，photophotos，pianopianos，kilokilos，tobaccotobaccos。E. 以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f或fe为v，再加-es。如wifewives，lifelives，knifeknives，wolfwolves，selfselves，leafleaves。特例：handkerchiefhandkerchiefs或handkerchives，roofroofs，chiefchiefs，gulfgulfs，beliefbeliefs，cliffcliffs。F. 合成名词的复数形式a. 在合成词中最后名词尾加-s。如armchairarmchairs，bookcasebookcases，bookstorebookstores。b. 有man和woman构成的合成名词，前后两个名词都要变成复数。如man doctormen doctors，woman driverwomen drivers。c. 与介词或副词一起构成的合成名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如brother-in-lawbrothers-in-law，passer-bypassers-by。G. 有的名词有两种复数形式。如zerozeros或zeroes。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同，pence（便士的钱数），pennies（便士的枚数）。不规则变化A. 改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如manmen，toothteeth，footfeet，childchildren，mousemice，goosegeese，oxoxen。B. 单数复数形式相同。如a sheeptwo sheep，a deerfour deer（鹿），a fish six fish（表示不同种类时用fishes）。C. 只有复数形式。如trousers，glasses，compasses，thanks，clothes，remains，ashes，contents，goods。D. 表示“某国人”名词的单、复数形式因习惯不同而各异。a Chinesetwo Chinese单、复数形式相同。这类词包括所有以-ese（或-ss）结尾的民族名称。如Swiss，Portuguese，Japanese等。an Americantwo Americans词尾加-s。如African，Asian，Australian，Canadian，Italian，Belgian，European，Greek，Hungarian，Swede，German，Arab等。an Englishmanfive Englishmen变man为men。Frenchman，Irishman等。E. 集体名词的数a. mankind，man（人类），humanity作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。eg: Man is the master of the nature.b. 由people，police，cattle，youth等集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。eg: The police are searching for the thief.c. 当family，team，class，public，crowd，enemy，group等集体名词作主语时，谓语动词既可以用单数形式，也可以用复数形式。如果把它们所表示的人或事物当作整体看，谓语动词用作单数形式。eg: Our family is very happy。 如果把它们表示的人或事物当作若干个体来看，谓语动词则用复数形式。eg: When I came in，his family（the members of his family）were watching TV.d. a family / group / class / team作主语时，谓语动词用单数。families / groups / classes / teams作主语时，谓语动词用复数。温馨提示：集体名词不能运用具体的数字修饰，只能在其前加the表示“全体”。如the police，the English；有些集体名词在改变表达方式后可以用具体数字修饰。如a policeman，two policewomen，two English girls。部分学科名词，虽以-s结尾，但用作单数。eg: acoustics，econimics，electronics，politics，statistics，mechanics。2. 不可数名词的数 一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：A. 抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情、情绪的人或事。如抽象名词（不可数）in surprise，win success，win honor；具体化（个体名词，可数）a surprise，a success。B. 抽象名词与a(n)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。eg: A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me? 物质名词A. 物质名词通常是不可数名词，但有时可转化成个体名词，表示“一个、一种、一阵”等概念。如glassa glass，papera paper，wooda wood，ironan iron，winda windB. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。如 This factory produces steel. We need various steels.C. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。如Our country is famous for tea. Two teas, please.D. 另外有些物质名词的复数形式有其特殊的含义。rains“雨量大，多场雨”，winds“多场风”，sands“沙滩，沙丘”，waters“大片水域”三. 名词所有格名词所有格共有三种：名词后加s，of结构和双重属格结构，这三种结构的用法及具体含义如下：1. 名词加s表示所有格 s所有格的构成方式A. 一般名词后加“s”。如my brothers bag。B. 以-s或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格，只在名词右上方加“”。如the workers clubC. 以-s结尾的专有名词所有格，若以读音 / z /结尾，一般可在名词右上方节“”，也可加“s”，其读音分别为 / z /，/ iz /，如Dickens / Dickenss book。但若不以读音 / z / 结尾，则仍用“s”。如Rosss book。D. 复合名词所有格的词尾“s”加在后面名词之后。如her son-in-laws photo。E. 如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词加“s”；如果不是共有的，两个名词后都要加“s”。如Jane and Marys room（共有），Janes and Toms books（不共有）F. 在表示“某人家、店铺”的名词所有格后面，一般省略它所修饰的名词。如at the doctors,at the barbers, at the tailors, at my uncles, at Mr. Greens。G. 起修饰作用的名词，如不表示有关系，通常不用“s”。如coffee cups，a tooth brushH. 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加“s”来构成所有格。 如Chinas industry, the stations waiting room, todays newspaper。 s所有格的用法A. 用于表示人或动物的名词。如my brothers birthday, the dogs master。B. 用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词。如todays newspaper, thirty minutes walk = thirty-minute walk, ten dollars worth of coffee, three pounds weight。C. 用于表示由人组成的集体名词。如our governments plan。D. 用于表示世界、国家、城市等地方的名词。如the earths surface, the worlds population, Chinas industry, New Yorks parks。E. 用于一些习惯用语中。如at ones wits end, a stones throw, in my minds eye。2. of所有格 of所有格的构成方式the + 所有物 + of + (this, that, the, my ) + 所有者。如 the window of the room, the name of our teacher。 of所有格的用法A. 主要用于表示无生命东西的名词。如the title of the bookB. 有时也用于表示有生命的东西的名词。如the father of Mary = Marys father; the master of the dog = the dogs masterC. 当表示有生命的东西的名词有定语修饰时，只能用of所有格。如the name of the firl standing at the door, the support of the people of the whole worldD. 表示名词化的词的所有关系。如the life of the poor, the living conditions of the old3. 双重所有格“of + 名词s所有格”便构成了双重所有格。用法如下 双重所有格表示整体与部分的关系。如 a friend of my mothers = one of my mothers friends 双重所有格带有s所有格的名词必须是一个明确限定而又是指人的名词。如a book of Marys () a book of a teachers () the一般不能用于双重所有格的开头，除非其后有定语从句修饰。如the new dress of Marys () the friend of my mothers who is from England () 在无上下文的句子中，用双重所有格或of表示的所有格皆可，但侧重点不同，试比较：a picture of my mothers a picture of my mother 双重所有格常用来加强语气，有时会有感情色彩，如表示赞赏、厌恶、不满等情绪。如The dog of Majors is very fierce. The sweet eye of Marys struck all of us.4. 名词s所有格所修饰词的省略 所有格修饰的词，如刚刚提过则可以省略以避免重复。如She put her arm through her brothers. 可用来表示某人的家、商店、教堂等。如I went to Pauls, but he was at his cousins.四. 名词的句法功能名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、同位语和称呼语等。如Yesterday a boy came to see you. (主语) Edison was a world-famous inventor. (表语)Would you like some bananas? (宾语) We chose him monitor of our class. (宾语补足语)They will met at the school gate. (定语) The new film will last two hours. (状语)Mr. Smith, my first teacher, died yesterday. (同位语)Boys and girls, please look at the blackboard. (称呼语)五. 名词作定语1. 表示目的、手段、来源、所属等意义的名词作定语。如milk bottle, lunch room, shoe store, ,motor car, stamp collection, tooth brush2. 表示分类意义的名词作定语。如woman driver, telephone number3. 表示时间、地点、称呼等的名词常直接作定语。如summer camp, street light4. 名词直接作定语时，通常用单数形式。如Lets stop by the book store on the way home.5. 有些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。如arms production, chothes shop, communications satellite, sales department, a goods train, savings bank, foreign languages department, plastics industry, sports meet6. 表示类别时用名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。如a peasant family / boy (peasant习惯直接作定语) a workers family (worker 习惯用所有格作定语)7. 两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。如women drivers, the womans driver, girl friend, the girls friend, mother tongue, mothers tongue8. 名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，而其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性。如gold watch, golden watch冠词冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。用语中冠词有三种：不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词。一. 不定冠词的基本用法1. 表示数量“一”，与one相近。如Theres a book on the desk.2. 用在首次提到的人或物之前，表泛指。如He is working in a factory.3. 不定冠词用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或事物。如A plane is a machine that can fly.4. 不定冠词a或an用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前，表示“每一”之意，”相当于every或one，但概念上没它们那么强烈。如He works ten hours a day.The train is running eithty miles an hour.5. 用在物质名词、抽象名词之前，表示“一阵，一场，一种”，也可以表示引起某种情绪的事，即抽象名词具体化使用。如It was a wonderful tea.6. 用于专有名词前。如I remember he came here on a Sunday.A John called during your absence.7. 不定冠词用于be of a（an）+ n.结构中，表示“相同的”。如Tom and his sister are of a height. These sweaters are of a size.8. 用于某些固定词组中。如have a swim / walk / talk / dance / look / quarrel = swim / walk / talk / dance / look / quarrel； have a cold; have a good time; keep a diary; in a hurry; once in a while; at a loss; for a while; once upon a time; all of a sudden; tell a lie; do sb a favor; get an education; at a mouthful; at a distance； what / such / quite / rather / a / an + 单数可数名词；too / as / so / how / however + adj. + a / an + 单数可数名词；many a / an + 单数可数名词：许多；not a / an + 单数可数名词：不止一个； half a / an + 单数可数名词：一半9. 不可数名词前加不定冠词不可数名词，如education, history, knowledge, population, time, world等，在表述其某一部分或某一方面的内容、概念时，前面常加不定冠词。如have a long history, receive a good education, have a population of 1 billion, a long time / while易错误区：one与a / an的用法辨析：one表示明确的数量“一”，而a / an往往有特殊的含义。如-Can I use a pen? -Sorry, youll have to use a pencil.-Is one pen enough? -No, at least two.二. 不定冠词的位置不定冠词一般放在名词之前，名词之前若有形容词，不定冠词放在形容词之前，下列情况例外：1. 放在quite, many, such, what等词之后。如quite an interesting story; many a book; such a clever boy; What a nice present!2. 用于so / as / too / how + 形容词 + a / an + 单数可数名词。如Its too difficult a problem.Its so good a film that all the students will go to see it. How wonderful a story it is!3. rather可位于不定冠词前或后。如a rather cold day = rather a cold day4. half可位于不定冠词之前，也可位于其后。如half an hour = a hald hour三. 定冠词的基本用法定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“这 / 那个”之意，但语气较弱，可以和名词连用，表示某个或某些特定的人或物。1. 一般情况 特指人或事物。如The man on the left is my brother. 叙述上文提到过的特定的事物或上文未提到，但听话者一定知其所指。如I saw a little girl. The girl is my aunts daughter. Shut the windows before you leave the lab. 用于序数词、形容词的比较级、最高级以及形容词only，very，same之前。如I live on the second floor. Which one is the better of the two?温馨提示：序数词前面也可用不定冠词，但意义与用定冠词不同。如I have failed twice, but Ill try a third time.(强调再一次) March is the third month of a year.(强调次序) 用于表示地球、宇宙中的独一无二的事物尤指各种天体或世界上比较有影响的物体名词前。如Man traveled to the moon scores of years ago. 用于表示具体的地点、方位，具体的时间或某天的一部分等。如in the world, in the east,in / at the beginning, in the morning 用于表示乐器的名词之前。如She plays the piano. 用于表示山川、河流、海洋、群岛、报纸、杂志、朝代的专有名词及由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如the Pacific Ocean, the Great Wall, the United States2. 特殊情况 He hit him in the face. beat sb on the nose, take sb by the arm, pat sb on the head the rich the poor the wounded the elder of the two the more beautiful of the two The sooner, the better. He got paid by the hour. by the yard / the dozen / the month / the year by weight in the 1950s in the 1870s the Smiths / the Whites in the water / field / light / shade / distance / middle / country / rain tell the truth / on the other hand / on the way home 当抽象名词表示某一特定内容，特别是当它有有限定性修饰语时，它与定冠词连用。如She is fond of music. He is playing the music written by Beethoven.Good advice is beyond price. Im sorry not to have taken the advice he gave.四. 定冠词的位置1. 在名词词组中，定冠词the一般放在最前面。如the lovely little girl the last few days2. 名词词组如有exactly, just, half, double, twice, all, both等修饰时，定冠词要置于它们后面。如exactly the same color just the right place double the amount both the brothers五. 零冠词的用法零冠词即在名词之前不加任何冠词，它适用于以下几种情况：1. 表示泛指的复数名词前不加冠词。如They are workers.2. 季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动以及学科名词前一般不加冠词。如March, May Day, National Day, Childrens Day, play chess Have you had supper? Spring is the best season of the year.温馨提示：如果此类名词有自己的修饰语，就要加上定冠词。如The story happened in the winter of 1972.3. 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前， 一般不加冠词。如China, Tom, Air is matter.温馨提示： 当一个抽象名词或物质名词被限定时，其前要用定冠词the。如The water in the bottle is clean. 当抽象名词或物质名词被具体化使用时，表示“一种 / 一类 / 一次”等时，须用不定冠词。如Its a pleasure to talk with you.4. 可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时，不加冠词。如This dictionary is mine.5. 称呼语及表示头衔、职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时，其前一般不加冠词。如We made hime our monitor. Whats this, father?6. 当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词。如I cant write without pen or pencil.7. 在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。如by car, by bus , by bike, by air / water / land8. 有些个体名词前不用冠词，如school, college, prison, market, hospital, bed, table, class, town, church, court等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。如go to hospital易错误区：下列短语中冠词的使用不一样，意义差别很大，注意区别。如at table, at the tableat school, at the school by day, by the day in hospital / prison, in the hospital / prisonin charge of, in the charge of in future, in the futrue in place, in the place ofin front of, in the front of in office, in the office out of question, out of the questiontake place, take the place of have a word with, have words witha number of, the number of go to church / college, go to the church / college9. 在as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词前不加冠词。如Child as he is, he knows a lot of English.10. 在单数名词 + after + 同一单数名词（表示“一个接一个”）结构中，单数可数名词前不加冠词。如She did experiment after experiment.11. 形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。 “most + 形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时，前面不用定冠词。如Oh, its most nice. 当形容词最高级作表语，不表示与其他人或物相比时，其前不用定冠词。如The market in the country is busiest in winter. 当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时，第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。如She is the tallest and fattest girl in our class. 形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时，不能用定冠词。如A wolf in a sheeps skin is our most dangerous enemy.温馨提示：序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第之意”，但在second，third等词前加不定冠词表示“又一，再一”之意。如Why you took a second arrow?在下句中的“a first”则表示“冠军、第一名”。如He was a top student in the class; he often got a first in English.12. no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后面的名词不用冠词。如No such thing has ever happened in this village.13. never，ever置于作主语的名词前，这些名词前不用冠词。如Never did student study so hard.14. 有时为了节省空间、时间、金钱和精力，或为了引起注意，省去a（n）或the，这主要用于新闻标题、工商业文件、广告、电报或书名等。如Conference opens.15. 在下列专有名词前不加冠词。 街名。如Nanjing Road Wang Fu Jing Street 广场名。如Tiananmen Square 公园名。如Beihai Park 车站、机场、桥梁名。如Golden Gate Bridge 大学名。如Yale University 节日名。如May Day New Years Day易错误区：与festival有关的节日往往加定冠词the。如the Spring Festivalthe Mid-autumn Festival高中英语语法系统讲解之二代词和数词代词根据指代对象的不同，代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词等。一. 人称代词：有主格个宾格两种形式，它们也有单复数变化，具体情况如下：数格人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemsheheritit1. 人称代词的主格在句中作主语或表语。如Tom waited a while but eventually he went home.Tom hoped the passenger would be Lily and indeed it was she.温馨提示：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中。如When he arrived, Tom went straight to the bank.2. 人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作表语。如I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.(前一个her作宾语，them作介词宾语，后一个her作表语)3. 人称代词的指代问题 不定代词anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone，someone，everyone，on one，及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可he，his，him代替。如Nobody came, did he? 动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he，she，带有亲切的感情色彩。如Give the kitty some food. She is hungry. 指代国家、船舶、车辆等的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。如China will always do what she has promised to do.5. 并列人称代词的排列顺序 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：第二人称 + 第三人称 + 第一人称。如You, he and I are of the same age. 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：第一人称 + 第二人称 + 第三人称。如we + you + they二. 物主代词单数复数形容词性名词性形容词性名词性第一人称mymineourours第二人称youryouryouryours第三人称hishistheirtheirsherhersitsits 形容词性物主代词作定语；名词性物主代词作主语、宾语和表语等句子成分。如He is my teacher.(定语) -Whose book is this?-Its mine.(表语)Ive finished my homework. Have you finished yours?(宾语)1. ones own意为“完全属于自己的”，作前置定语；of ones own后不可加名词，只能作后置定语。如I want to have free time of my own. = I want to have my own free time.2. “of + 名词性物主代词”可用作定语。如Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party.3. 形容词性物主代词（用ones替代）构成固定短语。如lose ones way; do ones homework; try ones best; make ones way; earn ones living; hold ones breath; keep ones word; make up ones mind; save ones life; take ones time. try ones luck.三. 反身代词：第一、二人称的反身代词是形容词性物主代词加-self或-selves构成，第三人称的反身代词由人称代词的宾格加-self或-selves构成。人称数第一人称第二人称第三人称单数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves在句中反身代词可作宾语、表语、同位语等。1. 作宾语 有些动词常用反身代词作宾语，如absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave等。 They enjoyed themselves very much last night. Please help yourself to some fish. I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 用于及物动词 + 宾语 + 介词。如take pride in, be annoyed with等。 Are you trying to make a fool of yourself?2. 作表语。如I am not myself today.3. 作同位语。如The thing itself is not important.4. 在不强调的情况下，but，except，for等介词后的宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如No one but myself (me) is hurt.温馨提示： 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。如Myself drove the car.() I myself drove the car.()四. 指示代词：用来指代或标记人或事物。常用的有this，that，these，those，such，so，the same等。具有形容词和代词两种词性，在句中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。1. 指示代词this和that的区别 this（these）一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that（those）常指时间或空间较远的人或物。如This is my desk and that is yours. this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。如 I want to tell you this: the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.He hurt his leg yesterday. Thats why he didnt come.温馨提示： 在口语中，this和that可用作副词修饰形容词，表示程度。如I didnt realize it was going to be this far. (=as far as this) If your friend is that clever, why isnt he rich?2. such用法such一般在句中作定语和主语；在作定语时，它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词a（an）应放在such之后；而such在与不定代词no，some，any，several，many，little，few，all等连用时，such放在它们的后面。如Such is Elbert Einstein, a famous physicist.Roger is such a nice person. All such problems have been solved.3. so的用法有些动词，如think，say，hear，do，hope，believe，expect，fear，be afraid等后，常用so替代上文提到的内容或情况。如-The new English teacher is very strict. -Ive heard so.-Can you beat the Bulls? -Yes, I believe so. Who do you think dare say so then?另外，so还可以用于以下句型中作替代词使用： so + 助动词 / 情态动词 / 连系动词 + 主语 （甲乙两个不同的对象具有相同的情况） so + 主语 + 助动词 / 情态动词 / 连系动词（甲陈述某一情况，听话人乙赞同甲的说法） 主语 + 助动词 /情态动词 / 连系动词 + so（甲吩咐、命令乙去做某事，乙照办了）如-He must be going now.-So must I. -John studies French.-So he does.He asked me to open the window. I did so.4. the same的用法 the same单独使用时，指刚提到过的同一人或物。如I bought a new house last year, but soon sold the same. the same后跟as，用以引出所谈及的范围。如He is the same age as you.温馨提示：the sameas “与一样的（不是同一个）”， This is the same pen as I lost. the samethat指“同一个”。 This is the same watch that I lost.五. 不定代词：指代不明确的人或物。代替名词或形容词，表示不同的数量概念。可数one, each, many, both, another, eigher, neither, (a) few不可数much, (a) little可数不可数none, any, other, all, some复合不定代词anyone, anybody,anything; someone, somebody, something;everyone, everybody, everything; nobody, nothing1. 不定代词的语法特征 every和no只能用作形容词，不能用作代词。 复合不定代词只起代词作用，作主语时，谓语动词一概用单数。表物类的复合不定代词，指代代词用单数，即it，its；表人类的复合不定代词，指代代词通常用复数，即they，their或them等。如He said something was lost, but he didnt say what it was.Someone is waiting for me at the school gate, but