词汇学--词素

MorphemeandWord-formation,Members:Speaker:张莎莎201217110Searcher:丁梦丽201217101Maker：王海金201217103,词素和构词法,IntroductionWeknowwordscanbeanalyzedintomorphemes,whicharetheminimalmeaningfulunitsinthecompositionofwords.Inword-formation,morphemesarelabeledroot,stem,baseandaffix.在构词法中，语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。,Root,Stem,Morpheme,Base,Affix,AffixAffixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.Allaffixesareboundmorphemessomemorphemescannotnormallystandalone,butfunctiononlyaspartsofwords,e,g.-s,-erand-ed词缀都是粘着语素，依附于词根上构成新词或表示词的语法意义.AccordingtothefunctionsofaffixesAffixcanbedividedintoinflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixes.,1.Inflectionalaffixes（Inflectionalmorphemes）arenotusedtoproducenewwords,butrathertoshowaspectsofthegrammaticalfunctionofaword(-s,-s,-ed,-ing,-er,-est).屈折词缀:表示词的语法意义。2.Derivationalaffixes(Derivationalmorphemes)areusedtomakenewwordsinthelanguageandareoftenusedtomakewordsofadifferentgrammaticalcategoryfromthestem(-er,-ness,-ly,-ful,-less,un-,dis-,re-,im-,pre-).派生词缀是加在词干上构成新词的词缀。,.AccordingtotheirdistributionintheformationofwordsAffixescanbedividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.1.Prefixesareaffixesbeforetheroot.Eg,unjust,rewrite,impossible.Asarule,mostprefixesmodifythemeaningofroots,butnottheirpartsofspeech.2.Suffixesareaffixesaftertheroot.Bytheaddtionofthesuffix,thewordisusuallychangedfromonepartofspeechintoanother,e.g.liberation.modernize.,Root.A“root”isthebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Inotherwords,arootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.(词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后剩余的部分)Forexample,“Internationalism”isafour-morphemederivativewhichkeepsitsfreemorpheme“nation”asitsrootwhen“inter-”,“-al”and”-ism”aretakenaway.RootsmaybeFree:thosethatcanstandbythemselves.eg：black+board;nation+nalBound:thosethatcannotstandbythemselves.eg：-ceiveinreceive,perceive,conceive.Somewords(pounds)havemorethanoneroot,eg：mailman,girlfriend,armchair.,Stem.Astemisthatpartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Inotherwords,a“stem”isanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichanaffixcanbeadded.词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后剩余的部分。.Astemmaybethesameas,andinothercases,differentfrom,aroot.Forexample,intheword“friends”.“friend”isboththerootandthestem,butintheword“friendship”,“friendship”isitsstem,“friend”isitsroot.,Base.Abasereferstoaformtowhichaffixesofanykind(bothderivationalandinflectional)canbeadded.Itcanbearootorastem.词基是任何一种词缀都可以加在上面的形式。Inthecaseofinternationalists,nationisabase,nationalisabase,soareinternationalandinternationalist.Nation(rootstembase)National(stembase)International(stembase)Internationalist(stembase),区分：词根、词干、词基1.词根（root）是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后剩余的部分。2.词干（stem）是所有屈折词缀被去掉后剩余的部分。3.词基（base）是任何一种词缀都可以加在上面的形式。词基与词根的区别：词基是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生词缀。但词根则不容许做进一步分析。词基与词干的区别：派生词缀和屈折词缀都可加在词基上，而只有屈折词缀可加在词干上。,ExerciseAnalyzethewordintermsofroot,stemandbase.(root/base)(derivationalsuffix)Desire(n.)-able(derivationalprefix)(base)un-desirable(adj.)(stem/base)(inflectionalsuffix)undesirable(n.)-s(root/stem/base)(inflectionalsuffix)desire(v.)-ed,Explanation1.desire(v.)