商务英语翻译技巧.ppt

TranslationTechniques,1.加词21=2（加词不加意）2.减词21=2（减词不减意）3.换词2+2=3+1（变换符号不变换意思）4.移词1+2=2+1（前后移位）5.分译4=2+2（一分为二）6.合译2+2=4（合二为一）7.深化1：2=2：4（具体化）8.浅化2：4=1：2（抽象化）9.等化2+2=22（寻求灵活对象）10.一分为四4=1+1+1+1（莎士比亚戏剧中的woe译成离合悲欢。）11.合四为一1+1+1+1=4（鲁迅的“管它冬夏与春秋”译成Idontcarewhatseasonitis.）,许渊冲：,Part1词义的选择与表达(diction),first,lookupthewordinyourdictionarybutwhenyoucannotfindtheequivalentwordfororiginalmeaning,youneedtomakeitoutaccordingtoitspartofspeechorthecontextoritscollocation.,1.Accordingtothepartofspeech,Tearswelledinmyeyes.热泪涌上我的眼眶。Thechildrenbehavedwell.孩子们都表现得很好。Thevillagersgettheirwaterfromawell.该村村民吃井水Isshewellenoughtotravel?她身体康复，能够旅行了吗？,她着凉了。Shehascaughtacold.你猜着了。Youveguessedright.他走错了一着。Hehastakenawrongstep.这些孩子穿着整齐。Thesechildrenareallneatlydressed.老王说他没着了。LaoWangsaidhewasattheendofhistether.,Withover1.3billionpeople,aunited,prosperousChinawilldwarfherAsianneighbors.一个拥有13亿多人口，统一的、繁荣的中国将雄居亚洲，令其所有邻国相形见绌。Theunionhadverylittlesayinthenewpayagreement.工会在新的工资合同中几乎没有发言权。,2.AccordingtotheContextorcollocation,WehopeMr.Whitewillnotforgethimself,gonearethedayswhenarepresentativeofalargecountryinUNmaydowhateverhelikes.（根据上下文，说话人对Mr.White的态度是贬意的，语气是警告的）译为：我们希望怀特先生不要忘乎所以，在联合国里一个大国代表可以为所欲为的日子已经一去不复返了。,WehopethatourmostrespectedSecretaryGeneralwillnotforgethimself,hispoorhealthisknowntoeverybody.（根据上下文，说话人对SecretaryGeneral的态度是褒意的，语气是关怀的）译为：我们希望最为可敬的秘书长先生不要过于操劳，要多多保重，他的健康状况欠佳是众所周知的。,Moreexamples,Heonceagainimpartedtoushisgreatknowledge,experienceandwisdom.我们又一次领受了他那渊博的的知识、丰富的经验和高深的智慧.great这个词词义有很多，如果简单地把greatknowledge,experienceandwisdom译为“他那很多的知识、经验与智慧”就使译文不符合汉语的表达习惯，显得枯燥，没有文采。,Hehaltedinthedistrictwherebynightarefoundthelighteststreet,hearts,vowsandlibrettos.译文1：他到了一个市区才停步，在那里晚上有最轻的街道，最轻的心情，最轻的盟誓和最轻的歌曲。译文2：他到了一个市区才停步，在那里晚上有最明亮的街道，最愉快的心情，最轻易出口的盟誓和最轻松的歌曲。译文1中有几个偏正词组显然不搭配，而译文2按照汉语的表达习惯，对原文进行了一些调整，译文贴切地道,3.Embodimentandabstraction,在英汉翻译过程中我们常常会发现：英语中有时用抽象的概念来描写具体的事物，有时也会用具体的词语来修饰抽象的事物。如果在词典上找不到适当的词义而任意照搬死译，就会使译文生硬拗口，晦涩难懂，甚至可能造成误译。这时就要根据其基本意思，结合语篇语境，按照汉语的表达习惯进行引申处理。对前者作具体化的引申，对后者作抽象化的引申。而汉译英则反之。,ButIsuspectedthatifItriedtoreleasethewolf,shewouldturnaggressiveandtrytotearmetopieces.可是我想，要是我去放这只狼，它会凶狠地扑过来，把我撕成碎片的。（把aggressive作具体化处理，引申为“凶狠地扑过来”）Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.人人都有苦与乐。（把rosesandthorns作抽象化处理，引申为“乐与苦”）,我们呼吁犹如石沉大海。Ourappealremainedadeadletter.这真是九死一生。Itisanearmiss.她对他讲的话，虽然逆耳，却是忠言。Shetalkedtohimwithbrutalfrankness.他怀疑自己那么心直口快，会否使他朋友背上思想包袱。Hewonderedwhetherhisoutspokennessmightbealiabilitytohisfriend.她总是抱怨鸡毛蒜皮的事.Shealwayscomplainsthethingoftrifles.,Part2Thebasictranslationtechniquesappliedintranslation,Conversion,Amplification,Omission,Negation,Division,增译法,减译法,词类转换法,反译法,分译法,Restructuring,Repetition,Voicechanging,词序调整,重复法,转态译法,Transplanting移植法（e.g.microwave),Transliteration音译法(clone),Combination合译法(agrimandtragicChristmas一个惨淡的圣诞节),Explanation释义法（athrowawaysociety一个大手大脚、浪费成风的社会),Othertechniques,Amplification,Amplification,alsocalledaddition,meanssupplyingnecessarywordsinourtranslationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.,为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯,必须增加一些词语,这就叫增译法.增词义增加虚词为多，也可酌量增加实词。英译汉时经常增加的词有结构词、数量词、概念词、语气词等。从增补的功能来看，可以分为结构增补、意义增补和修辞增补。,1.Amplificationbysupplyingwordsomittedintheoriginal(erj.),1)Shewasmoreroyalthantheroyals.,她比皇室成员更有皇家气质。,2)Hewaswrinkledandblack,withscanthair.,他满脸皱纹，皮肤很黑，头发灰白稀疏。,AmplificationinEnglish-ChineseTranslation,2.Amplificationbysupplyingwordstofillthegapbetweendifferentgrammar,2.1toconveytheconceptofplurality,Whentheplantsdiedanddecayed，theyformedlayersoforganicmaterials.,植物腐烂后，形成了一层层有机物。,2.2toconveythetense,Thehigh-altitudeplanewasandstillisaremarkablebird.,高空飞行的飞机过去是而且现在仍还是一种了不起的飞行器。,3.Amplificationbylogicalthinking,3.1Supplynecessaryconnectives,CouldyouimaginewhatafoolIwouldmakemyselfwithoutthatsumofmoneyonme?,你能想象我要是身上没带那笔钱，该显得多傻吗?,3.2Amplificationforpurposeofcoherence,Hesteppedtotheplatformandpaused:alittledingystation,asmallcrowdoftravelers.,他跨到月台上，停了停，只看见一个阴沉沉的小车站和一小群旅客。,4.Amplificationbysupplyingwordstomakeanabstractconceptclear,Yourdejectionwilldonogoodtoyourhealth.,你的沮丧情绪对你的身体不利。,5.Amplificationbysupplyingwordsofgeneralization,Thethesissummedupthenewachievementsmadeinelectroniccomputers，artificialsatellitesandrockets.,论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。,6.Amplificationbysupplyingnecessarybackgroundwords,Thosewerethewordsthatweretomaketheworldblossomforme,likeAaronsrod,withflowers.,后来就是这些词把一个美好的世界展现在我的面前，就像圣经上说的亚伦的魔杖开了花一样,1.Amplifyingbyaddingnecessarypronouns,1)大作收到，十分高兴。2)没有调查就没有发言权。,Iwasverygladtohavereceivedyourwriting.,Hewhomakesnoinvestigationhasnorighttospeak.,AmplificationinChinese-EnglishTranslation,2.Amplifyingbyaddingnecessaryarticles,红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。,Aredsunroseslowlyfromthecalmsea.,3.Amplifyingbyaddingnecessaryconnectives,老师在等我，我得走了,Theteacherisexpectingme,soImustbeoffnow.,4.Amplifyingbyaddingnecessaryprepositions,你是白天工作还是夜间工作。,Doyouworkinthedaytimeoratnight?,5.Amplifyingbyaddingnecessarybackgroundwords,别班门弄斧。,DonttrytoshowoffyourproficiencywiththeaxbeforeLuBanthemastercarpenter.,Omission,增译法的反面减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来,因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意,或者在译文中是不言而喻的;减译法是删去一些可有可无的,或者有了反而累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词,并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。,OmissioninEnglish-ChineseTranslation,Generallyspeaking,omissioninEnglish-Chinesetranslationisusedtoachievetheeffectofsuccinctness,especiallyindealingwithexcessiveuseofEnglishpronounsandsuchfunctionalwordsasthearticle,thepreposition,theconjunction,etc.,1.Omissionofthepronoun,Thesehomingpigeonsbegintheirtrainingwhentheyareaboutfourweeksold.,信鸽在出生大约满4周时就进行训练,2.Omissionofthearticle,Anysubstanceismadeupofatomswhetheritisasolid，aliquid，oragas.,任何物质，无论它是固体、液体或气体，都是由原子构成的。,3.Omissionofthepreposition,Thedensityofairvariesdirectlyaspressure，withtemperaturebeingconstant.,温度不变，空气的密度和压力成正比。,4.Omissionoftheconjunction,Likechargesrepeleachotherwhileoppositechargesattract.,同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。,OmissioninChinese-EnglishTranslation,OmissionasatranslationtechniqueisalsousedinChinese-Englishtranslation,andinmostcasesitisusedtoavoidunnecessaryrepetition.OmissioninChinese-Englishtranslationisgenerallyemployedin3circumstances:,1)redundantwordsinoriginalChinese,suchasunnecessaryrepetitionandwordyexpressions2)theoriginalmeaningthathasalreadybeenimpliedinthecontextoftheEnglishversion3)theoriginalmeaningobviouslyshownintheEnglishversionwithoutfurtherelaboration.,1.Omissionofredundantwords,我已经提前完成了交给我的工作,他也提前完成了交给他的工作。,Ihavefulfilledmyassignedworkaheadofschedule,sohashe.,2.Omissionofwordsofconceptualcategory,她的朋友们听到她家中的困难情况后，都主动伸出援助之手。,Afterherfriendsheardaboutherfamilydifficulties,theyofferedherahelpinghand.,3.Omissionofmeticulousdescription,花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不完的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。,Thegardenwasaparadiseonearth,withmorefoodandclothesthancouldbeconsumedandmoremoneythancouldbespent.,Conversion,英译汉时词类转换的核心是根据需要将具有动作性的名词转换为汉语的动词，或者将可表示概念的动词转换为汉语名词。汉译英时则反其道而行之。,ConversioninEnglish-ChineseTranslation,Generallyspeaking,conversionofpartsofspeechinEnglish-Chinesetranslationtakesthefollowingforms:conversionintoverbs/nouns/adjectives/adverbs,英语很多名词既有名词功能又有丰富的动词含义，所以在英译汉时将其译为动词更符合汉语的表达习惯。1.一些习语中的主体名词往往可以转译成动词。（英语后重）如:Iwasntsleepy,andIhadntthefaintestdesireeithertodanceortostuffmyself.我不困。我一点儿也不想跳舞或者去填肚皮。2.含有动作意味的英语名词可转译成动词，如：Aglancethroughhisofficewindowoffersaviewofmountains.从他办公室窗户可以看到山。,3由动词派生出来的英语名词可译成动词。如：Herowntensionwasnotlessenedbytheknowledgethatherparentsmightreturnatanymoment.她知道父母随时可能回来，这使她紧张的心情不能放松。Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。,4英语中有些由动词er构成的名词，有时在句中并不指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味，在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。如：Londonersaregreatreaders.伦敦人很喜欢阅读。Iamnodrinker,norsmoker.我既不喝酒，也不抽烟。O.Henryisthecreatorofanewshortstorygenreinliterature.欧亨利在文学上创造了短篇小说的一种新题材。,1.ConversionintoVerbs,prep./adj./adv.convertedintoVerbs1.英语中许多形容词可以转译为动词，尤其是表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词作表语用时，往往可转译成汉语动词。这类形容词有：able,afraid,angry,ashamed,aware,anxious,careful,cautious,certain,concerned,confident,doubtful,glad,grateful,ignorant,sorry,thankful等。,Itwasaveryinformativemeeting.会上透露了许多信息。SuchcriticismshavebecomefamiliarinhislatercommentariesonAmerica.类似的批评在他后来写的评论美国的文章中屡见不鲜。prep-VerbHaveyoueverbeenatseainadensefog?不知你有没有于浓雾中在海上航行的经历Adv-VerbTheseathunderedon,overandpast,andasitroaredbyitrevealedahideoussight.海浪狂啸着滚来，如泰山压顶一般，又怒吼着滚远，巨浪过处，一片狼藉。,Moreexamples,Hewasalwaysanunwelcomeintruder.他经常冒冒失失地闯进人家的家里。Theirrefusaltoattendtheconferenceembarrassedthechairman.他们拒绝参加会议，这使主席很为难。Hecanseebeyondthesimplehappeningstotheirfarthestimplications.他能透过简单的事件看到其最深远的含义。TheywentonacrossthedesertandintoChina.他们越过沙漠，然后到达中国。,2.ConversionintoNouns,1)英语中有许多由名词派生出来的动词，以及由名词转用的动词如characterize,symbolize,personify,design,figure,impress,behave,witness,etc.，这些动词如直接译成汉语动词，很难符合汉语的表达习惯。这时要将其还原成名词来进行翻译。,v./adj./pron.convertedintonouns,Shestoodinfrontofthewindow,silhouettedagainstthedawnsky.她站在窗前，晨空衬托出她的轮廓。,Thegiraffeischaracterizedbyitsverylongneck.长颈鹿以其长颈为特征。,3)英语副词转译成汉语名词根据上下文，有些副词也可以转译为名词。如：ThepapersaideditoriallythattheOlympicspiritistranscendent.这家报纸的社论说，奥林匹克精神是永世长存的。Heisphysicallyweakbutmentallysound.他身体虽弱，但思想健康。,2)形容词前加定冠词表示一类人或事物，这些形容词的功能就相当于名词，汉译时常常译成名词。如：Youhadbetterbowtotheinevitable.你最好顺应必然趋势。,3.ConversionintoAdjectives,1)Independentthinkingisanabsolutenecessityinstudy.,学习中的独立思考是绝对必须的。,n./adv.convertedintoadjectives,2)Thepressureinsideequalsthepressureoutside.,内部的压力和外部的压力相等。,4.ConversionintoAdverbs,1)Onlywhenwestudytheirpropertiescanwemakebetteruseofthematerials.,只有研究这些材料的特性才能更好地利用它们。,adj./n./v.convertedintoadverbs,2)Ihavethehonortoinformyouthatyourrequestisgranted.,3)Rapidevaporationattheheating-surfacetendstomakethesteamwet.,我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。,加热面上的迅速蒸发，往往使蒸汽的湿度更大。,5.非生物主语句的转换,AsighstolefromMariaathiswords.玛丽亚听了他的话，不禁暗自叹了口气。Angerandbitternesspreyeduponhimfordays.几天来，他又气又恨，感到非常苦恼。Paintinghasbeenmeatanddrinktohimformanyyears.他多年来一直酷爱绘画。Theyearsaredealingkindlywithyou!你一点也不显老！Hispassioncarriedhimastray.他因感情冲动而误入歧途。,Neithersorrownorregretfollowedmypassionateoutburst.我发一阵怒后，并不难过，也不后悔。Memoriesofthathistoricandhappyoccasionstilllinger.人们对那次历史性的盛会记忆犹新。Anideasuddenlystruckhim.他突然想起一个主意。,Thesightoftheorphanalwaysremindsmeoftheparents.我看到这孤儿就会想起他的父母。Themostnotableisthefurtherwillingnessofpeopletospeaktheirminds.人们更愿意畅所欲言，这是最值得注意的。Herillnesskeptherinhospitalfourweeks.她因病在医院住了四个星期。,ConversioninChinese-EnglishTranslation,ConversionisalsoacommonpracticeinChinese-Englishtranslation.Asmentionedabove,theChineselanguageaboundswithverbsanditssentencesarecomparativelyshortandstraightforward.WhentranslatedintoEnglish,manyChineseverbshavetobeconvertedintootherpartsofspeechsuchasnouns,adjectives,prepositionsorprepositionalphrases,andsoon.,1.Verbsconvertedintootherpartsofspeech,徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。,获悉贵国遭受地震，我们极为关切。,XuBeihongsdrawingsofhorsesareexceptionallygood.(v.-n.),Wearedeeplyconcernedatthenewsthatyourcountryhasbeenstruckbyanearthquake.(v.-adj.),他们不顾一切困难、挫折，坚持战斗。,Theykeptonfightinginspiteofalldifficultiesandsetbacks.(v.-prep.phrase),2.Conversionbetweenotherpartsofspeech,该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。,Theproductsofthisfactoryarechieflycharacterizedbytheirfineworkmanshipanddurability.(adj.+n.-v.),街中的一切逐渐消失在灰暗的暮色里。,Everythinginthestreetwasgraduallydisappearingintoapallofgray.(adj.n.),我们的教育方针，应该使受教育者在德育、智育、体育几方面都得到发展，成为有社会主义觉悟、有文化的劳动者。,Oureducationalpolicymustenableeveryonewhoreceivesaneducationtodevelopmorally,intellectuallyandphysicallyandbecomeaworkerwithbothsocialistconsciousnessandculture.(n.-adv.),Negation,反译即通常所说的反面着笔译法，是指突破原文形式的束缚，变换语气，把原文中肯定的表达形式译成否定形式，把原文中否定的表达形式译成肯定形式。,英语词句中含有“never”,“no”,“non-”,“un-”,“im-”,“ir-”,“-less”等成分；汉语词句中含有“不，没，无，未，甭，别，休，莫，非，勿，毋”等成份,1.AffirmativeinEnglish,butNegativeinChinese,Ihavereadyourarticle.Iexpecttomeetanolderman.,拜读了你的大作，没想到你这样年轻。,2.NegativeinEnglish,butAffirmativeinChinese,Hecarelesslyglancedthroughthenoteandgotaway.(adv.)(不注意地),他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。,3.SameEnglishwords,withEitherAffirmativeorNegativeEquivalentsinChinese,Heisfreewithhismoney.,他花钱大手大脚。（他花钱从不吝啬）,4.DoubleNegativeforemphasis,Thereisnorulethathasnoexception.,任何规则都有例外。,5.RoundaboutAffirmative,nothalf非常nothingbut只是notalittle非常noneotherthan正是notuntil直到才cannothelp/but只好nothalfbad相当不错nolessthan和一样couldntbetter再好不过了leavenothingtobedesired毫无缺点Itgoeswithoutsayingthat不用说.,1）Hedidnthalflikethegirl.2）Icouldntagreewithyoumore.3)Hecantseeyouquickenough.,他非常喜欢那姑娘。,我太赞成你的看法了。,他很想尽快和你见面。,6.SometrapsinNegativeStructure,1）notbecauseTheenginedidntstopbecausethefuelwasfinished.2）cannottoo(不至于过度,越.越好)Youcannotbetoocarefulinproofreading.all/everynotAllthatglittersisnotgold.4）bothnotBoththeinstrumentsarenotprecisionones.,引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转。,校对时，越仔细越好。,发光的不一定都是金子。,这两件东西不都是精密仪器。,5）forall:inspiteof虽然,尽管Heseemedasfreshasever,forallthatIneversawhimdrinkoreat.forallIknow/care,etc.:usedtoshowignoranceorindifference,(表示不知情或不开心)谁知道;亦未可知(与我何干等)YoumayleaveatonceforallIcare.6）Itbe+adj.+n.+thatItisagoodworkmanthatneverblunders.,你尽可立即离开，我才不管呢。,尽管我从未见到他喝点什么或吃点什么，他似乎仍然精神饱满。,智者千虑，必有一失。,Hewasabsentfromhisowncountrylastyear.他去年不在自己的国家。（对absent进行反说）Idothinkthatitisbeyondhispowertofulfillthetask.我的确认为要完成这项任务是他力所不及的。（对beyond进行反说）Hereturnedhomewithnohopeonhisface.他满脸灰心绝望地回到了家。（此处也可反说，但没有正说的表达效果好）SheisnotalittleinterestedinAsianliterature.她对亚洲文学有着浓厚的兴趣。,Youcantcometooearly.你来得越早越好。（too与can的否定式连用，在句中构成一种特殊结构，表示怎么也不过分）Wecannotpaytoohighapriceforournationalsecurity.为了国家的安全花再大的代价也值得。（我们不能为国家的安全而花太大的代价）ItiseightmonthssinceshetaughtEnglish.她不教英语已有八个月的时间了。（她教英语已有八个月的时间了）,ItistwoyearssinceIsmoked.我戒烟已有两年了。IhaventwrittentohersinceshelivedinBeijing.自从她离开北京以来，我一直没有给她写信。（lived是持续性动词的过去式，与since连用时表示动作的完成，也就是说过去住在北京，现在不住了。试与since从句中短暂动词的过去式相比较。ShehasntwrittentomesinceIcametoShanghai.）,Itisawisemanthatnevermakesmistakes.再聪明的人也会犯错误。（永不犯错误的人才是聪明的。）Itsagoodmachinethatworkswithoutpower.再好的机器没有动力也不能工作。（没有动力也能工作的机器才是好机器。）Allhisletterwerenotreceived.他的信并没有全收到。（他所有的信都没有收到。）（部分否定）Everythingdoesntcausecancer.并非所有的东西都致癌。（任何东西都不致癌。）Iamtoogladtovisityourcountry.我十分高兴访问你们的国家。（我太高兴了，不能访问你们的国家。）,常需要正说反译的词和短语有：动词fail，grudge，miss，deny，形容词last，short，absent，final，介词beyond,past,against,off,from,but,except，固定搭配farfrom，tooto，wiserthan，liveuptoonesexpectations，divertattentionfrom，beataloss，ratherthan以及neither,seldom,rarely,differently等表示否定的词，等等。,常需要反说正译的词和短语有：含no或not的一些短语，如：nolessthan，nolessthan，nootherthan，noneotherthan，nothingbut，nochoicebut，以及一些带有否定词缀的词，如：carelessly，dislike，unpleasant，等等。,1.Negationaccordingtousage,俗话说，“男儿有泪不轻弹，皆因未到伤心处”嘛。,Asthesayinggoes,“Menonlyweepwhendeeplyhurt.”,NegationinChinese-EnglishTranslation,3.NegationtoConveyExactlytheOriginalMeaning,“我找老王说句话，马上就回来。”,“JusttohaveawordwithWang,Iwontbelong!”,NocomradeinthePartymusteverforgetthisbitterlessonandwemustalltakewarningfromit,这个惨痛的历史教训，我们全党同志一定要永远记取，引以为鉴。,2.NegationforEmphasisorRhetoricalEffort,Repetition,重复也属于增词。翻译和写作一样。本应力求简练，尽量省略一些可有可无的词；有时为了明确、强调或生动，却往往需要将一些关键性的词加以重复。,Hebecameanoilbaronallbyhimself.,他成为一个石油大王，一个白手起家的石油大王。,为了强调，英语句子中往往重复关键性的词，以使读者留下深刻印象，英译汉时往往可以采用同样的重复手段。汉译英亦然。,Bloodmustatoneforblood.,血债要用血来还。,（二）为了强调重复,（一）为了明确重复,英语原文中即使没有词的重复，翻译时为了使译文生动，有时也可以采用各种重复手段。1运用两个四字词组成或四字对偶词组。汉语中有大量四字词组，这是汉语的一在特点。四字词组比较精炼，念起来顺口，有节奏感，如运用恰当，可使文字生动活泼，增强修辞效果。,Buttherehadbeentoomuchpublicityaboutmycase.,但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。,（三）为了生动重复,2运用词的重叠,词的重叠是汉语中常用的一种手段。英译汉时，可适当采用词的重叠，特别是四字重叠词组，使译文生动活泼，通顺达意。,Hischildren,too,wereasraggedandwildasiftheybelongedtonobody.,他的那些孩子，也是穿得破破烂烂，粗野不堪，就象没有父母似的。,Restructuring,Restructuring,asoneofthetranslationtechniques,meansthenecessaryorinevitablechangeofwordorderinasentenceaccordingtotheusageofthetargetlanguage.Itisalsocalledrearrangementorinversion.,1.Differentsequencesincustomarywordcombinations,heart-warming暖人心的northandsouth,eastandwest东西南北rainorshine无论晴雨inconsistencyofdeedswithwords言行不一food,clothing,shelterandtransportation衣食住行you,heandI我、你、他backandforth,toandfrom前前后后，来来去去,2.Differentsequencesincustomarysentencearrangement,Hehadtoquitthepositionandwenttoexile,havingbeendeprivedofhispower.WehadbeendismayedathomewhilereadingofthenaturalcalamitiesthatfollowedoneanotherforthreeyearsafterweleftChinain1959.,他被剥夺了权力之后，只好离职，流落他乡。,我们于1959年离开了中国。此后，中国连续三年遭到自然灾害。当我们在国内读到这方面的消息后，心情颇为低沉。,3.Adverbialclausesinacomplexsentence,Thegovernmentisdeterminedtokeepupthepressurewhateverthecostitwillpayintheend.Nomatterhowhardhetried,hefailedatlast.,不论最终将付出什么代价，政府决心继续施加压力。,不管他怎样努力，最后还是没有成功。,4.Casesinvolvingadverbials,They,notunexpectedly,didnotrespond.Illogically,shehadexpectedsomekindofmiraclesolution.,他们没有答复，这完全是意料之中的事。,她满以为会有某种奇迹般的解决办法，这显然不合情理。,5.“That-”clauseusedasajudgmentorconclusion,IbelieveequallythatitisintheinterestsoftheworldasawholethatEuropeshouldincreasinglyuniteandspeakwithacommonvoice.ItwasakeendisappointmentthatIhadtopostponethevisitIhadintendedtopaytoChinainJanuary.,我同样认为，欧洲应该日益团结起来，并且用一个共同的声音说话，这是符合全世界的利益的。,我原打算在1月份访问中国，后来又不得不推迟，这使我深感失望。,6.RestructuringinChinese-Englishtranslation,他真是个活雷锋。,HeisindeedaLeiFengalive.,这是能想像得出的最好的解决办法。,Thisisthebestsolutionimaginable.,一定要分清敌我。,Wemustdrawacleardistinctionbetweenourselvesandtheenemies.,我父亲认为我年轻，办不了大事。他算是没有说错。Myfatherwasnotwronginjudgingmetooyoungtomanagebusinessofimportance.（合为一句,英汉表结论的位置基本相反）许多年前，我在中国北方的一个规模很小的学校里当老师。当时我听人讲起过一个可怜的老妇人的悲惨经历。Manyyearsago,whenIwasateacherofasmallschoolinnorthofchina,Irememberhearingasadstoryofapooroldwoman.（合为一句，注意当时的位置安排）结婚那天天气晴朗，和风送暖。Theweddingceremonytookplaceonabright,warmandbreezyday.,ThechangeofVoice,ThewideuseofthepassiveisconsideredtobeoneoftheoutstandingfeaturesoftheEnglishlanguage,especiallyinitsscientificworks.,ThepassivevoiceinChineseislesscommonlyusedincomparisonwiththeEnglishonaccountoftheflexiblesyntaxoftheChineselanguage.Therefore,inEnglish-Chinesetranslation,weshouldavoidstickingtotheoriginalpatterns,andtrytoconvertthepassivevoiceintovarious“active”patterns.,1.Thepassivevoiceconvertedintotheactivevoice,1)theoriginalsubjectunchanged,Everymomentofeveryday,energyisbeingtransformedfromoneformintoanother.,每时每刻，能量都在由一种形式变为另一种形式。,I.ThePassive