高中英语Unit 2备课材料译林牛津版必修3

译林牛津版模块三Unit 2 Language备课材料Period 1 Welcome to the unitEmoticons or smileys explainedAn Emoticon (or Smiley) is a sequence of ordinary characters you can find on your computer keyboard. Emoticons are used in e-mail, chat, SMS（短信） and other forms of communication using computers. The most popular emoticons are the smiling faces (smileys or smilies) that people use to say “dont take what I just wrote too seriously”. If you dont see that it represents a smiling face, tip your head to the left and look at it again. The colon represents the eyes, the dash represents the nose, and the right parenthesis represents the mouth. Many people use MSN and Yahoo, for this reason I added a list with MSN and Yahoo emoticons. When using these during your chat session, they will be converted to real icons.Emoticons（情感符）Emoticons (emotional icons) are used to compensate for the inability to convey voice inflections, facial expressions, and bodily gestures in written communication. Some emoticons are better known as “smileys”. Emoticons can be very effective toward avoiding misinterpretation of the writers intents. While there are no standard definitions for the following emoticons, we have supplied their most usual meanings. Most emoticons will look like a face (eyes, nose, and mouth) when rotated 90 degree clockwise. :) or :-) Expresses happiness, sarcasm, or joke :( or :-( Expresses unhappiness : or :- Expresses jovial happiness : or :- Expresses despondent unhappiness :D or :-D Expresses jovial happiness :I or :-I Expresses indifference :-/ or :- Indicates undecided, confused, or skeptical. Also :/ or :. :Q or :-Q Expresses confusion :S or :-S Expresses incoherence or loss of words : or :-Expresses shock or screaming :O or :-O Indicates surprise, yelling or realization of an error (uh oh!) Acronyms（首字母缩略词）AAMOF as a matter of fact BBFN bye bye for now BFNbye for now BTW by the way BYKT but you knew that CMIIW correct me if Im wrong EOL end of lecture FAQ frequently asked question(s) FITB fill in the blank FWIW for what its worth FYI for your information HTH hope this helps IAC in any case IAE in any event ICL in Christian love IMCO in my considered opinion IMHO in my humble opinion IMNSHOin my not so humble opinion IMO in my opinion IOWin other words LOL lots of luck or laughing out loud MGB may God bless MHOTY my hats off to you NRN no reply necessary OIC oh, I see OTOH on the other hand ROF rolling on the floor ROFL rolling on the floor laughing ROTFL rolling on the floor laughing RSNreal soon now SITD still in the dark TIA thanks in advance TIC tongue in cheek TTYL talk to you later TYVM thank you very much WYSIWYG what you see is what you get Grinning Joking Laughing Smiling Yawning Sign LanguageFor many years, no one could communicate with people who had been born without hearing. These deaf people were not able to use a spoken language. But, beginning in the 1700s, the deaf were taught a special language. Using this language, they could share thoughts and ideas with others. The language they used was a language without sound. It was a sign language. How did this sign language work? The deaf were taught to make certain movements using their hands, faces, and bodies. These movements stood for things and ideas. People might move their forefingers across their lips. This meant, “you are not telling the truth.” They might tap their chins (下巴) with three fingers. This meant “my uncle.”The deaf were also taught to use a finger alphabet. They used their fingers to make the letters of the alphabet. In this way, they spelled out words. Some deaf people could spell out words at a speed of 130 words per minute. Sign language and finger spelling are not used as much as they once were. Today, the deaf are taught to understand others by watching their lips. They are also taught how to speak.Introduction to BrailleLouis Braille invented Braille, a world wide system of embossed type used by blind and partially sighted people for reading and writing. It has been adapted to almost every known language, from Albanian to Zulu. He died in 1852 and, for a while, it seemed as if this system would die with the inventor. Thankfully a few key people realised the importance of this invention. In 1868, Dr Thomas Armitage led a group of four blind men to found the British and Foreign Society for Improving the Embossed Literature of the Blind. This small band of friends grew and grew to become Royal National Institute of the Blind (RNIB). We are now the largest publisher of Braille in Europe. Our pioneering work helps anyone with a sight problem - not just with Braille, Talking Books and computer training, for example, but with imaginative and practical solutions to everyday challenges.Where does the story begin?Louis Braille was born in a small town near Paris in 1809. One day when Louis Braille was a small boy, he crept into his fathers workshop to play. He had often seen his father making shoes and he decided he would like to try. He picked up an awl, a sharp, pointed tool used for making holes in leather. As he bent over, the awl slipped and pierced his eye, destroying it forever. Some time later his other eye became infected by the first and he lost his sight altogether. He was aged only 4, but still went on to become one of the most famous Frenchmen ever to live.Louis Brailles school yearsDespite his sight loss the young child attended the village school with his sighted friends for two years. Eventually it became clear that he would not be able to learn much more, largely because he could not read or write. Without an education it was likely that he would have to beg on the streets, like other blind people at that time.At the age of ten he was lucky enough to be sent to a school for blind boys in Paris, one of the first in the world. Conditions in the school were very harsh. The building was damp and unhealthy and discipline was severe. Pupils who misbehaved were beaten, locked up and given stale bread and water. In fact, this kind of discipline was common in all schools at that time. Life was harsh for nearly everyone and most sighted children left school at the age of 12 and went to work in factories or in mines.At the school in Paris the blind pupils were taught practical skills like chair caning and slipper making so that when they left the school they would be able to make a living. Once a week, after lunch, the boys were taken for a walk in the park, linked together by a long rope.They were also taught to read but not to write. The letters they read were raised above the surface of the page so that they could feel them with their fingertips. This form of writing was very difficult to read because it was very hard to tell the letters apart. The letters were printed by pressing copper wire into one side of the paper to make a raised shape on the other. Because each individual letter had to be made out of wire first and because the wire then had to be forced into the paper with a press blind people were unable to write anything for themselves.One day something happened that changed the lives of blind people forever. In 1821, a soldier named Charles Barbier visited Louis school. He bought with him a system he had invented called night writing. Night writing had originally been designed so that soldiers could pass instructions along trenches at night without having to talk and give their positions away. It consisted of twelve raised dots which could be combined to represent different sounds. Unfortunately it proved to be too complex for soldiers to master and was therefore rejected by the army. How did he develop Braille?The young Louis Braille quickly realised how useful this system of raised dots could be, provided it was simplified. Over the next few months he experimented with different systems until he found an ideal system using six dots. He continued to work on the scheme for several years after, developing separate codes for maths and music. In 1827 the first book in Braille was published.Even so, the new system did not catch on immediately. Sighted people did not understand how useful Braille could be and one head teacher at the school even banned the children from learning it. Fortunately this seemed to have the effect of encouraging the children even more and they took to learning it in secret. Eventually even sighted people began to realise the benefits of the new system.Not only could people with sight problems read Braille but they could also write it for themselves using a simple stylus to make the dots. For the first time blind and partially sighted people began to be truly independent and to take control of their own lives.What did he go on to do?Louis Braille eventually became a teacher in the school where he had been a student. He was admired and respected by his pupils but, unfortunately, he did not live to see his system widely adopted. He had always been plagued by ill health and in 1852, at the age of 43, he died from tuberculosis.In France itself, Louis Brailles achievement was finally recognised by the state. In 1952 his body was moved to Paris where it was buried in the Pantheon, the home of Frances national heroes.Dance and communicationDistance InformationWith increasing distance the number of circuits (8s) per unit time decreases and the length and duration of the individual circuits increases. For example, for a goal at 100 meters it makes 10 short circuits in 15 seconds but at 3 km only 3 long circuits in the same time. The duration of the wagging part has the best correlation with distance. The distance is calculated based on the expenditure of energy on the flight towards the source (a head-wind increases it). Each recruited bee averages many dance circuits or even several dances from different bees to calculate the distance. For each bee species a distance-frequency curve can be plotted. It is remarkably precise, especially if the distance is not close to their foraging range limit. Compass InformationIf the dance floor is horizontal (the least common case in Nature), the indication of direction is straight-forward: the wagging (straight) portion of the eight-figure dance points towards the food source (and in the same direction as the bee runs through it). But, what does the dancing bee use as compass to accurately point in the right direction? The bee reference is the direction of the sun. This can be demonstrated easily by covering the sky and using a lamp as an artificial sun: the direction of dancing will rotate, always maintaining the same angle with the lamp as the angle with the sun during direct flight towards the food.Period 2 Reading （1）一、双基提要To the west and off the European Continent, there are several thousands of island on the continental shelf(大陆架). They are generally called the British Isles( 大不列颠岛). Of all the isles, the largest one is called the Great Britain. The name Great Britain was not applied to this large area island until the 17th century, its southern part adopted the name England in the 5th century when groups of invaders fro Northern Europe, traditionally called the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, were taking possessing of this area. Their language, the English language, spread far and wide and later became the official language of the nation. The “Engl-” part of the word comes from the word Angles while the “-ish” part means “belonging to”. The word English means “the language that belongs to the Angles”.二、课堂反馈（一）True or False questions.( ) 1 If we could hear old English today, we would be able to understand it without much difficulty. ( ) 2 Old developed from Anglo-Saxon and the language of the Vikings. T( ) 3 It was not until the 10th century that Old English became the official language of England. ( ) 4 Middle English began with the Norman Conquest.( ) 5 Adding an s to make plurals is the German way in old English.( ) 6 After the Conquest, the Normans once ordered the English to speak French.( ) 7 Nowadays people from different areas in Britain have no difficulty understanding each other when communicating.( ) 8 Modern began during the Renaissance.( ) 9 Its very clear that English is still changing a lot. （二） Read the passage and fill in the form belowTimeWhat happenedResultsOld English5th to 11th century1 Three tribes (the _, the _ and the _ ) invaded Britain2 Around the 9th century, the _ invaded Britain.1 _ developed.2 They created Old English.3 Many pairs of words and phrases have similar meanings.Middle EnglishFrom _ to the 16th centuryThe Normans conquered England and _ of the country.Many words from French came into English.Modern EnglishBegan from the 16th centuryThe Renaissance1. It includes many _ and _ words.2. _ also changed a lot.三、巩固练习（一）完形填空阅读下列短文，掌握其大意，然后从120各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出一个最佳选项。There are about fifteen hundred languages in the world. But only a few of them are very 1 . English is one of these. Many, many people 2 it, not only in England and the U.S.A, but in other parts of the world. About 20 million speak it 3 their own language. It is difficult to say how many people are learning it as a 4 language. Many millions are 5 to do so.Is it easy or difficult to learn English? Different people may have different 6 . Have you ever 7 such advertisement in the newspapers or magazines? “Learn English in six weeks, or your 8 back.” Of course, it never 9 quite like this.The only language that seems easy to learn is the mother tongue. We should 10 that we all learned our own language well when we were 11 . If we could learn English in the same way, it would not seem so difficult. 12 what a small child does. He listens to what people say. He 13 what he hears. When he is using the language, talking in it, 14 in it all the time, just imagine how much 15 that gets!So it is 16 to say that learning English is easy 17 a good command (掌握) of English depends on a lot of practice. And practice needs great effort and 18 much time. Good teachers, records, tapes, books, and dictionaries will 19 . But they cant do the students 20 for him.1. A.difficultB. importantC. interestingD. easy2. A.learnB. tryC. understandD. use3. A.asB. forC. withD. like4. A.goodB. foreignC. usefulD. own5. A.learningB. enjoyingC. tryingD. liking6. A.questionsB. problemsC. ideasD. answers7. A.foundB. watchedC. noticedD. known8. A.knowledgeB. timeC. moneyD. English9. A.happenedB. lookedC. seemedD. felt10. A.knowB. rememberC. understandD. think11. A.studentsB. childrenC. babiesD. parents12. A.BelieveB. MindC. DoD. Think13. A.usesB. enjoysC. triesD. does14. A.usingB. thinkingC. tryingD. practicing15. A. timeB. moneyC. languageD. practice16. A.hardB. easyC. niceD. clever17. A.becauseB. forC. whenD. before18. A.usesB. takesC. costsD. spends19. A.doB. workC. helpD. learn20.A.workB. studyC. homeworkD. listening（二）阅读理解A Learning a Second Language Some people learn a second language easily. Other people have trouble learning a new language. How can you help yourself learn a new language, such as English? There are several ways to make learning English a little easier and more interesting. The first step is to feel positive about learning English. If you believe that you can learn, you will learn. Be patient. You do not have to understand everything all at once. It is natural to make mistakes when you learn something new. We can learn from our mistakes. In other words, do not worry about taking risks, The second step is to practice your English. For example, write in a journal, or diary, every day. You will get used to writing in English, and you will feel comfortable expressing your ideas in English. After several weeks, you will see that your writing is improving. In addition, you must speak English every day. You can practice with your classmates outside class. You will all make mistakes, but gradually you will become comfortable communicating in English. The third step is to keep a record of your language learning. You can write this in your journal. After each class, think about what you did. Did you answer a question correctly? Did you understand something the teacher explained? Perhaps the lesson was difficult, but you tried to understand it. Write these accomplishments in your journal. You must be positive about learning English and believe that you can do it. It is important to practice every day and make a record of your achievements. You will enjoy learning English, and you will feel more confidence in yourself.1. To feel positive about learning English means _.A. if you are patient, you will learnB. you can understand everything all at onceC. if you make mistakes, you can learn from your mistakesD. if you believe you can learn, you will learn2. _ follows in addition.A. More informationB. The same informationC. The resultD. The opposite information3. When you learn English, you do not need to _.A. be patient B. make mistakesC. express your ideas in EnglishD. understand everything all at once4. What is not helpful for you to enjoy learning English?A. To communicate in English.B. To worry about taking risks.C. To think about what has been done after each class.D. To make a