2020届高三英语第二轮复习考点 第15讲 阅读理解精讲精炼

2020;2020届高三英语第二轮复习考点精讲精炼第15讲 阅读理解理解主旨大意 细节理解推理判断 词义理解文章基本结构 作者的意图和态度(延边F)经典易错题会诊(延边F)命题角度l(延边F)理解主旨大意(延边F) (一)(典型例题精选 A study of English learning problems was carried out a- mong a total of 106 foreign students. It shows that most students considered understanding spoken English to be their biggest problem on arrival. This was followed by speaking. Writing increased as a problem as students discovered diffi- culties in writing papers that they were now expected to hand in. Reading remained as a significant( 显著的 )problem.The information gained helped us in determining where special attention should be paid in our course. Although many students have chosen to join the course with a reasona- ble motivation (动机), we considered it important to note what seemed to encourage interest. Nearly all the students have experienced some kind of grammar-based English teach- ing in their own country. To use the same method would be self-defeating because it might reduce motivation, especially if it has failed in the past. Therefore a different method may help because it is different.Variety of activity was also seen as a way of maintaining(保持) or increasing motivation. Several years ago we had one timetable that operated throughout, but we soon found that beth the students and the teachers lost interest by about half- way through the ten weeks. This led us to a major re - think, so finally we brought it into line with the expressed language needs of the students.1. (延边F)What is the text mainly about?A. Foreign students have more problems.B. There are many ways to improve English.C. Teaching should meet students needs.D. English learning problems should be studied again.2. (延边F)Writing became a bigger problem when foreign students .A. had to write their papersB. became better at speakingC. became less interested in readingD. had fewer problems with listening3. (延边F)We may infer from the last two paragraphs that .A. different teaching methods should be usedB. grammar- based teaching seems to be encouragingC. English courses are necessary for foreign studentsD. teacing content should be changed halfway(延边F) 考场错解2B 3D(延边F) 专家把脉 本文阐述了对106名外国学生在英语学习过程中所出现问题的研究结果。1(延边F)主旨大意题，根据文章内容，c符合题意。2细节理解题，从第一段中Writing increased as aproblem as students discovered difficulties in writing papers that they were now expected to hand in可知答案选A。3(延边F)推理判断题，c项文中没有涉及，B、D两项为文中细节而非推理，故本题选A。(延边F) 对症下药 1c 2A 3A(延边F) (二)(典型例题精选Animals can move from place to place, but plants can- not. When an animal is under attack, it can run away or fight back. Plants certainly cannot run away, and they lack teeth and claws. But plants can defend themselves by using beth physical and chemical means.Some plants have their own ways to keep animals away. For example, the leaves of the holly plant have sharp spines (剌) that discourage grass- eating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines than leaves on upper branches. This is because the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach.Some plants, such as the oak tree, have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat. Some grasses may contain a sandy material; eating such grasses wears down the animal s teeth.Many plants also have chemical defenses. Some plants pro- duce chemicals that taste bitter or cause an unpleasant reaction. Some plants way fight against an attack by increasing the produc- tion of these chemicals. When a caterpillar (-毛虫) bites a tobac- co leaf, the leaf produces a chemical messenger. This messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine. The higher levels of nicotine discourage the caterpillar.Many plants depend on beth physical and chemical de- fenses. A certain plant in China, for instance, has prickly( 多剌的 ) leaves, and each prickle contains poisonous ven- om (毒液). A single experience with this kind of plant will teach an animal to stay away from it in the future.1. (延边F) What would be the best title for this passage?A. Plants and AnimalsB. How Plants Defend ThemselvesC. Attacks and Defenses D. How Animals Eat Plant Leaves(延边F) 考场错解 A(延边F) 专家把脉 本题为归纳主旨大意题。全文重点说明了植物的自我保护方法。A项为“植物和动物”；B项为“植物怎样保护自己”；C项为“进攻和防卫”；D项为“动物怎样吃植物的叶子”。B项符合题意。(延边F) 对症下药 B(延边F)专家会诊此类试题要求考生掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，要求考生在理解全文的基础上对文章进行高度概括和总结。做好这类试题要求考生注意以下几个方面：1(延边F)注意文章的大小标题，标题一般都是文章的中心。2(延边F)寻找主题句，从而抓住文章的中心思想。一般说来，每个段落都有一个中心思想，尤其是议论文和说明文更为典型。文章的主题句往往出现在段落的首句，但也有在段中或段末的。3(延边F)如果文章段落较多，其中心往往在首段或末段。4(延边F)试题中常见的标志性句子：The best title/headline for this passage is. The topic of the passage may be. The passage is mainly about. The central idea of the paragraph is that. What is the main topic of the passage7 Which sentence best expresses the main idea?.(延边F)考场思维训练(延边F) (一)(典型例题精选The scene in the Hollywood movie The Day After Tomor- row, where global warming could soon turn the global climate(气候) into a new ice age, may never occur, according to new research.The next ice age could be 15,000 years away, say Euro- pean scientists who last month announced a continuous record of 740,000 years of climate data ( 数据 ) obtained from the Antarctic ice.Scientists from 10 nations have now almost completely drilled through a 3,000 - meter, depth of ice high in the Ant- arctic mainland. They figure out that the area where summer temperatures can fall to -40, has at least 900,000 years of snowfalls, kept as neatly as the growth rings of a tree. And the ice and air caught in each layer ( 层 ) have begun to an- swer questions about the climates in the past.The results show that there have been eight ice ages in the past 740, 000 years and eight warmer periods. And by comparing the pattern of global conditions today with those of the past, the researchers reported in Nature that the present warm period could last another 15, 000 years.Research suggests that there is a very close connection between greenhouse gas levels and global average tempera- tures. It also shows that carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) levelsare the highest for at least 440,000 years.If people say to you: the greenhouse effect is a good thing because we would go into an ice age otherwise, our data say no, a new ice age is not hanging over our heads, said Eric Wolff from the British Antarctic Survey. Now we have eight examples of how the climate goes in and out of ice ages., and you can learn what the rules are that go into the climate models that tell us about the future. Scientists found that whenever temperatures rose in the frozen record, so did carbon dioxide level. In 440,000 years we have never seen greenhouse gas get as thick as it is today, said Dr Wolff.1 (延边F)What would be the best title for the passage?A. Research over the Antarctic area.B. Warm period to last about 15, 000 years.C. Report on the eight ice ages in the past.D. Hollywood movies and the global climate.1B解析：这是一道主旨题。第二段The next ice age coule be 15，000 years away是科学家最新研究的成果，说明地球将会在15，000年内处于暖和的时期。(延边F) (二) (典型例题精选Have you ever received a gift that was so clearly not your taste that you wondered if perhaps it had been handed to you by mistake? Worse, have you ever given a present and watched your friend look as though she had opened the wrong box? Maybe she responded with a polite Why, thank you, but you knew you had missed the mark. Why do presents sometimes go wrong? And what do your choices (good and bad) reflect about your personal qualities?Choosing the right gift is an art, I believe. It calls for em- pathyothe ability to put yourself into someone else s head and heart. Were all able to do this; in fact, were born with a kind of natural empathy. After the earliest period of childhood, however, it needs to be reinforeed(加强)by our parents, teach- ers, friends. When it isn t, we re not able to understand other peoples feelings as sharply. This can show in the gifts we se- lect, and so can many other emotional( 情感的 )qualities.Think back to the presents you ve given over the past year, the time and effort you put into your selection, how much you spent, your thoughts while you were shopping, and your feelings when the receiver opened the package. Keep in mind that what you choose displays your inner world. Of course, you may express yourself differently with different friends, relatives, and other people you know.We live in a society where exchanging presents is an im- portant part of communication. Ignoring the tradition won t make it go away. If you really dislike such a tradition, tell your friends ahead of time.1 (延边F) The underlined expression you had missed the mark means you had failed to .A. make her feel betterB. keep your friendshipC. receive a present in returnD. get the expected effect2 (延边F)Which of the following is the main idea of the second paragraph ?A. Natural empathy needs to be reinforced.B. Emotional changes influence one s choice of gifts.C. Selecting the right gift is an ability people are born with.D. Choosing gifts requires one to understand the receiv ers.3 (延边F) In the third paragraph, the author tells us that .A. attention should be paid to the receivers responsesB. one learns from what he did in the pastC. the choice of gifts reflects one s emotional qualitiesD. one should spend more time choosing gifts4(延边F) The best possible tide for this passage is .A. Ways of Choosing GiftsB. An Important TraditionC. Exchanging PresentsD. Message in a Gift1D解析：句子理解题。第一段说明你送了对方不喜欢的礼物，本句意为你没能达到送礼物的预期效果。2D解析：主旨大意题。由第二段主题句Choosing the right gift is an an，I believeIt calls for empathy-the ability to put yourself into someone elses head and heart可知本题选D。3c解析：主旨大意题。概括第三段大意知。4D解析：主旨大意题。由文中各段主题意思，可概括出本文题目为D。(延边F)命题角度2(延边F)细节理解(延边F) (一)(典型例题精选 When a storm is coming, most people leave the area as quickly as possible and head for safety. But there are a few people who will get into their cars and go straight for the cen- ter of the storm. These people are willing to risk( 冒危险) being killed by floods or lO0-kilometer-an-hour winds for the excitement of watching the storm close up.Storm chasing(追逐) is becoming an increasingly popu- lar hobby (喜好), especially in the Midwest of the United States, where there are frequent storms between March and Ju- ly. A storm chaser begins the day by checking the Internet for the latest weather reports, and then drives up to 1,000 kilome- ters to where the storm will be and waits for it to develop.Although anyone can do it, storm chasing is extremely dangerous. The power of a big storm can throw a cow into the air or destroy a whole house in seconds. Storm chasers are al- so often hurt in accidents caused by driving in a heavy rain. If you are a beginner, it is much safer to join a group for storm-chasing vacations during the storm season.Even then, storm chasing is not all adventure and excite- ment. Storm chasing is 95% driving, says Daniel Lynch, who spends most of his summer storm-chasing. Sometimes you can sit around for hours waiting for something to happen, and all you get is blue sky and a few light showers. However, for storm chasers, it is all worth it. When you get close to a storm, it is the most exciting sight you will ever see in your life, says Jasper Morley. Every storm is an exam- ple of the power of nature. It is the greatest show on Earth. 1. (延边F) For storm chasing, the first thing storm chasers do is to .A. head straight for the center of the stormB. get into the car for safetyC. wait patiendy for the storm to developD. collect information about a coming storm2. (延边F) Beginners of storm chasing are advised .A. not to drive in a heavy rainB. to do it in an organized wayC. not to get too close to a stormD. to spend more time on it in summer3. (延边F) By saying it is all worth it in the last paragraph, the author means thatA. storm chasing costs a lot of moneyB. storm chasing is worth hours of waitingC. efforts in storm chasing are well paidD. a storm presents the greatest show on Earth4. (延边F) What can we learn from the text?A. Sometimes storm chasers get nothing but disappoint ment.B. Many storm chasers get killed in the storms.C. Storm chasing is becoming popular around the world.D. Storm chasing is only fit for young people.(延边F) 考场解错 1B 2c 3D 4B(延边F) 专家把脉 1细节理解题。从第二段“A storm chaser begins the day by checking the Intemet for the latest weather reports”可知答案为D。2(延边F)细节理解题。从第三段最后一句话you are abeglnner，it ls much safer to join a group for storm-chasing Va cations during the storm season可知选B。3(延边F)句子理解题，最后一段说，暴风雨是你一生中所见过的最激动人心的景象，是地球上自然力量最伟大的表现形式。由此可知此题选C。4(延边F)推理判断题，B、C两项为文中细节不是推理，D项文中没有提及，通读全文可推知本题选A。(延边F) 对症下药 1D 2B 3c 4A(延边F) (二)(典型例题精选Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well- designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward( 别扭的 )hand posi- tions. They will allow the worker to keep the elbows()td) next to the body to prevent damage to the shoulder and arm.Overuse injuries can therefore be prevented or reduced if the employer provides, and workers use: power tools rather than having to use muscle (肌肉 ) power tools with specially designed handles that allow the wrist(手腕) to keep straight ( See Figure 1 ). This means that hands and wrists are kept in the same position as they would be if they were hanging relaxed at a person s sidetools with handles that can be held comfortably by the whole handThis means having a selection of sizesremember that tools that provide a comfortable frm hold for a person with a very large hand may be awk-ward for someone with a very small hand. This is a particularly important consideration for women who may use tools originally designed for men.tools that do not press fingers ( or flesh) between thehandles, and whose handles do not have sharp edges or a small surface area.1. (延边F) Which of the following describes a well designed tool?A. It s kept close to the body.B. It fully uses muscle power.C. It makes users feel relaxed.D. It s operated with less force.(延边F) 考场错解 C(延边F) 专家把脉从文中“Power tools rather than having to use muscle power”一句中可知D项符合好工具的要求。(延边F) 对症下药 D2. (延边F) What is Figure 1 used to show?A. The effective use of the tool.B. The way of operating the tool.C. The proper design of the handle.D. The purpose of bending the wrist(延边F) 考场错解 D(延边F) 专家把脉从文中Tools with speciMly designed han-dles that Mlow the wrist to keep strmght(See Figure 1)”可知Figure 1是用来展现对该句的描述。而下文又有较详细的阐述。故C项符合题目要求。(延边F) 对症下药 C3. (延边F)In choosing tools for women, of the handle is the most important.A. the size B. the edgeC. the shape D. the position(延边F) 考场错解 D(延边F) 专家把脉 从文中倒数第二段可知，工具的设计应考虑使用者手的大小。故A为正确答案。(延边F) 对症下药 A(延边F)专家会诊细节理解题主要考查学生对文章某一段落中某一特定细节或文章的重要事实的理解能力。此类试题一般包括两类，一是从原文中直接找出答案，一类是需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义转换后找出答案。做题时应注意：1(延边F)首先理解好题于，带着问题快速阅读短文，同时用笔标画有用信息；2(延边F)注意寻找特定信息，如：时间、数字、专有名词等；3(延边F)如果要查找的信息量较大，可适当标记字母或号码；4(延边F)试题中常见的标志性句子：Which of the fonowingdescribe Which ofthe fonowing statement is tme/false? Which of the following is not mentioned? The following sonnoes are correct except。 What is(not)mentioned in the passage?(延边F)考场思维训练(延边F) (一)(典型例题精选)Soon, you re going to have to move out! cried my neighbor upon seeing the largest tomato plant known to man- kind, or at least known in my neighborhood.One tiny 9 - inch plant, bought for $ 1.25 in the spring, has already taken over much of my rose bed, cover- ing much of other plants, and is well on its way to the front door.Roses require a good deal of care, and if it weren t for the pleasure they give, it wouldn t be worth the work. As it is, I have a garden full of sweet - smelling roses for most of the year. Bushes must be pruned (剪枝) in early spring, leaving ugly woody branches until the new growth appears a few weeks later. It was the space available ( 可用的 ) in the garden that led me into planting just one little tomato plant. A big mistake.Soil conditions made just perfect for roses turn out be even more perfect for tomatoes. The daily watering coupled with full sun and regular fertilizing(施肥) have turned the little plant into a tall bush. The cage I placed around it as the plant grew has long since disappeared under the thick leaves.Now the task I face in harvesting the fruit is two fold: First, I have to find the red ones among the leaves, which means I almost have to stand on my head, and once found I have to reach down and under, pick the tomatoes and with- draw( 缩回) my full fist without dropping the prize so dearly won. I found two full - blown white roses completely hidden as I picked tomatoes in June, but they were weak and the leaves already yellow for lack of light.Here I am faced with a painful small decision: To tear up a wonderful and productive tomato plant that offers up between ten and twenty ripe sweet tomatoes each day or say goodbye to several expensive and treasured roses. Like Scarlett in Gone With the Wind, I II think about that tomor- row.1 (延边F)What are the requirements for the healthy growth of rose?A. A lot of care and the right soil.B. Frequent pruning and fertilizing.C. Tomato plants grown alongside.D. Cages placed around the roots.2. (延边F)The writer planted the tomato because .A. it cost only $ 1.25B. the soil was just right for itC. there was room for it in the gardenD. the roses branches needed to be covered3(延边F) This year the writer s roses were .A. removed from the rose bedB. picked along with the tomatoesC. mostly damaged by too much sunlightD. largely hidden under the tomato plant1A解析：这是一道细节推断题。根据第三段“Roses requirea good deal of care, and if it weren t for the pleasure they give, it wo