2020届高三英语第二轮复习考点 第2讲 单项选择——冠词和名词精讲精炼

2020;2020届高三英语第二轮复习考点精讲精炼第2讲 单项选择冠词和名词名词词组以及普通名词在具体语境中的运用名词的可数和不可数名词作定语和在一些固定短语中的用法冠词常见的习惯搭配用法和部分物质名词、抽象名词具体化之后的冠词用法名词作直接定语与名词所有格作定语的区别名词作定语和其同根的形容词作定语的区别冠词在固定短语中的有无问题(延边F)经典易错题会诊(延边F)命题角度1(延边F)名词词组以及普通名词在具体语境中的运用1(延边F) (典型例题精选)I always read the on the bottlecarefully and take the right amount of medicine.A. explanations B. instructions C. descriptions D. introductions(延边F) 考场错解 A(延边F) 专家把脉 本题考查名词。该题题意为：总是认真阅读药瓶上的说明，并服用正确的剂量。A项“解释，说明(某种原因或理由)”；B项“说明，指导(怎么做或做什么)”；C项“描绘，描述(某事或某事的过程)”；D项“介绍(某人)”。(延边F) 对症下药 B2(典型例题精选)school children must be taught how to dealwith dangerousA. states B. conditions C. situations D. positions(延边F) 考场错解 B或D(延边F) 专家把脉 词义辨析。state状况，状态；condltlon条件；situation形势，情况；position位置。本题意为：一定要教给学生们怎样处理危险情况。(延边F) 对症下药 C3(延边F) (典型例题精选The face of four famous American presidentson Mount Rushmore can be seen from a of 60 miles.A. length B. distance C. way D. space(延边F) 考场错解A或D(延边F) 专家把脉 名词按意义可划分为普通名词和专有名词。这道题主要是要辨清四个名词的具体含义。length长度；distance距离；way道路，方法；space空间，太空。结构“a distance of+数字”来表示“有的距离”。(延边F) 对症下药 B4(延边F) (典型例题精选The young dancers looked so charmingin their beautiful clothes that we took pictures ofthem.A. many of B. masses of C. the number of D. a large amount of(延边F) 考场错解A或D(延边F) 专家把脉 此题考查表示“许多”的名词修饰语。 many，masses of，a Bumber of，a 1arge amount of都可以表示“许多的；大量的”；其中many，a number of修饰可数名词复数，amount of修饰不可数名词，masses of既可修饰可数名词，又可修饰不可数名词。(延边F) 对症下药 B5(延边F) (典型例题精选Chinese arts have won the of a lotof people outside China.A. enjoyment B. appreciation C. entertainment D. reputation(延边F) 考场错解 D(延边F) 专家把脉 考生看到arts与won易与“名誉”(repu- tation)联系起来。(延边F) 对症下药 B apperciation指赢得了别人的欣赏。6(延边F) (典型例题精选He proved himself a true gentleman and thebeauty of his was seen at its best when he worked with others.A. temper B. appearance C. talent D. character(延边F) 考场错解A或c(延边F) 专家把脉 本题考查意义相近名词的用法。temper脾气；appearance外貌，仪表；talent天才，才能；character品性，性格，品质。根据句意应该是指和别人共同工作时的性格，因此填character。(延边F) 对症下药 D(延边F)专家会诊1(延边F)英语中专有名词是指个人、国家、地方、机构、组织等所有专有的名称，如Asia，the Nile， china，tlle Gteat wall普通名词又可分为个体名词(一般为可数)，表示一类的人或物的个体，如：car，book，student等；集体名词(一般为不可数)，表示一群人或一类物的集合体，如：jewelry，class， majority等；抽象名词(一般为不可数)，表示品质、行为、状态、感情或其他抽象概念，如：danger，an ger，friendship，encouragement等；物质名词(一般为不可数)，表示无法分为个体的实物，如：salt， water，coffee，silk等o2(延边F)名词词组一般由一个中心名词来构成，如： the World Cup，a womall teacher，the blind等。也可以是“限定词+前置修饰词+中心词+后置修饰词”来构成，如：a four milestrip或a four mile trip，a son-4n-law等o (延边F)考场思维训练1 (延边F) Flight BA 123 to Vienna is now boarding at .A. Gate 21 B. 21 st Gate C. the Gate 21 D. 21 Gate1A解析：Gate 21指21号门，也可说the 21st Gate2 (延边F)Now I come here at the of Mr. Smith to assisthim finishing the work.A. require B. remark C. demand D. request2D解析：at the request of sb或at sbs request是固定短语，“应某人的请求”。3(延边F) She waited in for her mother s letter.A. anxious B. anxiety C. anxiously D. antique3B 解析：短语in anxiety表示“处于一种焦虑的状态或情态。”4 (延边F)There is a constant flow of people from the countryside into the cities, eager for the of modem society.A. benefits B. goods C. pleasures D. possessions4A解析：benefit优良条件”，作可数名词讲。(延边F)命题角度2(延边F)名词的可数和不可数1(延边F) (典型例题精选To make members of a team perform better,the trainer first of all has to know their and weaknesses.A. strengths B. benefits C. techniques D. values(延边F) 考场错解 B(延边F) 专家把脉 本题考查名词的基本意义和用法。 strength力量，长处；benefit利益，好处；technique技术； value价值。根据句意训练者首先要了解队员的优缺点。应选答案A。(延边F) 对症下药 A2(延边F) (典型例题精选he on his face told me that hewas angry.A. impression B. sight C. appearance D. expression(延边F) 考场错解 C(延边F) 专家把脉 本题考查名词在具体语言环境中的应用。impression印象；sight视力，视野；appearance(段时间内)到场；expression表示，表达，表情。此句意为：他脸上的表情告诉我，他生气了。(延边F) 对症下药 D3(延边F) (经典题)Father went to the doctor for _ about hisheart disease.A. an advice B. advice C. some advices D. the advices(延边F) 考场错解 C(延边F) 专家把脉 advice为不可数名词，没有复数形式。(延边F) 对症下药 B4(延边F) (经典题)It was so crowded in the bus that there was for me.A. no room B. no rooms C. some room D. no spaces(延边F) 考场错解 D(延边F) 专家把脉 room作“房间”讲为可数名词，作“空间，余地”讲为不可数名词。C项不符合逻辑。(延边F) 对症下药 A(延边F)专家会诊1(延边F)有些名词一词多义，同一个名词表示这个意义时是可数表示个体事物)，表示另一个意义时是不可数(表示抽象概念)。如：experience作“经验”讲时是不可数名词，作“经历”讲时是可数名词。2(延边F)有些名词用作可数名词时，表示个体的人或物；而用作不可数名词时，则表示一类的人或物的集合体。例如：My grandfatherhair is grey(泛指头发)she has got grey hairs(指一根根头发)这些名词的单复数形式有不同的含义，再如：water水，waters水域；danger危险，a danger一个危险人物；advice(劝告)，advices(消息)；ann(手臂)，arms(军火)；cloth(布)，clothes(衣服)； custom(习惯)，customs海关)等。(延边F)考场思维训练1(延边F) Four are visiting our school now, two of them are .A. Russians ; policemen B. Russians ; policeman C. Russian man; policemen D. Russian; policemen1A解析：考查名词的复数形式。Russian的复数形式是Russianso2 (延边F) You know I have no for foreign languages.A. knowledges B. giftC. character D. characters2B解析：sift天赋。knowledge是不可数名词。3 (延边F)Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make for our new students.A. place B. area C. room D. space3C解析：这里room用作不可数名词，表示“空间”。(延边F)命题角度3(延边F)名词作定is和在一些固定短语中的用法1. (延边F) ( 典型例题精选 At tile meeting they discussed three different to the study of mathematics.A. approaches B. means C. methods D. ways(延边F) 考场错解 B、C或D(延边F) 专家把脉 本题考查名词的同义词辨析。approach接近方法，表示“的方法”常与to连用；means常与 by连用；method常与with连用；way常与in连用。此四项的表达分别为：approach to；by means；with the method(s)；in the(this/those)way(s)(延边F) 对症下药 A2(延边F) (典型例题精选He got to the station early, miss-ing his train.A. in case of B. instead of C. for fear of D. in search of(延边F) 考场错解 A(延边F) 专家把脉 容易混淆的是选项A和c。短语in easeof是“万一，一旦出现情况”。instead of是“代替，而不”。in search of是“寻找、搜寻”，都不符合题意。for fear of是“担心、害怕、为免于某种情况出现”的意思，最符合语境。(延边F) 对症下药 C3. (延边F) ( 经典题) We ve missed the bus. I m afraid we have no but to take a taxi.A. way B. choice C. possibility D. selection(延边F) 考场错解 A(延边F) 专家把脉 汉语习惯会理解成没有办法了，所以有可能错选A。这里是固定短语have no choice but to do something，意思是“除了做别无选择”。(延边F) 对症下药 B4(延边F) (典型例题精选The classroom is big enough , butwell have to move if we have more students.A. for the moment B. on the moment C. in a moment D. for a moment(延边F) 考场错解 C(延边F) 专家把脉 本题考查短语的意义和用法。for the moment目前，暂时；in a moment马上，立刻；for a moment片刻，一会儿。根据题意，应该填forthe moment。(延边F) 对症下药 A5. You can t afford to let the situation get worse. You musttake to put it fight.A. decisions B. directions C. steps D. sides(延边F) 考场错解 A(延边F) 专家把脉 要正确把握take与其他名词构成的短语。take a decision“作决定”，take the direction of“取向于”，take the side of“站在某人的一边”。(延边F) 对症下药 C take step采取步骤(延边F)专家会诊作直接定语的名词一般是表示时间、地点、材料和类别的名词。如：summer school， street lights，paper money，coffee cup，women doctors当名词作直接定语时应该注意以下几个问题：1(延边F)名词作直接定语时一般用单数，如：a book store，a traffic ligllt，a ticket office，a bus driver，a boy friend，它们的复数形式分别是book stores，traffic lights，ticket offices，bus drivers，boy Mendso但是inflll，woman作定语时，要与所修饰的名词的数保持一致。如：a mall teacher，它的复数形式是men teaeherso2(延边F)某些常用复数形式的名词作直接定语时也用复数。如：a goods train，a d-ot-hes shop，a s-al-es department，a sports field，a news reporter等。3(延边F)名词固定短语常出现在考试试题：单选、完形填空、单词拼写和短文改错中。尤其是一些动宾关系的固定搭配。在复习中要注意积累。如：You earl take as many as you like because they are free of Acharge Bfare Cmoney Dpay此题的答案选A，be free of charge是固定用法，意思是“免费”。(延边F)考场思维训练1(延边F)Some plants can take in carbon dioxide we breathe out and give out oxygen to us.A. in case B. in turn C. in return D. in addition1B解析：短语in turn是“反过来”的意思。2 (延边F). She broke a while she was washing up.A. glass wine B. wine glass C. glass of wine D. glass for wine2B解析：名词作定语修饰名词，说明另一名词的性质、特征时，无生命的名词的所有格形式不用s，直接用一名词修饰另一名词即可。3 (延边F)According to the recent reports one of the animals, thecrocodile, is in of dying out.A. a danger B. the danger C. danger D. dangerous3C解析：be in danger为固定短语。(延边F)命题角度4(延边F)冠词常见的习惯搭配用法和部分物质名词、抽象名词具体化之后的冠词用法1. (延边F) ( 典型例题精选) After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson fide to Capital Airport.A. the; a B.a; the C./; a D./; the(延边F) 考场错解 D(延边F) 专家把脉 本题是考查冠词的基本用法。名词ride这里是表示“搭乘”的含义，是可数名词；后者是由普通名词构成的专有名词，通常有定冠词。(延边F) 对症下药 B2. (延边F) (典型例题精选)Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?Sorry, wrong number, there isn t Mr. Smith here.A.不填 B. a C. the D. one(延边F) 考场错解 D(延边F) 专家把脉 根据汉意“一位叫Smith的人”易错选 D，但是，在英语中要表示泛指一个，一般在名词前加不定冠词故B正确。(延边F) 对症下药 B3. (延边F) (典型例题精选 ) The most important thing about cotton in history is part that it played in Industrial Revolution.A./;/ B. the; / C. the; the D.a; the(延边F) 考场错解 D(延边F) 专家把脉 分清定冠词在语境中是泛指还是特指是答题的关键。本题part意思是“作用”，特指工业革命时期所起的作用，是特指，普通名词构成的专有名词，通常名词前用the。(延边F) 对症下药 C4. (延边F) (典型例题精选 In review off 44 studies, Ameri can researchers found that men and women who ate six keyfoods daily cut the risk of heart disease by 76%.A. a; the B. the;a C. a;不填 D. 不填;a(延边F) 考场错解 B(延边F) 专家把脉 本题考查冠词在特殊语境中的基本用法。第一空为泛指一次对44位学生的采访，用不定冠词；第二空后的heart disease一般不用冠词。(延边F) 对症下药 C5. (延边F) (典型例题精选 ) I can t remember when exactly the Robinsons left city. I only remeber it was Monday.A. the; the B. a; the C. a;a D. the;a(延边F) 考场错解 A(延边F) 专家把脉 本题考查冠词的用法。leave the city离开了他所住的那座城市，是特指。星期前经常不用冠词，但本题中a monday表示统指，表示某个星期一。(延边F) 对症下药 D6. (延边F) (典型例题精选 )This book tells life story of John Smith, who left school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16.A. the; the B. a; the C. the;/ D. a;/(延边F) 考场错解 B(延边F) 专家把脉 第一空表示特指John Smith的生活，离开学校是固定用法不需用冠词。(延边F) 对症下药 C(延边F)专家会诊1(延边F)不定冠词一般有any或one的意思，但不强调数目概念，只用来指事物，说明其名称或种类。(1)泛指人、事、物的类别。如：A plane is a machine that Can fly(泛指飞机)(2)泛指某人或某物。如：Mary was a teacher in our school(泛指教师)(3)表示ore，every或per的意义。如：My father studies Japanese four hours a day(相当于per)(4)在某些固定短语中。如：A. have a swim / walk / talk / dance / look/ quarrelB. have a cold, have a good time, keep a diary, in a hurry, once in a while, at a loss, for a while, once upon a time, all of a sudden, tell a lie, do sb. a favor, at a mouthful, at a distance.2(延边F)定冠词的习惯用法。(1)用在姓氏复数形式前表示一家人。如：The Greens ale at table(格林一家人)(2)用在年代、朝代、时代名词前。如：theYang Dyrnasty，the spring and Autumn Period，in the 2020;2020s(3)用在作为课程或演奏等的乐器名称前。如：注意：play the piano和have a pianO(4)用在表示计量单位的名词前。如：by the hour(按小时)；by tlle dozen(论打)； by the yard(按码)(5)用在方向名词和某些表示时间的名词前。如：on the left / fight, in the east / west, in the evening, on the other hand, in the end, in the daytime.3(延边F)使用冠词的注意事项。(1)专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、称呼语、头衔、职务、季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、学科名称、球类、棋类和表示泛指的名词前不用冠词。如：Comrade Li was chairman of the meeting. Spring is the best season of the year.注意：如果月份或季节等被一个限制性定语修饰，要加冠词。如：He joined the army in the spring of典型例题精选 (2)在某些特别结构中不用冠词。如： Child as he is，he knows light from wrong(child前冠词省略)He entered the forest，gun in hand(gun和 hand前冠词省略)(延边F)考场思维训练(延边F) (典型例题精选 Of all reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my fathers advice was most important one.A. the;a B. 不填. ; a C. 不填; the D. the; the1D解析：第一空为特指所有理由中，第二空属于最高级前用定冠词。2 (延边F) Apples are usually sold by weight, and eggs are sometimes sold by dozen.A. the ; the B. / ; a C. ! ; the D. the ; a2C解析：前者by weight表示“以重量”；后者by the dozen表示“按打”。3(延边F) Xiamen is most beautiful coastal city and I be lieve I will come for second time.A. a; a B. the; the C. the ; a D. a; the3A解析：前者a most beautiful相当于very；后者a second表示“又一次”。4 (延边F)Mr. Arafat was honored as historic leader wholed his people with courage in all the stages of the national struggle.A. a; the B. the ; the C. the;! D. a;!4D解析：第一空用a表示泛指“一个具有历史意义的领导者”：而courage为抽象名词，其前不用冠词。(延边F)探究开放题解答(延边F)综合问题1(延边F)名词作直接定语与名词所有格作定语的区别1. (延边F)The is just around the corner and you won tmiss it.A. bicycle s shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycles shop(延边F) 解题思路 本题考查名词直接作定语，故B正确。(延边F) 解答 B(延边F)规律总结表示类别时用名词直接作定语还是用名词所有格作定语，要遵循英语习惯，这要靠平时的积累。例如：apeasantfamily(peasant习惯用名词直接作定语)农民家庭；a workers family(worker习惯用名词所有格作定语)工人家庭。有些是可以并存的，但意义不同。如：the woman teacher这位女教师；the wonlans teacher这位妇女的老师。 the boyfriend男朋友；the boys friend这个男孩的朋友。(延边F)综合问题2(延边F)名词作定语和其同根的形容词作定语的区别1. (延边F)When we are in France, China is an country.A. east B. easter C. eastward D. eastern(延边F) 解题思路 east东方，东部；eastern东方的，东部的(只作定语)；eastern country指东方国家。故D正确。(延边F) 解答 D(延边F)规律总结名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或功能，但其同根的形容词作定语主要用来表示所修饰的名词的性质、状态或特征。例如：a wood shed木料棚(用来放木料用的棚子)；a wooden shed木棚(用木料搭成的棚子)。a gold watch一块金表；a golden watch一块金色的表。(延边F)综合问题3(延边F)冠词在固定短语中的有无问题1. (延边F)I didn t expect that Tom would my failure to achieve his own goal.A. make use of B. make the most of C. take advantage of D. take the advantage of(延边F) 解题思路 英语中有些短语中没有冠词，如make use of(利用)；有些须有定冠词，如make the most of(最大程度的利用)。而短语take advantage of(为了自己的利益而对某人或某事加以利用)是没有冠词的，需要在学习中注意积累。(延边F) 解答 C(延边F)规律总结1(延边F)在很多种情况下，是否要用冠词常常是一个习惯用法问题。如在表示时间时at与noon， night，dawn，midnight连用一般不加冠词；而in与moming，afternoon，evening，nigllt，day time连用则要加冠词(the)。2(延边F)在下列情况下冠词常常省略。(1)新闻标题：(The)City Congress(is)to be in session Friday(2)书名：History of China(3)剧本提示：Vassilisa(Opens door quickly)：You here again?(延边F)考场思维训练1 (延边F)You are really very kind. I 11 never forget the you have done for me.A. favour B. deed C. help D. good1A解析：本题考查固定搭配。favor的意思是“恩惠，善意的行为”，do sba favor或do a favor sb的意思是“帮某人一个忙”，因此选A。2 (延边F)I know the man by but I have never spoken to him.A. chance B. heart C. sight D. experience2C解析：know sbby sigllt为习惯用法，表示认识某人。3 (延边F)I knew John Lennon, but not famous one.A./;a B. a;the C./;the D. the;a3B解析：专有名词前一般不加冠词，但是如果是指“一个叫的人”，要加不定冠词。如a Smith一个叫史密斯的人，后一空是人们都知道的那个著名的John Lennon，因此其前应加定冠词the。(延边F)考点高分解题综合训练I(延边F)单项选择1 (延边F) My of this weekend s activity is going out withsome good friends.A. idea B. opinion C. mind D. thought1A解析：opinion侧重于对某事的“意见、看法”；mind指“想法、感觉、思维”；thougllt“思考、观念、想法”；idea“计划、意、念头、想法”，故用idea。2 (延边F)The bad policy of the new government has put the econo my of the country into a more difficult .A. occasion B. situation C. case D. background2B解析：A项意为“(特定)时刻、良机，场合”；B项意为”形势，状态”；c项意为“情形、场合状况”；D项指“背景”。本句意为：新政府遭糕的政策使这个国家的经济陷入更困难的状态。3 (延边F)Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up hisA. ability B. force C. strength D. mind3C解析：Bill做很多运动的目的当然是增强他的力量。ability能力”；force“暴力、武力”；mind“精神”；strength“体力、力量”。4 (延边F)He likes music so much that I think it right to buy him MP3 as birthday present.A. the; an; a B./; an; the C./; an; a D. the; a;a4c解析：music为抽象名词，其前不用冠词；MP3为一普通名词，此处是泛指，且有数量“一”的概念，而M以元音e开头故用an；最后一空系泛指“一个生日礼物”。故只有C符合要求。5 (延边F)Thank you for sending us fresh vegetables of many kinds. You have done us great service.A./;a B. the;a C./;/ D. the;/5A解析：复数名词表泛指不加冠词；第二空后的service属抽象名词具体化的使用，故用a。6 (延边F)The adverbial phrase every day has space between two words.A. the; the B. a; the C./; the D./; /6B解析：考查冠词用法，space表示“空间，余地”时是不可数名词。指字与字、行与行之间的间隔时，是可数名词，所以此句中的space前要加a；第二空用the是为了特指前面出现的every day”。7 (延边F)He lost the chance to be employed as marketing manager because he lacked work experience.A./; the B.a; a C. the; a D.a; /7D解析：考查冠词用法。manager是可数名词，故要用冠词修饰；而experience作“经验”讲时是不可数名词，因此不用冠词。8 (延边F)Scarlett Johnasson developed interest in acting and has made herself into perhaps finest actress of her generation.A. an; a B./; the C. an;the D./;a8C解析：interest作“兴趣”讲时，为可数名词，泛指一种兴趣时，前面须用不定冠词all；而在形容词的最高级前面须用定冠词the，因此，选C。9(延边F) is without doubt the most magnificent of the big cats.A. The tiger; a B. The tiger;/ C. Tiger; / D. A tiger; the19B解析：第一空表示种类(the加单数名词)，第二空withoutdoubt为固定短语，“毫无疑问”。10(延边F) Cherries are sold by weight, and books can be mailed by dozen.A. / ; a B. the; the C. the ; a D. / ; the10D解析：考查冠词的习惯用法。当用by+n”表示“按照某一标准销售、付报酬”时，抽象名词前不用冠词，但具体的单位名词前须加定冠词the，如by length与by the metre；by time与by the hour，by weight与by the kilo等。11 (延边F) Charlely Oakley, NBA star, hasn t lo