英语词汇学第七章

英语词汇学课程课件,课件名称：词义的演变制作人：孙红梅、张培成单位：曲阜师范大学外国语学院,Chapter7,ChangesinWordMeaning,TeachingObjectivesLetstudentsunderstandandmastertypesofchangesinwordmeaningGettoknowthecausesofchangesTeachingFocusCausesofchangesTypesofchanges:extension,narrowing,degradation,elevation,transferenceofmeaning,euphemism.Extra-linguisticfactors:historicalreason,classreason,psychologicalreasonLinguisticfactors:shortening,redivisionfromborrowing,analogy,7.1TypesofChange,ExtensionofMeaningNarrowingofMeaningElevationofMeaningDegradationofMeaningTransferenceofMeaningEuphemism,ExtensionofMeaning词义的扩大,GeneralizationofMeaningItisaprocessbywhichawordwhichoriginallyhadaspecializedmeaninghasnowbecomegeneralizedorhasextendedtocoverabroaderandoftenlessdefiniteconcept.一个原本具有特殊意义的单词的词义被延伸，范围扩大，从而指代一种普遍意义语义变化过程。,Manuscript(original)Handwriting(writingbyhandonly)(手稿)(present)Anyauthorswritingwhetherwrittenbyhandortypedwithatype-writeroraword-processor(原稿)Salary(original)asumofmoneygiventoRomansoldierstoenablethemtobuysalt(政府按时发给古罗马军人一些买盐的钱)(present)fixedpaymentmadebyemployeratregularintervalstoemployees(薪水),Sheissuchaprettylittlething.Ihavetopackmythingsforthejourney.ThereisanotherthingIwanttoaskyouabout.Thatonlymakesthingsworse.Thethingis,canwefinishthejobintime?“Thing”whichusedtomean“apublicassembly”or“acouncil”inAnglo-Saxontimes,nowhasbecomeanall-purposeword.,1)AlargeproportionofpolysemicwordsofmodernEnglishhavetheirmeaningsextendedsometimeinthecourseofdevelopment.Somewordsaregeneralizedtosuchadegreethattheycanmeanalmosteverything.,Generalizationofmeaningisalsofoundinmanytechnicalterms,whichareconfinedtospecializeduse.allergic(original)toosensitivetomedicine患过敏症的(present)averseordisinclinedto反感的；厌恶的alibi(original)alegaltermsignifying“thepleathattheaccusedisnotattheplacewhenthecrimeiscommitted”(被告人不在犯罪现场的证明)(present)excuse(借口),3)Wordscommonizedfrompropernameshaveexperiencedthesameprocess.sandwichSandwichedbetweenthisdoorandawindowisagiantrefrigerator.Moreexamples:lynch,vandal,Thechangesinmeaningaregradual,andwordsarenotchangedinaday.Lady(thehostess-noblewoman-well-cultivatedwoman-woman)anoldladyorelderlyladyasalesladyacleaningladyladysroomaladynovelistladyguests,NarrowingofMeaning词义的缩小,Itisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarroworspecializedsense.Inotherwords,awordwhichusedtohaveamoregeneralsensebecomesrestrictedinitsapplicationandconveysaspecialconceptinpresent-dayEnglish.把词义范围较广的词缩小，表示特指，即过去具有普遍意义的词变化后，现在仅仅表达特殊意义。,Whenacommonwordisturnedintoapropernoun,themeaningisnarrowedaccordingly.“theCity”means“thebusinesscenterofLondon”“theProphet”standsfor“Mohammed”,Foreconomy,somephrasesareshortenedandonlyoneelementoftheoriginal,usuallyanadjective,islefttoretainthemeaningofthewhole.Suchadjectiveshavethustakenonspecializedmeanings.ageneral=ageneralofficeraneditorial=aneditorialarticle,3.Somematerialnounsareusedtorefertoobjectsmadeofthemandthushaveamorespecificsense.silversilverdollarglassacup-likecontaineroramirrorirondeviceforsmoothingclothes,Bothextensionandnarrowingofmeaningaretalkingaboutthechangesinconceptualmeaning.Nextwewilltalkaboutthechangesinassociativemeaning.,ElevationofMeaning词义的升华,Itistheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionsofimportance.Somewordsearlyintheirhistorysignifysomethingquiteloworhumble,butchangeastimegoesbytodesignatesomethingagreeableorpleasant.词义的升华指词由贬义或中性转变为褒义。即，有些词在历史上表示“卑微、下贱”之义，随着时间的推移转为“惬意的，愉快的”。,niceignorant-foolish-delightful,pleasantmarshalakeeperofhorses-ahighrankingarmyofficerconstableakeeperofhorses-apoliceman,DegradationofMeaning词义的降格,Itisaprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginoraffectiveneutralityfallintoillreputationorcometobeusedinaderogatorysense.这是一个词由原先表示中性意义或褒义转为表示贬义的过程。sillyblessedandhappy-innocent-simpleorsimple-minded-foolishsadfull,satisfied,contented-calm-serious-sorrowful,TransferenceofMeaning词义的转移,DefinitionSomewordswhichwereusedtodesignateonethingbutlaterchangedtomeansomethingelsehaveexperiencedtheprocessofsemantictransfer,knownastransferenceortransferofmeaning.有些词原指称某些事物，后来发生变化，转为指称另外的事物，就是词义的转移。TypesoftransferenceAssociatedTransfer联想转移TransferBetweenAbstractandConcreteMeanings抽象含义与具体意义间的转移TransferBetweenSubjectiveandObjectiveMeanings主观意义和客观意义间的转移Synesthesia通感,AssociatedTransfer联想转移,Thisiswhatiscommonlyknownasfigurativeextensionofmeaning.e.g.Thelipofawound伤口的边缘ThetonguesoffireThefootofamountain,TransferbetweenAbstractandConcreteMeanings抽象含义与具体意义间的转移,AbstracttoconcretemeaningRoomformerlymeant“space”asin“Thereisnoroominthecar”.Nowithasdevelopedaconcretemeaningasin“Thisflathasthreerooms”.Moreexample:aftermath,ConcretetoabstractmeaningGrasp(original)Afirmholdwiththehandsandarms(present)Thepowerorabilitytounderstand,TransferBetweenSubjectiveandObjectiveMeanings主观意义和客观意义间的转移,Somewordswereformerlyusedsubjectivelybutlatershiftedtoanobjectiveuse,andthesubjectivemeaningwastotallylost.,Synesthesia通感,Thiskindoftransfertakesplacebetweenwordsofsensation.Thatis,wordsusuallyassociatedwithonesenseareusedtodescribeanothersense.E.gClear-sounding(fromsighttohearing)Warmcolors(fromtouchtosight)Sweetvoice/music(fromtastetohearing),Euphemism委婉语,Whenpeopleuseeuphemismsthereisasemanticchangeinvolvedastheexpressionsusedoftenhavelittletodowiththereferents.Restroom,bathroom,lounge,John,convenience,comfortsroomandpowderroomarealleuphemistictermsfor“toilet”whichitselfisaeuphemisticterm.Euphemistictermsarefoundusedineveryaspectofsociety.,7.3CausesofChange变化的原因,Extra-linguisticfactors非语言语境HistoricalreasonClassreasonPsychologicalreasonLinguisticfactors语言语境,Historicalreason,Awordisretainedforanamethoughthemeaninghaschangedbecausethereferenthaschanged.(e.g.pen)Increasedscientificknowledgeanddiscoveryisalsoanimportantfactorthatunderliesthechangeofwordmeaning.(e.g.atom),Classreason,Languagerecordsthespeechandattitudeofdifferentsocialclasses,sodifferentsocialvarietiesoflanguagehavecomeintobeing.Theattitudeofclasseshavemadeinroadsintolexicalmeaning,particularlyinthecaseofelevationanddegradation.,Quiteanumberofwordsthatdenotedifferentsortsofworkingpeopleortheiroccupationshavedeterioratedandnowhavetakenonapejorativesense.E.g.Churl,hussy,wench,villainwhichwereoriginallyneutralincolourhavebeendown-gradedas“ill-mannedorbadpeople”.,Psychologicalreason,Theassociatedtransferofmeaningandeuphemisticuseofwords,etc.areoftenduetopsychologicalfacto