全新版大学英语综合教程2Unit 7ppt课件

.,TheGloriousMessinessofEnglish,RobertMacNeil,.,I.InterpretationoftheTitleII.BriefIntroductiontoHistoryofEnglishi.TherootsofEnglishii.ThedevelopmentofModernEnglishiii.20thCenturyEnglishandWorldEnglishIII.BackgroundKnowledgeIV.TextOrganization,.,I.InterpretationoftheTitle,Q:Howcanmessinessbeglorious?,A:ArhetoricaldeviceOxymoronwasusedhere.,.,Oxymoronputstwocontradictorytermstogethertopuzzlereader,luringhim/hertopauseandexplorewhy.“Glorious”isacommendatoryterm,while“messiness”isderogatory.Theauthoractuallyusedthetitleasathesisstatement:Yes,Englishismessy,butthemessinessreflectssomecommendablequalitiesofEnglish,suchastolerance,theloveoffreedom,andtherespectforothersrights.,.,II.BriefIntroductiontoHistoryofEnglish,i.TherootsofEnglishii.ThedevelopmentofModernEnglishiii.20thCenturyEnglishandWorldEnglish,.,i.TherootsofEnglish,AwestGermaniclanguagebroughttoEnglandbyAnglo-Saxonsaround400A.D.,OldEnglish/TheAnglo-SaxonsChristianityVikingTheNormanConquestMiddleEnglish,.,OldEnglish/TheAnglo-SaxonsItwasverydifferentfrommodernEnglish,andwasthespokenandwrittenlanguageofEnglandbetween400and1100A.D.Mostvocabularywasforsimpleeverydayuse,like“house”,“woman”,“man”,“mother”,etc.FourofourdaysoftheweekwerenamedinhonorofAnglo-Saxongods,buttheydidntbotherwithSaturday,SundayandMondayastheyhadallgoneoffforalongweekend.,.,ChristianityWhiletheAnglo-Saxonswereaway,ChristianmissionariesstoleinbringingwiththemleafletsaboutjumblesalesandmoreLatin.ChristianitywasahitwiththelocalsandmadethemmuchhappiertotakeonfunkynewwordsfromLatin,like“martyr”,“bishop”and“font”,etc.VikingAlongcametheVikings,withtheiraction-manwords,like“drag”,“take”,“give”andmanywordsthatbeginwith“sk”,like“sky”and“skirt”.,.,TheNormanConquestTheNormanConquestbroughtFrenchtotheupperclassofEngland,butEnglishwasstillusedbythelowerclass.Asaresult,FrenchwordswereaddedtoEnglish,like“judge”,“jury”,“royal”,“sovereign”,etc.,.,MiddleEnglishEnglishfromabout1300to1500isknownasMiddleEnglish.ItwasinfluencedbyFrenchingovernmentalwords,like“court”,“legal”,and“government”itself,andLatininreligiousandeducationalwords,like“minister”,“angel”,“school”,and“grammar”.,.,ii.ThedevelopmentofModernEnglishModernEnglishdevelopedfromtheMiddleEnglishdialectoftheEastMidlandsandwasinfluencedbytheEnglishusedinLondon,whereaprintingpresswassetupbyWilliamCaxtonin1476.Englishchangedagreatdealfromthistimeuntiltheendofthe18thcentury.,.,DuringtheRenaissance,manywordswereintroducedfromGreekandLatintoexpressnewideas,especiallyinscience,medicineandphilosophy.Theyincludedphysics,species,architecture,encyclopediaandhypothesis.Inthe16thcenturyseveralversionsoftheBiblehelpedbringwrittenEnglishtoordinarypeople.Asthedictionarytellsus,about2,000newwordsandphraseswereinventedbyWilliamShakespeare,like“eyeball”,“puppy-dog”.,.,Thedevelopmentofprintinghelpedestablishstandardsofspellingandgrammar,butthereremainedalotofvariation.SamuelJohnsonsADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(1755)wasthefirstauthoritativetreatmentofEnglish.Itdefinedabout40,000wordsandgaveexamplesoftheiruse.,.,Bythe18thcenturyAmericanEnglishwasestablishedanddevelopingindependentlyfromBritishEnglish.NewwordsbegantobeaddedfromNativeAmericans,like“raccoon”,“squash”,andmostoftheterritory.SomeforgottenEnglishwordslivedoninAmerica,Americanscarriedonusing“fall”,“faucets”,“diapers”,whiletheBritsmovedonto“autumn”,“taps”,“nappies”.,.,iii.20thCenturyEnglishandWorldEnglishDuringthe19thandearly20thcenturiesmanydictionariesandbooksaboutlanguagewerepublished.NewwordsarestillbeingaddedtoEnglishfromotherlanguages,includingChinese“fengshui”andJapanese“karaoke”.Existingwordsgainnewsenses,andnewexpressionsspreadquicklythroughtelevisionandtheInternet.,.,Englishisnowaninternationallanguageandisusedasameansofcommunicationbetweenpeoplefrommanycountries.AsaresulttheinfluencesontheEnglishlanguagearewiderthaneveranditispossiblethatWorldEnglishwillmoveawayfromusingaBritishorAmericanstandardandestablishitsowninternationalidentity.,.,III.BackgroundKnowledgei.JuliusCaesar(100-44B.C.)ii.Vikingiii.TheNormanConquestiv.WilliamCaxton(1422-1491)v.WinstonChurchill(1874-1965)vi.OttoJesperson(1860-1943),.,i.JuliusCaesar(100-44B.C.)JuliusCaesarwasthebest-knownofalltheancientRomanleaders,andthefirstonetolandinBritainwithanarmy.Hedidthistwice,in55and54BC,althoughBritaindidnotbecomepartoftheRomanEmpireuntilnearlyahundredyearslater.,.,ii.VikingVikingwasamemberofapeoplefromScandinaviawhoattackedpartsofnorthernandwesternEurope,includingBritainandIreland,inthe8thto11thcenturies.InBritaintheywerealsoknownasNorsemen.TheyhadanimportantinfluenceonEnglishcultureandtheEnglishlanguage.,.,iii.TheNormanConquestNormanreferstoanyofthepeoplefromNormandyinnorthernFrancewhosettledinEnglandaftertheirleaderWilliamdefeatedtheEnglishkingattheBattleofHastingsin1066.TheNormanstookcontrolofthecountry,aprocessknownastheNormanConquest.,.,iv.WilliamCaxton(1422-1491)WilliamCaxtonwasthemanwhosetupthefirstprintingfirminBritain.Heprintedhisfirstbookin1474.ByprintingbooksinEnglish,Caxtonhadastronginfluenceonthespellinganddevelopmentofthelanguage.ManyofthebookshepublishedwereFrenchstorieswhichhetranslatedhimself.,.,v.WinstonChurchill(1874-1965)Asapolitician,WinstonChurchillisrememberedasoneofBritainsgreateststatesmen.Whenhewasyoung,heservedasasoldierinIndiaandEgypt,andasajournalistinSouthAfrica,beforeenteringpolitics.ChurchillbecamePrimeMinisterandMinisterofDefensein1940.,.,HisradiospeechesduringWorldWarIIgavetheBritishpeopleastrongdeterminationtowinthewar,especiallyattimesofgreatcrisis.ExamplesofChurchillsphrasesstilloftenquotedtodayare“Ihavenothingtoofferbutblood,toil,tearsandsweat”.WhenhediedinJan1965hewasgivenastatefuneral.,.,vi.OttoJesperson(1860-1943)OttoJespersenwasaDanishphilologist,grammarian,andeducationist.Hepromotedtheuseofthe“directmethod”inlangu