可持续发展旅游

TheSustainableTourism,可持续发展旅游,UNIT15,Learningobjects:学习目标,Learningobjects:学习目标,Learningobjects:学习目标,1.坚持可持续发展旅游的背景,掠夺性的开发旅游资源,粗放式的旅游管理,旅游设施的病态扩张,旅游对环境的破坏随处可见littering,游客环境保护意识淡薄graffiti,2.什么是可持续发展旅游？,简言之，可持续发展即是指既满足当代人的需要，又能保证后代人需求的发展。Sustainabledevelopmentisdevelopmentthataimstomeettheneedsofthepresentwhileensuringthatfuturegenerationswillhavetheabilitytomeettheirownneeds.,在国外，比较权威的可持续旅游的定义有两个定义。,一是世界旅游组织WTO的定义。1993年世界旅游组织出版了旅游与环境丛书，其中旅游业可持续发展地方旅游指南一书对旅游可持续发展给出的定义是：“指在维持文化完整、保持生态环境的同时，满足人们对经济、社会和审美的要求。它能为今天的主人和客人们提供生计，又能保护和增进后代人的利益并为其提供同样的机会。”这一定义是对旅游可持续理念的进一步总结，不仅指出了旅游业本身的特质，而且提出了“主人”和“客人”，代际公平发展的思想对旅游可持续发展的国际认定具有重要的指导意义。,二是1995年可持续旅游发展宪章中所指出的：“可持续旅游发展的实质，就是要求旅游与自然、文化和人类生存环境成为一个整体”，即旅游、资源、人类生存环境三者的统一，以形成一种旅游业与社会经济、资源、环境良性协调的发展模式。,结合中外各种解释，旅游可持续发展可定义为：,在满足当代旅游者和旅游地居民各种需要的同时，又保持和增进未来发展的机会，实现经济目标和社会目标的统一。Theconceptofsustainabletourismsuggests“economicgrowthisonlyacceptableifitcanmaintain,ataminimum,thestockoftouristassetsfromonegenerationtoanother”.,可持续发展定义的进一步解读,3.实施可持续发展旅游的有利条件,新型旅游者市场不断增长Growthofthenewtravelermarket,可持续性的益处Profitabilityofsustainability,大公司采取可持续性策略的适用性Suitabilityoflargercorporationstoadoptsustainablepractices,3.1,3.2,3.3,3.1Growthofthenewtravelermarket,Itispossibleforthenewtravelertoemergeasthemostimportanttouristmarketandgraduallyreplacetheconventionalmasstourists.Asaresult,tourismbusinesseswillhavetodevelopalongamoresustainableway;otherwise,theywouldnotsurvive.Evenifthisisnotthecase,tocapturethishigh-spendingandgrowingmarketisstillmostbeneficialtotourismbusinesses.,Characteristicsofthenewtravelers,GreenconsumerSensitivetolocalculturesConsciousofsocialjusticeconcernsMoreindependent-mindedanddiscerningKnowledgeableaboutenvironmentalissuesPrefersflexibleandspontaneousitinerariesCarefullyassessestourismproductsinadvanceInsearchofauthenticandmeaningfulexperiencesWishestohaveapositiveimpactonthedestinationMotivatedbyadesireforself-fulfillmentandlearningSearchesforphysicallyandmentallychallengingexperiences,3.2Profitabilityofsustainability,Besidesamarketconcernwhichencouragestourismbusinessestofocusonsustainability,anothermajorstimulusforthisfocusisthatmanyrelatedactivitiesare,bytheirownnature,profitable.Forexample,justliketherecyclingofcertainkindsofmaterials,reducingenergyconsumptionisanotherwaytosavecostdirectly.Toimprovetheemployeesmoraleoftenresultsfromsuchreforms.,3.3Suitabilityoflargercorporationstoadoptsustainablepractices,Sustainabletourismmeasurescanbebetterimplementedinlargercorporationsbecauseoftheirsize.Suchbusinessescanraiseenoughfundstosupportthosespecializedjobsworkingatsustainability-relatedissuessuchasenvironmentalofficer,communityrelationsofficer.Theycanalsosupportrelevantstafftraining,publiceducationprogramsandcomprehensiveenvironmentalaudits.Whatsmore,recyclingandreductionprogramscanbecarriedoutefficientlywiththelowestpossible.,大公司的适用性,资金充足,理念领先,较大的收益,规模巨大,遵循的原则,环境限制性原则,综合效益最大化原则,自然资本的原则,公平的原则,道德伦理原则,4.实现可持续发展遵循的原则,可持续性旅游的益处,提高道德水准,树立良好形象,带来较高收益,5.实现旅游可持续发展的目标,衡量实现旅游可持续发展目标的指标,6.实现可持续旅游发展的途径,重视科学技术在可持续旅游发展战略中的作用,加强法规建设,积极开展教育和培训，提高公众的环境意识,借助与各种富有哲学思想的旅游方式来加以实现,1,2,3,4,在旅游发展过程中强调各种利益平衡,5,案例分析,大堡礁公园的未来,案例研究,生存还是毁灭,1.概况介绍,大堡礁（GreatBarrierReefQueensland,Australia）是世界上最大最长的珊瑚区，是世界七大自然景观之一，也是澳大大利亚亚人最引以为自豪的天然景观。又称为“透明清澈的海中野生王国”。,地理位置,大堡礁位于澳大利亚的昆土兰州以东，巴布亚湾与南回归线之间的热带海域，太平洋珊瑚海西部，绵延于澳大利亚东北海岸外的大陆架上，北面从托雷斯海峡起，向南直到弗雷泽岛附近，沿澳大利亚东北海岸线绵延2000余千米，东西宽20240千米。大堡礁由三千个不同阶段的珊瑚礁、珊瑚岛、沙洲和泻湖组成，蔚为奇观。这个世界上景色最美、规模最大的珊瑚礁群，总面积达20.7万平方千米（另一资料：总面积达8万平方公里）,水域,大堡礁水域共约有大小岛屿600多个，其中以绿岛、丹客岛、磁石岛、海伦岛、哈米顿岛、琳德曼岛、蜥蜴岛、芬瑟岛等较为有名。大堡礁的一部分岛屿，其实是淹在海中的山脉顶峰。俯瞰大堡礁，犹如在汹涌澎湃的大海上绽放的碧绿的宝石一般。这些各有特色的岛屿现都已开辟为旅游区，每年都会吸引无数的游客。,海域,气候,大堡礁属热带气候，主要受南半球气流控制。由于这里自然条件适宜，无大风大浪，成了多种鱼类的栖息地，而在那里不同的月份还能看到不同的水生珍稀动物，让游客大饱眼福。,居民,除土著人以外，白澳大利亚人也散居在附近岛屿。这里旅游业十分发达，并成为重要的经济来源。从古至今，大堡礁特别是它的北部区域，对居住在西北岸土著人和托雷斯岛屿居民的文化产生了重要的影响，此外，还有供人观赏的石画艺术馆和30多处著名的历史遗址，最早可追溯到1791年。,历史,大堡礁形成于中新世时期，距今已2500万年的历史。它的面积还在不断扩大。它是上次冰河时期后，海面上升到现在位置之后一万年来形成的。大堡礁堪称地球上最美的“装饰品”，像一颗闪着天蓝、靛蓝、蔚蓝和纯白色光芒的明珠，即使在月球上远望也清晰可见。但是，当初首次目睹大堡礁的欧洲人未以丰富的词汇来描述它的美丽，颇令人费解这些欧洲人大部分是海员，可能他们脑子里想的是其他事情而忽略了大自然的美景。,历史,1606年，西班牙人托雷斯在昆士兰北端受到暴风雨袭击，驶过托雷斯海峡（此海峡以他的姓氏命名）到过这里。1770年，英国船“努力”号在礁石和大陆之间搁浅，撞了个大洞，船长库克曾滞留于此。1789年布莱船长率领“邦提”号上忠于他的船员驶过激流翻滚的礁石来到了平静的水面。,“努力”号船上的植物学家班克斯看到大堡礁时惊讶不已。船修好后，他写道：“我们刚刚经过的这片礁石在欧洲和世界其他地方都是从未见过的，但在这儿见到了，这是一堵珊瑚墙，矗立在这深不可测的海洋里。”班克斯看到的大堡礁的“珊瑚墙”，是地球上最大的活珊瑚体。这在世界上是独一无二的。,2009年初，澳大利亚昆士兰旅游局向全球招聘大堡礁“护岛人”，平均每周只需工作12小时，半年薪水15万澳元（约合人民币65万元）,2.世界上最好的工作,世界上最好的工作,美丽的大堡礁,1979年被辟为海洋公园1981年被联合国教科文组织列入世界遗产名录世界水域七大奇观世界十大潜水胜地之一世界上最长最大的活珊瑚礁群有“透明清澈的海中野生王国”之美誉,百变珊瑚,百变珊瑚,海洋生物,海洋生物,3.大堡礁的黑色未来,“珊瑚礁将成为世界上第一个崩溃的生态系统”！,2050年，大堡礁可能消失,倒计时中,“珊瑚礁将成为世界上第一个崩溃的生态系统”！,这张资料照片展示了澳大利亚东北海岸大堡礁一部分被破坏变黑的珊瑚礁。,最乐观的估计，到本世纪中期，大堡礁的珊瑚将只剩不到5。即使未来环境好转，大堡礁也需50至100年才能恢复旧貌。,大堡礁消失原因分析,黑色未来,3,过度捕捞,1,气候变暖,4,径流水质低劣,2,海洋污染,气候变化,Contents01,Contents02,Contents03,Contents04,Contents05,Contents06,0%20%40%60%80%100%,18.5%,17.5%,8.7%,23.6%,63.6%,84.3%,ThemeGalleryisaDesignDigitalContentandsocialpracticesshouldbeenforced,too.Bothgovernmentsandtourismsectorsplayakeyroleonpromotingthesustainabletourism.Publiceducationandcomprehensiveenvironmentalaudits,recyclingandreductionprograms,communityimprovementschemes,andjobopportunitiesthatgiveprioritytolocalresidentsareimportantpracticesthatsecurethesustainabledevelopmentoftourism.Alternativetourismisakindofnewtourismthatisquitedifferentfromtheunsustainablemasstourism.Atpresent,variousformsofnewtourismhasbeenputintopractice,andthenewtravelersmarkethasbecomemorepopularandmoreprofitableintheworld.,ChapterReview,PartIText第一部分课文Exercise1.Fillintheblankswithproperwordstocompletethefollowingstatements.harmony;sustainable;release;mass;eliminate;criteria;beneficial;effectiveAttentionhadntbeenpaidtothisideabeforethe_oftheBrundtlandReportentitledOurCommonFuturein1987,eventhoughthistermwasalreadybeingusedintheearly1980s.(2)Oncesustainabletourismisproperlydefined,weshouldsetupsome_todeterminewhetherthetourismissustainableornot.(3)Consideringthefactthatmasstourismtakesupthemajorityoftheworldstourismmarket,theconnectionbetweensustainabletourismand_tourismisreasonablyamoreimportantissue.,release,criteria,issue,(4)Itisjustifiabletoadopt_practiceswithinthelarge-scale,dominanttourismindustry.(5)Evenifthisisnotthecase,tocapturethishigh-spendingandgrowingmarketisstillmost_totourismbusinesses.(6)Inaddition,ifthecommunityrelationscandeveloppositively,thehostandthetouristwillbeabletolivein_witheachother.(7)Sustainabletourismisa(n)_wayadoptedbytourismsectorsforlong-termbenefits.(8)Thecontinuingandrapidgrowthoftourismhasbroughttoomuchpressureontheworldsresourcesandmakesitnecessarytoadoptsustainabledevelopmentto_thegrowingnegativeimpactontheplanet.,sustainable,beneficial,harmony,effective,eliminate,2.Questionsfordiscussion(参见国家双语示范课程旅游学概论网站：“网络课堂)AccordingtotheBrundtlandReport,whatissustainabledevelopment?,Sustainabledevelopmentisdevelopmentthataimstomeettheneedsofthepresentwhileensuringthatfuturegenerationswillhavetheabilitytomeettheirownneeds.,(2)Whyshouldthetourismindustryfocusonthenewtravelers?,Thetourismindustryhasbeenawareofthesignificanceofthenewtravelerinthetouristmarketandissurethatthenewtravelermarketwillgrowrapidlyduringthenextfewdecadeswhetheritismeasuredbycomparingwithothertouristmarketsornot.Ifsocietyisindeedattachingmuchimportancetoenvironmentalprotectionwhilefurtheringthedevelopment,thenitispossibleforthenewtravelertoemergeasthemostimportanttouristmarketandgraduallyreplacetheconventionalmasstourists.Asaresult,tourismbusinesseswillhavetodevelopalongamoresustainableway;otherwise,theywouldnotsurvive.Evenifthisisnotthecase,tocapturethishigh-spendingandgrowingmarketisstillmostbeneficialtotourismbusinesses.,(3)Whatarethemaincharacteristicsofthenewtravelers?,1.Greenconsumer;2.Sensitivetolocalcultures;3.Consciousofsocialjusticeconcerns;4.Moreindependent-mindedanddiscerning;5.Knowledgeableaboutenvironmentalissues;6.Prefersflexibleandspontaneousitineraries;7.Carefullyassessestourismproductsinadvance;8.Insearchofauthenticandmeaningfulexperiences;9.Wishestohaveapositiveimpactonthedestination;10.Motivatedbyadesireforself-fulfillmentandlearning;11.Searchesforphysicallyandmentallychallengingexperiences.,(4)Whycansustainabletourismmeasuresbebetterimplementedinlargercorporations?,Sustainabletourismmeasurescanbebetterimplementedinlargercorporationsbecauseoftheirsize.Suchbusinessescanraiseenoughfundstosupportthosespecializedjobsworkingatsustainability-relatedissuessuchasenvironmentalofficer,communityrelationsofficer.Theycanalsosupportrelevantstafftraining,publiceducationprogramsandcomprehensiveenvironmentalaudits.Whatsmore,recyclingandreductionprogramscanbecarriedoutefficientlywiththelowestpossiblecostbecauseofthehighlevelsofresourceandenergyconsumption.Atthesametime,theextensivelyintegratedstructuresofthecompanyallowittoorganizeitssustainabilityeffortsinaharmoniouswaythroughitsbroadlinkages.,(5)Whatsustainablepracticeshavebeenadoptedbythetourismindustry?,Sustainablecorporatepracticesinthetourismsectorencompassenvironmental,societalandorganizationalcategories.Wastereductioninvolvingsuchcomponentsasgarbage,sewage,water,packagingandatmosphericemissionsisoneofthecommonenvironmentalpractices.Somewasteproductscanberecycled,suchasmetals,glass,paperandplastics,whileothermaterialscanbere-used,likethealmostunusedbarsofsoapleftinhotelrooms.,Besidesthese,varioustourismcompanieshaveadoptedmanyotherenvironmentalmeasuressuchasapplyingnaturalsubstitutestoreducetheuseofpesticides,theuseof“naturalization”techniquestobeautifycorporategrounds,andtheuseoforganicfoodstuffsandsupportforlocalornationalconservationprograms.Asfarasenergyconservationisconcerned,accommodationscanuseexhaustheatfromitsabsorptionchillertoheattheswimmingpool,etc.Anotherimportantsustainablepracticeissocialpracticesbecausesustainabilitycanbeappliednotonlyinthenaturalenvironmentbutalsoinotheraspects.Manymeasurescanbetakensuchasdonationtolocalcharities,establishmentofscholarshipsandcommunityimprovementschemes,managerialpositionsoftourismsectorsthatgiveprioritytolocalresidents,designsthattakeintoconsiderationtheharmoniousco-existenceofarchitectureandlocalstyles,andpoliciesthatgivespecialconsiderationtolocalsuppliersofgoods.,旅游知识测试正误判断：请在正确的选题上划，错误的选题上划。1.旅游可持续发展系统由旅游经济系统、旅游生态系统、旅游社会文化系统、旅游支持保障系统等具有不同属性的子系统构成，是旅游经济、社会文化、资源环境等因素耦合而成的复杂系统。2.由于旅游产业具有明确的经济属性，而实现社会福利或实际纯收入的最大化是所有经济活动的最高目标，因此旅游可持续发展的中心原则是经济发展的持续性。3.“可持续发展”的核心词是“发展”，而“发展”必须建立在环境、经济和社会三者和谐统一的基础上，只有这样的发展观才是可持续的发展观，这与科学发展观的核心要旨是高度统一的。4.旅游发展要切实满足地方现实的经济发展需要，为旅游者提供高质量的旅游体验，因此地方政府和旅游企业是旅游可持续发展的主体，旅游者不是旅游可持续发展的主要责任人。5.道德伦理原则是可持续发展的重大问题，其中基于对人类自然的道德关怀的环境伦理观和基于生物多样性的公平性是其核心内容之一。道德观念应成为人与自然和谐的指导原则。,PartIVReadingBox第四部分阅读与分析NewTourismTopicdiscussion(参见国家双语示范课程旅游学概论网站：“网络课堂)1.Whatisalternativetourism?,Thealternativetourismwasthoughtofassubstituteformasstourismratherthanothertypesoftourism.Contrarytomasstourism,alternativetourismisusuallyofsmallscaleand“good”.Wecanfindthatattractionsofmasstourismareregardedasbeingartificialandunnaturalwhileattractionsofalternativetourismareauthentic;andthatmasstourismtendstobecontrolledbyoutsideforceswhichmayresultinhighrevenueleakagewhilealternativetourismencourageslocalcontrolandcloseconnectionswithlocalbusinesses.Inessence,tourismactivitiesordevelopmentthatareviewedasnon-traditional.Itisoftendefinedinoppositiontolarge-scalemasstourismtorepresentsmall-scalesustainabletourismdevelopments.Alternativetourismisalsopresentedasanidealtype,thatis,animprovedmodeloftourismdevelopmentthatredressestheillsoftraditional,masstourism.,2.Howcanalternativetourismhelptopromotethedevelopmentofsustainabletourism?,Thedevelopmentofsustainabletourismfocusesonsmall-scaletourismprojectsanddestinations.Small-scaletourismsuchasalternativetourismismorelikelytobringpositiveenvironmental,economicandsocio-culturalimpactswithinadestination.Forexample,wecanfindthatattractionsofalternativetourismareauthenticandthatitencourageslocalcontrolandcloseconnectionswithlocalbusinesses.Moreover,aDATdestinationcanbettermaintainasustainable,lowintensitytourismoptionundertheguidanceandcontrolofspecificpolicies.,3.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenmasstourismandalternativetourismintermsoffood,transportan