写作教程第2版完整u7ppt课件

.,EnglishWritingII,.,Unit7SOCIALPROBLEMS,Unitobjective:causeandeffect,.,PartIICauseandEffect,“CauseandEffect”isregardedasalogicalpatterncommonlyusedinexplanationandargumentation.Cause-effectrelationshipsmaybeshowninvariouswaysinadditiontothesinglecause-effecttype;itismoreoftenthannotpresentedinformsofsinglecausevs.multipleeffects,multiplecausesvs.singleeffect,multiplecausesandeffects,orchainsofcausesandeffects.,.,Thepurposeofcause-and-effectwritingistoprovideabetterpictureofthesituationunderdiscussion,ortodrawenoughattentiontothesignificanceofsomerelatedoriginsandconsequences,andevenpredicteddevelopments.,.,OrganizationalStructure,Studythefollowingtwosamplesandanalyzetheirdifferentstructures.Sample1Questions1.Whatisthetopicoftheparagraph?Thisparagraphisdevelopedaroundtheproblemof“thelackofparking”complainedaboutbyUScityresidents.,.,2.Whataretheorganizationalcharacteristicsoftheparagraph?Theparagraphisorganizedonapatternofsingleeffectandmultiplecauses.Aftertheproblemisclearlypresentedatthebeginning,therestoftheparagraphisdevotedtotheexplorationofitscauses.Altogetherthreemajorcausesarediscussed,fromtheobviousfactoftheabandonedcarstakingupparkingspacestotheunderlyingfinancialheadaches.Inthisway,thewritingshowsalogicalcause-and-effectpattern,whichmightconsequentlyattractmoreconcernoreffortsintheproblemssolution.,.,3.Inwhatkindoforderarethecausespresented?Thethreecausesarepresentedfromthemostdirect/obvioustothemostindirect/obscure.,.,CompletetheoutlineaccordingtotheorganizationofSample1:Causes1.Overamillioncarsareabandonedonthestreets.2.Morecarsareconsequentlybeingproduced.3.Bothcitygovernmentsorgovernmentalagencieshavefinancialheadaches.EffectLackofparkingincities,.,SummarizethepatternoftheparagraphThesampleparagraphpresentstheproblemoflackofparkinginsomeoftheUScitiesbeforeitgoesontoexplorethecausesoftheissue.Thispatternoforganizationissingleeffectvs.multiplecauses.,.,Inthispattern,youmaystatetheissue,i.e.theeffect,rightatthebeginning,andthenguidethereadertotrackdownsomeimportantevidenceforthecauses.Thecausescanbetracedfromthemostsuperficialtothedeepest,fromthemostdirecttothemostindirect,etc.Intheend,itisadvisabletosuggestsomesolutiontotheproblem,sothatthewholewritinghassomesignificance.,.,Sample2Questions1.Whatproblemisaddressedinthisparagraph?Andinhowmanyaspectsisthecauseoreffectexplored?Theproblemaddressedreferstotheissueofterroristattacks.Thisissuehasbroughtaboutatleastthreemajoraspectsofconsequenceoreffect.,.,2.Doesthisparagraphcomestraighttothepointofcauseandeffectabouttheissue?Theparagraphaddressesthecauseratherthaneffectsrightatthebeginning.,.,3.DoesitfollowthesamepatternasSample1?Ifnot,whatarethedifferences?No.Itfollowsapatternofsinglecauseandmultipleeffects.UnlikeSample1inwhicheffectisaddressedfirstandcausesaretracedbackwards,sample2statesbrieflyatthebeginningtheissueofterroristattacksasadirectcause,andthendwellsuponthreemajoreffects,somefactualandsomepredicted.,.,Now,discussingroupstheorganizationoftheparagraphandthenfillintheoutlinebelow.Cause:theterroriststrikesEffects:1.TheAmericansfeelveryanxiousandpanicky.2.Thegovernmenttendstomakepoliticalerrors.3.Thepublicwouldwindupignoringtheonewarningthatreallymatters.,.,SummarizethepatternofthesampleparagraphYoumayhavenoticedthedifferenceinorganizationbetweenSample1andSample2.InSample2thewriterbrieflypresentstheissueofterroristattacksasadirectcause,andthendwellsuponthreemajoreffects,fromthematter-of-facttosomethingpredicted.Thisiscalledthesingle-cause-and-multiple-effectpattern.,.,Asisobserved,thewriterstructureshisparagraphmainlyaroundpointsofeffectsinsteadofcauses,reasoningalongthelogicalsequenceofevents.LikeSample1,transitionsarealsousedheresoastoavoidabruptideadevelopment.,.,Thesingle-cause-and-multiple-effectpatternworksbestwithissuesthatturnouttobefar-reachingorinfluential.Itcanbringintosharpfocustherelationshipbetweencausesandeffectsofanissueunderdiscussion.,.,LinkingDevices,SampleQuestions1.Whattopic/topicsdotheparagraphmainlydealwith?Bothparagraphsdealwiththesametopic:privatetigerkeeping.2.Whichparagraphiseasiertounderstand?ParagraphBiseasiertounderstand.,.,3.Whatmakesthisparticularparagrapheasiertounderstand?Theparagraphcontainscertainwordsandexpressions,whichhelpclarifythecausesandeffectsintheparagraph.4.Whatpatternoforganizationcanbeidentified?Thisparagraphisstructuredonthepatternofmultiplecausesandmultipleeffects,orofchainsofcausesandeffects.,.,NowworkingroupsandpointoutthosewordsandphrasesthatindicateeithercauseoreffectinparagraphB.LinkingPhrasesforCause/EffectJustasisTheresultisthatispreciselywhymaybeamongotherreasons,.,Otherexpressionsindicatingcauseandeffect.Cause/reason,ThankstoToaccount/findsomereasonforToattributeAtoBTobeduetoseveralfactorsTobepartlycausedbyTobepreciselywhy,Why?ForonethingTostemfromthefactthatToviewasaresponsetofactorsweighheavilyforAnotherimportantreasonisThatsthereasonwhy,.,Effect/impact,ItleavessomeseriousconsequencesItmaygiverisetoahostofproblemsTheeffectisevidentTheimmediateresultitproducesisTheinfluencehasnotbeenconfinedtoTheresultisthat,ThereareanumberofeffectsTobringaboutTocauseasweepingchangeToexertaprofoundinfluenceToleadtoToresultin,.,Summarizetheroleoflinkingdevicesincause-and-effectwriting.ParagraphBiseasiertounderstandthanparagraphA.Thoughtheideasinbothparagraphsareexactlythesame,thesecondismoreeffectiveinshiftingbetweencausesandeffectsoftheissues.,.,ThemainreasonisthatparagraphBusessomewordsandphrases(e.g.theresultisthat,justasis