后结构主义与解构主义

POSTSRUCTURALISM AND DECONSTRUCTIONIn the late twentieth century, poststructuralism set the term and agenda formany of the major developments and debates in the field of theory and criticism.(在二十世纪末，后结构主义为许多重大发展和争论在理论和批评领域确立术语和议程。)It played, and continues to play, a significant role in shaping the direction of other schools and movements, particularly feminist criticism, postcolonial theory, cultural studies, film studies, and queer theory.（它在塑造学术学派以及学术运动方面发挥了，并将继续发挥重大作用，特别是女性主义批评，后殖民理论，文化研究，电影研究，酷儿理论等领域。）Originally a vanguard movement of French literary intellectuals and philosophers who came into prominence during 1960s and who were critical of yet indebted to structuralism, it quickly spread to intellectuals around the globe.（它最初是由60年代占主导地位的批判但却继承了结构主义的法国文学中的知识分子和哲学家发起的先锋运动，后来迅速蔓延至全球各地的知识分子。）By the close of the twentieth century, poststructuralism had become the leading edge of postmodernism and was often labeled “postmodern theory.”（到二十个世纪末，后结构主义已经成为后现代主义的前沿，经常被冠以“后现代理论”的称号。）We have already touched on some of the main features of.(我们已经接触到了后结构主义一些主要特征。)They include the problematizing of linguistic feferentiality, an emphasis on heteroglossia, the decentering of the subject, the rejection of “reason” a universal or foundational, the criticism of humanism, and a stress on difference.(它们包括语言参考性的问题化，强调异质语，主题的偏离，拒绝“理性”作为普遍或基础，对人文主义的批评，并强调差异。)Poststructuralist accounts of literature often derive from deconstructive theory, eapecially its three interconnected concepts of textuality (or floating signifiers), rhetoricity, and intertextuality.（后结构主义的文学往往来自解构理论，尤其是三个相互关联的概念的文本（或浮者），修辞性，和互文性。）Because the signifier (word) is disconnected from the signified (concept) and the referent (thing), language floats of slides in relation to reality, a condition made more severe with the additional sliding introduced by figurative language, such as metaphors and metonymies.(因为意符（文字）与标志（概念）和所指（事物）之间的是断开的，此处*，形象化的语言（如隐喻和转喻）情况会更加严重。)因为能指是从所指与指示事物中分离出来的。语言的变动与现实有关，而修辞性的语言又加剧了这种变动（如隐喻和转喻）Such rhetoricity adds layers of substitutions and supplements (more differences) to floating signifiers.(这种修辞性增加替代和补充（更大的差异）浮动指针。)这种修辞性把替代和补充（更大的差异）的层次增加到了漂浮的能指上。Textuality and rhetoricity are conditioned by a third sliding or differential element, intertxuality-a texts dependence on prior words, concepts, connotations, codes, conventions, unconscious practices, and texts.(文本性与修辞性条件另一个浮动的或者不同的基础为条件事实上受到了第三种变化的特殊因素的影响,也即互文性-一个文本对于现有的词汇，概念，内涵，守则，公约，无意识的做法，和文本等的依赖。)Every text is an intertext that borrows, knowingly or not, from the immense archive of previous culture.（每一个文本的互文借用有意或无意借用以往文化巨大的档案。不管你知道与否，每一个文本都是一个互文，都从早先已经取得巨大成就的文化中汲取了营养。）The term (inter)textuality, with the parentheses, captures the sense of textuality as being conditioned by this inescapable historical intertext.（这种（互文）文本性，用括号，就抓住了互文性不可避免的以历史互文为条件的性质。要理解文本性这以术语就不可避免的要涉及历史的互文）The technical term dissemination is commonly employed to name the deconstructive concept of textual meaning; rather than being simply ambiguous or paradoxical, as in earlier New Criticism, meaning here is sliding, abyssal, undecidable.(这种术语传播通常被用来命名文本意义解构概念；而不简单地是含糊的或矛盾的。在早期新批评，意义在这是浮动的，不可捉摸的，无法判定的。)The linguistic, rhetorical, and intertextual properties of language undermine or deconstruct stable meaning.（语言的语言性，修辞性，和互文性逐渐削弱或解构（文本）稳定的意义。）Poststructuralist theories of language, whether they focus on floating signifiners, rhetoicity, intertexuality, dissemination, or elsewhere, bring traditional mimetic, expressive, didcactic, and formalist theories into crisis but do not invandate their claims.（后结构主义语言理论，无论是否侧重于浮动指针关注变动的能指，修辞，互文，传播或其他什么，都使传统的模拟、表达、说教和形式主义理论陷入危机，但并不invandate他们的主张。没有使他们的主张失去价值）This “undecidability”, a hallmark of Iacques Derrias and Paul de Mans deconstruction, galvanizes opponents-particularly when joined to the related poststructuralist claim of the “death of the anthor,” which disconnects the text from any sure grounding in authorial intention or psychology.（这种“不确定性”是Iacques Derria和Paul de Man的解构的标志，这刺激了它的对手-尤其是提及到相关的后结构主义中关于“作者死亡”的主张，这种主张断开了文本和任何确定的作者意图或心理之间的联系。）Deconstructive concepts of reading as both misreading and misprision, discussed earlier, do not signal an end to textual interpretation but change its grounds, The redoubled reading typical of much deconstruction rests on claims of interest and insight, not of validity or truth.（解构阅读概念像前面所讨论的误读和玩忽职守一样，不意味着对于文本解释的完成仅仅改变了文本的根基。这种以解构为典型的加倍阅读取决于兴趣和见解，而不是有效性或正确性。）A reading of interpretation of a text does not prove but persuades: it is more or less compelling, productive, original, or useful.（对于文本解释性的阅读并不旨在证明而是力图说服（人们）：它够不够令人信服，够不够多产，够不够原初，够不够有用。）This pragmatic set of criteria links deconstruction with contemporary U.S. neopramatism, an influential philosophy that insists on the contingency of all human arrangements and concepts.（这种务实的一套标准将解构与当代美国实用主义相联系。这是一个有影响力的哲学（学派），它坚持应急人类所有的安排和概念的应急性的观点。）Deconstruction originated in the name of a special difference (法语),stemming from both structural linguistics and phenomenological philosophy.（解构（的概念）起源于一个特殊的差异的名称，这个名称根源于结构语言学与现象学哲学。）It denotes the structure of differences that defines both the sliding (differential) operation of the signifier-signified complex and, more abstractly, the existence of entities that are already differentiated and divided because they necessarily exist in space and in time.（它指的是差异的结构，定义滑动（微分）经营的signifier-signified复杂，更抽象，存在的实体，已经分化和分因为他们必然存在空间和时间。）它表示结构的差异可以规定所指复杂性的滑动操作以及更加抽象意义上的被时间和空间分化了的必然存在的实体。Each bluebird is singular.（每一只蓝鸟都是唯一的。）Leftist-oriented poststructuralism extends these concepts of ontological difference and differential meaning to include sociopolitical differences in class, gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, and nationality.（左倾的后结构主义把这些关于存在论差异与不同的含义的概念延伸到包括社会政治分歧，性别，性，种族，民族，国籍等领域。）There is no more vexed term in contemporary poststructuralist theory than difference.（没有什么比差异更让人烦恼的当代后结构主义理论了。）Deconstruction is not just a school and branch of poststructuralism but also an analytic procedure developed by Derrida, a historian of philosophy, that quickly became a methodological instrument widely used by literary and cultural theorists and critics.（解构不仅是后结构主义的一个学派或分支，也是由哲学史家Derrida开发的一个分析程序，并迅速成为文学理论家和文化批评家广泛使用的一个方法论工具。）“A deconstruction” involves inversion and reinscription of a traditional philosophical opposition.（“解构”涉及了对传统哲学对立的反演和重塑。）First, one locates in a chosen text a significant conceptual opposition (for example nature/culture, purity/contamination, animality/ humanity, or male/female) at a moment of maximum instability.（首先，在一个最大的不稳定的时刻，读者在一个选定的文本中定位一个有意义的对立的概念（例如自然/文明、纯净/污染，动物性/人性，或男性/女性）To invert the binary pair, one shows how the belated second term is actually indispensable and constitutively prior to the primary term.（颠倒这样一组对立，读者发现后面的术语实际上是不可或缺的，并且也是先于前一个术语构成的。）For instance, it is from the vantage point of culture that nature is named and defined; similarly, the idea of purity depends on the prior possibility of contamination.(例如，自然是从文明的有利方面来命名和定义的；同样的，纯洁的概念取决于现有污染的可能性。)Second, to reinscribe the terms of the opposition, one must destabilize and transform-deconstruct-the usual understanding of the concepts, especially their temporal and hierarchical relations.（其次，要再造反对的术语，一个人必须破坏和改造解构通常理解的概念，特别是它们的时间和层次关系。）Thus Derrida famously deconstructed the speech/writing opposition by showing how writing precedes speech; characteristically, he reinscribes the concept of writing to mean any and all forms of inscription in any medium; in doing so, he undercuts the privileging of speech as face-to face spontaneous utterance.（因此，Derrida通过展示写作如何先于讲演对讲演以及写作的对立进行了著名地解构。具有典型性的是他重构了创作的理念任何所有形式的铭文在任何媒介他重构了用写作的概念来表示任何（事物）以及（出现在）任何媒介中的各种各样的标题；在这样做时，他削弱享有特权的讲话作为面授的自发话语。）Certain branches and strands of poststructuralism focus on desire, the body, and subjectivity rather than on textuality, rhetoricity and deconstruction.（某些后结构主义的分支关注欲望，身体和主观而非文本性，修辞性和解构。）Two cases mentioned earlier (in the discussion of psychoanalytic criticism) are the theories of (法语) and anti-Oedipus.（前面提到的两个例子（讨论精神分析批评理论）是女权文学和反俄狄浦斯的理论。）In this structuralism intersect-the problems of subject formation, gender identity, and political resistance link poststructuralism not only with cultural studies and feminist theory but also with postcolonial criticism, queer theory, and related movements and schools.(在这种结构主义相交领域-学科形成的问题，性别认同，以及政治的阻力不仅将后结构主义与文化研究，女性主义理论也与后殖民批评，酷儿理论，以及相关的运动和学派相联系。)By comparison, the deconstructive strands of poststructuralism concerned with the rhetoricity and