四级作文-四大类型PPT课件

,四级作文,.,2,四级写作简介,1.四级考试写作的评分原则,1作文采用总体评分法（GlobalScoring），就总的印象给出奖励分（RewardScores），而不是按语言点错误数目扣分。2从内容和语言两方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应该表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。既要考虑作文是否切题，是否用英语清楚而明确地表达了主题思想，也要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。3.避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分，该给低分的给低分，包括0分，一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。,.,3,2、写作评分标准写作满分=奖励分+基本分奖励分：字迹，卷面，闪光点基本分：语言，结构，内容写作分数档次：0,2,5,7,11,14,.,4,具体评分标准如下,0分白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而思想无法表达。2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多为严重错误。5分基本切题。表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。7分基本切题。表达思想比较清楚，文章尚连贯，但语言错误比较多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分切题。表达思想清楚，内容丰富，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误。另外，字数不足，也酌情扣分，如累计字数为110119扣1分，100109扣2分，9099扣3分，7079扣5分，5059扣7分，少于49扣9分。累计字数不包括题目中给出的主题句、起始句和结尾句中的字数。如果字数不少，但段落数不够，也酌情扣分。比如在要求写三段的作文中只写了一段，只能得04分；只写两段，只能得09分。,.,5,1、结构三大段：引出话题topic分析话题analysis总结话题conclusion,.,6,1、结构段落结构层次清晰：Firstly,secondly,finallyTobeginwith,inaddition,lastbutnotleastForonething,foranother,.,7,2、内容主题段落论证：议论文：各方观点说明文：前因后果记叙文：举例论证,.,8,3、语言准确是第一要务E.g.错误表达“Iisstudents.”出彩是锦上添花语言句型多样化语言：think,inmyopinion,asfarasIcansee句型：倒装句，从句,.,9,考试题型,议论文（Argument）,书信类(Letter),看图说话（Picture）,图表类（Chart）,.,10,议论文（Argument）,话题：1）校园生活类话题：E.g2009.12：CreatingaGreenCampus2）社会热点类话题：E.g2010.12:HowShouldParentsHelpChildrentoBeIndependent?,.,11,如何写好一篇议论文？AGoodOutline,GeneralOutlineofArguments1.一篇议论文基本可以分为3大部分1).引入话题（通过一个日常现象，最好不要照抄题目，可以进行同义词替换）2).议论部分（阐述不同的论点，注意题目中给出的中文提纲）3).总结（再次点题；再次强调自己的立场）2.段落数：2+N一般为4段,.,12,例题,Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicIsATestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?Youshouldwriteatleast100words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:1很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是2也有人持不同意见，3我的看法和打算,.,13,如何引入？一个现象,IsATestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?,WiththedevelopmentofEnglisheducationinChina,nowadays,manyattentionshavebeenpaidtospokenEnglishskills.Thequestion,whetherstudentscanactuallyuseEnglishasacommunicationtoolafteryearsofstudy,hascausedhotdebate.Asaresult,testofspokenEnglishisbecomingincreasinglycommoninEnglisheducation.Butdoesitreallynecessarytosetsuchatest?,.,14,如何议论？根据提纲，各个击破,1很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是2也有人持不同意见，3我的看法和打算(结论),议论段落基本结构：TopicSentences+SupportiveDetails/Examples,.,15,如何结尾？你的看法和打算,我的看法和打算(结论),基本结构：Yourthought+Themeaningofyourchoice例：我认为应该举办英语口试+这么做的意义何在,Inmyopinion,atestofspokenEnglishwilldomoregoodthanharm.SinceChinawillcontinueitspolicyofopeningandreform,theabilitytospeakEnglishfluentlyisamustforanyonewhowantstosurpassothersinahighlycompetitivesociety.WhetherItakethetestornot,IshallsparenoeffortstopracticeoralEnglishintheremainingyearsofmycollegestudy.,.,16,模板1,PeopleholddifferentviewsaboutX./_or_,whichisbetter?Differentpeoplehavediverseopinionsuponthisquestion(issue)./Peoplesopinionsaredivideduponthisissue.Somepeoplethink(believe,argue,recognize,)that观点1.Butotherpeopletakeanoppositeside.Theyfirmlybelievethat观点2.Asforme,Iagreetotheformer/latteridea.Thereareadozenofreasonsbehindmybelief.Firstofall,论据1.Moreimportantly,论据2.Mostimportantofall,论据3.Insummary,总结观点.Asacollegestudent,Iamsupposedto表决心.,.,17,模板2（3段论）,ThereisnoconsensusofopinionsamongpeopleaboutX（争论的焦点）.Somepeopleareoftheviewthat观点1,whileotherstakeanoppositeside,firmlybelievingthat观点2.AsfarasIamconcerned,theformer/latternotionispreferableinmanysenses.Thereasonsareobvious.Firstofall,论据1.Furthermore,论据2.Amongallofthesupportingevidences,oneisthestrongest.Thatis,论据3.Fromtheabovediscussion,wecancometotheconclusionthat总结观点.(可加谚语做结尾),.,18,高分策略：注重结构的逻辑性,关联词：一.Addition此外inaddition,and，similarly，besides，furthermore，also，moreover，notonly.but，二.Sequence顺序Inthefirstplace,initially，tobeginwith，inthesecondplace,moreoverinthethirdplace,atlast,finally三.Consequence结果asaresult,thus，therefore，consequently，itfollowsthat，thereby，eventually，tothatcase，admittedly,.,19,高分策略：注重结构的逻辑性,四.Contrast对比(转折)however,ontheotherhand，despite，inspiteof,though，although，but，onthecontrary，otherwise,yet，insteadof，rather,whereas，nonethelesscomparedwith，incontrast五.Certainty确定obviously,certainly，plainly，ofcourse，undoubtedly六.Condition条件if,unless，whether，providedthat，sothat，whether，dependingon，Incasethat,.,20,高分策略：注重结构的逻辑性,七.Summary总结inconclusion,insummary，tosumup，toconclude，inshort，allinall八.Example举例forexample，forinstance，justas，inparticular，suchas，namely九.Reason原因since，as,so,because(of)，dueto，owingto，thereasonwhy，inotherwords,leadsto，cause,.,21,图表类（Chart）,解题思路：1）审题：认真阅读写作提示2）作文提纲：第一段：转述文章题目，仔细描述图表内容，并阐述数据显示出的问题/现象/趋势第二段：分析这种问题/现象/趋势出现的原因第三段：做出评价，这种问题/现象/趋势可能引发的结果与对策。,.,22,例题,Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestostartashortessayentitledTheReductionofStudentsExtracurricularActivitiesbasedonthestatisticsprovidedinthechartbelow(weeklyhours).Pleasegiveabriefdescriptionofthechartfirstandthenmakeyourcommentsonit.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.,hours,year,.,23,Accordingtothefiguresshowninthegraph,wecanseethatgreatchangeshavetakenplaceintheextracurricularactivitieshoursamongstudentintheuniversity.Thehoursstudentsspentonextracurricularactivitiesperweekhasbeendecreasingatasteadyratefromtheyearof2002to2012.Thisdecreaseprovesthatstudentsarefarawayfromtheextracurricularactivities.,第一段：描述图表内容：数据显示学生课外活动时间越来越少。,.,24,第二段：分析这种现象出现的原因。Toaccountforthisphenomenon,peoplehavecomeupwithvariousreasons.Inthefirstplace,nowstudentsspendmuchmoretimeoncomputergames.Sotheycanthaveenoughtimetotakeregularphysicalexercises.Inthesecondplace,theuniversitiesdontpayasmuchattentionontheextracurricularactivitiesasonthestudentsstudy.,.,25,第三段：做出评价：这种现象会引发健康问题，并给出对策。Whateverthereasonis,thistrendwilldefinitelycausesomehealthproblemsinthestudents.soinordertoavoidsuchproblemsstudentsmustkeepinmindthattheyshouldtakemoreextracurricularactivitiesandhaveaproperattitudetowardit.,.,26,图表题,常用单词，结构及句型：单词：上升increaserisesoargoupward下降decreasereducegodownwarddeclinedrop,.,27,图表题,占%：accountfor例：目前养狗的人数占这个小区总人数的30%。这个数字在两年后还要翻倍。Thenumberofpeopleraisingdogstodayaccountsforthirtypercentofallthepeopleinthedistrict.Intwoyearsthisamountisexpectedtodouble.,.,28,图表题,句型：ItisobviousinthepicturethatThepictureindicates/makesitclearthatAs(canbe)seenfromthe.,Asisshowninthepicture,.,.,29,描写图片或数据的常用句型,1.In1990,itincreased/decreasedfrom.to.2.Bycomparisonwith1998,itdecreased/increasedby3.Thefigurehasnearlydoubled,comparedwiththatoflastyear.,.,30,描写图片或数据的常用句型,4.Ithasincreased/decreasedalmost倍数,comparedwith.5.Thenumberis倍数asmuchasthatof1990.6.Ittakesup.percentofthetotal.7.Thenumberwasmore/lessthan.,ahalf/third/quarterofthe1990total.,.,31,看图说话(Picture),解题思路：1.仔细阅读题干，确定写作主题2.简要描述漫画（who,what,when,where）3.揭示主题（观点）并加以解释和说明论证；揭示现象(问题)并阐述现象（问题）产生的原因4.给出自己的看法：(a)提出建议，重申观点(b)对如何解决漫画中所反映的问题提出合理建议或总结观点。,.,32,Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessay.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefdescriptionofthepictureandthenexpressyourviewsontheimportanceofdoingsmallthingsbeforeundertakingsomethingbig.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.,看图作文2013.06真题,.,33,.,34,看图作文的解题思路应用,1.审题（认真阅读写作提示）：漫画信息“expressyourviewsontheimportanceofdoingsmallthingsbeforeundertakingsomethingbig”,确定写作主题：做任何大事前都应该从小事做起（一屋不扫，何以扫天下。）,.,35,作文提纲（结构）,第一段：简要描写图画内容（who,what,when,where）:父子之间的对话，儿子关注核废料处理（disposalofnuclearwastes）,父亲认为要从小事做起（emptythedustbinfirst）；,.,36,DoingBigThingsStartsfromDoingSmallOnes,Asisvividlyrevealedinthepictureabove,theboyexpresseshisworriesaboutthedisposalofnuclearwastes,whilethefathertellshimtoemptythedustbinintheroomfirst.ThepictureremindsusofanoldChinesesayingIfyoudontliketodotrivialthingslikecleaningyourroom,itsimpossibleforyoutoundertakeanyimportanttask.,.,37,作文提纲（结构）,第二段：解释图画深刻含义（揭示主题）并加以解释和说明论证。努力做好小事可以培养做大事所需要的优良品质（developgoodqualitiesneededundertakingimportanttasks）;,.,38,Undoubtedly,thesymbolicmeaningsubtlyconveyedinthepictureshouldbethatitisvitalandnecessarytodealwithtrivialthings.Doingsmallthingswellmayhelpusdevelopthegoodqualitiesneededinundertakingimportanttasks,whichlaysasolidfoundationforourfuturedevelopment.Smallthingswouldoftenmakethedifferencebetweensuccessandfailure.Wesurelyknowthatthewantofahorseshoenailmaycauseakingdomtobelost.Therefore,whenitcomestothekeytosuccess,themostimportantthingliesindoingeverytrivialthingwell.,解释图画深刻含义（揭示主题）并加以解释和说明论证,.,39,作文提纲（结构）,第三段：给出自己的看法（总结全文，强调正确的做法）。实现做大事的目标，不仅需要有雄心壮志（thegreatambition）,还需要有从小事踏踏实实做起的实践精神（thepracticalspirit）.,.,40,给出自己的看法（总结全文，强调正确的做法）,Inoneword,toachievegoalsneedsnotmerelythegreatambition,butthepracticalspiritofdealingwithtrivialthings.Onlyinthiswaycanwemakethehighesteminence.,.,41,awareness:漫画是新的，但阐述的道理或反映的问题应是熟悉的。2.preparation看看别人是怎么评价社会问题的。3.practice熟能生巧；记住一些常用的句型和短语，然后才能创新。4.learning多看英文范文；参考小学生看图作文也行。5.ease相信自己；相信常识；无须紧张和过度解读。,看图作文的应试策略,.,42,书信(Letter),收信人姓名和地址（给熟人可省）姓名前要加称号对已婚男子用什么？未婚呢？对已婚女子用什么？未婚呢？不知结婚没结婚呢?对教授Professor对博士Doctor(简写是什么)称呼：DearXXX，是不是什么情况下都可以用dear来称呼？Dearguy/madam？,.,43,1）称呼：（1）写给机构：A.不认识负责人：DearSirorMadam,DearSir/Madam,Towhomitmayconcern,B.认识负责人：DearMr./Ms.President/Professor/Manager/Editor(Michael)Wang,（2）写给个人：A.关系不亲密：DearMr./Ms.President/Professor/Manager/Editor(Michael)Wang,B.关系亲密：DearMichael,.,44,正文开头句：请求某事：Iama/anfreshman/sophomore/junior/senior/undergraduate/graduatefromtheSchoolofBusinessinAnkangUniversity.Iboldlywritethisletterto.告知/反映某事：Iamwritingtheletterinthepurposeofexpressingdissatisfaction/disappointment/concernregarding/concerningtheserviceofourcanteen.,.,45,尾段写法：1）表示感谢：（1）Mythankstoyou.yourgeneroushelparebeyondwords.（2）Wordscannotexpressmysinceregratitudetoyou.（3）Itakethisopportunitytoshowmyheartistappreciationforthekindassistanceyourenderedme.2）期待回信：（1）Iamlookingforwardtoyourreply/hearingfromyousoon.（2）Ilookforwardtoafavorablereplyatyourearliestconvenience.（3）Yourpromptattentiontomyinquirywouldbehighlyappreciated.,.,46,信件写作框架称谓，开头段：表明身份+写作目的中间段：总分结构，分层描述结尾段：表示感谢+期待回信+保持联系礼貌语，署名,.,47,1、结构三大段：引出话题topictopic写作目的分析话题analysisanalysis写信理由总结话题conclusionconclusion总结目的,.,48,一、四级写作题目预览,Directions:forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealettertoexpressyourthankstooneofyourfriendswhohelpedyoumostwhenyouwereindifficulty.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.,.,49,感谢信格式模板：Dear_:Iamwritingtoextendmysinceregratitudefor_（感谢的原因）。Ifithadnotbeenforyourassistancein_（对方给你的具体帮助），IfearthatIwouldhavebeen_.（没有对方帮助的后果）Noonewoulddisagreethatitwasyouwho_.（给出细节）,.,50,Again,Iwouldliketoexpressmywarmthankstoyou!Pleaseacceptmygratitude.Bestwishes.Yourssincerely,LiMing,.,51,DearWalt,Iamwritingtoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudeforyourhelp.Iamreferringtothatunfortunateaccidenttheotherday,whenIwasknockedoffmybikebyataxi.Mostimportantly,ifithadnotbeenforyourtimelyassistanceingivingmefirstaid,Ifearthattheconsequencesmighthavebeenmuchserious.Everyoneagreesthatitwasyourquick-wittedresponseinthatemergencythathasledtothissatisfactoryoutcome.Althoughnowadayspeopleinmountingnumberstalkabouttheneedtobeunselfish,weseeveryfewpeoplepracticewhattheypreach.Ifthereweremorepeoplelikeyou,thisworldwouldbeamuchnicerplace.Mythankstoyouforthehelpyourendermearebeyondwords.Yoursfaithfully,XXXX,.,52,DearTom,IamwritingtoextendmysinceregratitudeforyourgreathelpwhenIfailedthatvitalEnglishinterview.Ifithadnotbeenforyourassistanceingivingmethosebrilliantsuggestionsandwarmencouragement,IfearthatIwouldhavelostmyway.Noonewoulddisagreethatitwasyouwhostayedwithmeandpulledmethroughthehardtime.Firstandforemost,youtoldmeitisthepriorityformetocalmdown.Thisisduetothefactthattheabilitytostaysoberandpositivemademecomeupwithquiteafewideastocopewiththeconsequencethatfailuretriggered.Furthermore,youmademelearntoanalyzemylackofinterviewskillsandfindsolutions.Plentyofevidencehasshownthatthisworkplayedanindispensableroleinmysuccessthenextyear.Lastbutnottheleast,youhelpedtobuildmyconfidence.,.,53,Again,Iwouldliketoexpressmywarmthankstoyou!Pleaseacceptmygratitude.Bestwishes.Yourssincerely,LiMing,.,54,2015年12月真题作文,第一篇：Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingonthesaying“Nevergoouttheretoseewhathappens,goouttheretomakesomethinghappen”.Youcanciteexamplestoillustratetheimportanceofbeingcreativeratherthanmereonlookersinlife.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,nomorethan180words.,.,55,参考范文,Thereisasayingwhichgoesthat“Nevergoouttheretoseewhathappens,goouttheretomakethingshappen.”Thosewhodidsomethinggreatandgodowninhistory,ancientandmodern,Chineseandforeign,arealldoersratherthanonlookers.AtellingexampleisThomasEdison.Withouthiscontinuousexperiments,hewouldnothaveinventedsomanydevicesthathavegreatlyinfluencedpeopleslifearoundtheworld,includingthephonograph,themotionpicturecamera,andofcourse,thelong-lasting,practicalelectriclightbulb.,.,56,However,nowadaysitiscommontoseepeoplejuststandasideandkeepcomplainingbuthereluctanttoparticipate.Intermsofenvironmentalprotection,forinstance,manypeoplelivinginbigcitiescomplainthatthefrequentheavyhazepollutionmessesthemup.Buttheystilldrivetheirprivatecarstodestinationsrathertakingpublictransportation.Anothercaseisthatsomepeopleadmireothersfirmabdominalmusclesbutrefusetotakeregularexercises.Inaword,ifwedonttakeaction,nothingwillhappen.Soletsjustgoouttheretomakethingshappennow.,.,57,第二篇：Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingonthesaying“Learningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission.”Youcanciteexamplestoillustratetheimportanceoflifelonglearning.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.,.,58,参考范文,Itstruethatlearningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission,whichplaysavitalroleinourlife.Ontheonehand,lifelonglearningenablesustomasterdifferentkindsofknowledgeandskillsweneedatdifferentlifestages.Atschool,weneedtolearnhowtoreadandwritesoastoprepareourselvesforfuturecareers.Whenweentertheworkplace,wearesupposedtolearntoadaptourselvestothenewenvironmentandputwhatwehavelearnedintopractice.Afterretirement,wehavetolearnsomethingnewtoenrichourretirementlife.,.,59,Ontheotherhand,aswearealllivingintheeraofinformationexplosion,whereknowledgeandtechnologyupgradedaybyday,noonecanfollowthepaceofsocietyifheorsherefusestokeeplearning.Wemustupdateourknowledgeandskillsconstantlyinordertomeettheincreasinglyfiercecompetitionthatwemayencounter.Inaword,thereisnodenyingthatlifelonglearningisinevitableandessential.Onlythroughlifelonglearningcanweavoidgettingleftbehind.,.,60,第三篇：Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingonthesaying“Listeningismoreimportantthantalking.”Youcanciteexamplestoillustratetheimportanceoflistening.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.,.,61,参考范文,Peopletendtobegoodtalkersinsteadofgoodlisteners.Theyarewillingtotellotherswhattheyfeelorwhattheywantbutoftenhavenopatienceorarereluctanttolistentowhatotherssay.Thatsbadforcommunication.Ifonewantstobeagoodcommunicator,hehastobearinmindthatlisteningismoreimportantthantalking.Itislisteninginsteadoftalkingthatoffersusabetterchancetounderstandothers.,.,62,Bylisteningattentivelytowhatotherssay,wearemorelikelytoknowtheirrealthoughtsandofferthemconstructiveadvice,thusestablishedasoundinterpersonalrelationshipwiththem.Butifweonlytalkaboutourselvestoothersandignoretheirfeelings,theconversationmightbeanightmareforthemandwewouldbynomeansknowwhattheyarethinkingabout.Toconclude,listeningplaysamoreimportantrolethantalkingwhenitcomestoeffectivecommunication.,.,63,模拟试题一,Thepicturedepictsayoungmansittinginfrontofacomputerandtypingsomethingwithhisgrandfatherstandingbehind.Thecaptionbelowsays,“Whenyouwriteyourautobiographyinoldage,youllseewhereyouhavebeen,butwhenyouwriteyourautobiographyatayoungage,youllseewhereyouregoing.”Itrevealsprofoundlythatyoungpeopleshouldshapetheirownfutureandmaketheirownlifeplans.,.,64,Firstly,planningyourlifehelpsyousetupspecificlifegoalsandfollowthroughonyourgoals.Whenyouhavespecificlifegoals,youaremorelikelytobeself-motivated.Secondly,lifeplanninghelpsyouhaveafullunderstandingofyourdeficienciesandmakepromptadjustments.Ifyoufailsomeofyourlifegoals,youcanre-examineyourgoalsanddecidewhethertomakeeffortstofulfillthosegoalsorchangesomeofyourgoals.Lastbutnotleast,youcanmeetmanynewopportunitiesaftersomeofyourlifeplanscometrue,becausesuccessbreedsmoresuccessandopportunitiesbringinmoreopportunities.Tosumup,lifeplanningisvitalforyoungpeopletomakelifebetter.,.,65,模拟试题二,TheimpactoftheInternetonpeoplesreadinghabitsisvividlyrevealedinthepictureabove:ayoungwomansaystoayoungman,“Itsapitythatfewstudentsnowadaysarekeenonreadingclassics.ImgoingtorewriteHamletwithin140words.”ThisobviouslyimpliesthatstudentstodaynolongerpayattentiontodeepreadingbecauseoftheinfluenceoftheInternet.,.,66,Deepreadingis,however,ofgreatimportancetous.Tobeginwith,readingagreatliteraryworkislikelivingalifeliketheherointhebook.Themoreexperienceswegain,themoreknowledgeableweare.Inaddition,havingadeepreadingallowsustoconceivedifferentwaysofthinking,whichmaybehelpfulincreatingabrainstorm.Lastbutnotleast,adeepreadingisatourofourheart,andthemovingscenesshownintheclassicsarehelpfultosublimateourspirit.Inconclusion,deepreadingisimportanttoourlife.Asstudents,weshouldabandonthefloodofshortmessagesandreadmoreclassics.,.,67,Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessay.Supposeyouhavetwooptionsupongraduation:oneistotakeajobinacompanyandtheothertogotoagraduateschool.Youaretomakeachoicebetweenthetwo.Writeanessaytoexplainthereasonsforyourchoice.