土壤学课程绪论

土壤学SoilScience,主讲：胡红青博士教授Tel:87280657(h),62058679(omobile)E-mail:hqhu,教材与参考资料,黄昌勇.土壤学,中国农业出版社李天杰等,土壤地理学(第3版),高等教育出版社土壤学报、植物营养与肥料学报、生态学报、环境科学学报Pedosphere、SSSAJ、EJSS网站：;,课程概述,学时:64(理论)+16(实验)学分:3.5考核办法:平时成绩(20%)作业,实验,综合期中成绩(20%)期末成绩(60%),绪论,INTRODUCTION,土壤的重要性土壤的概念及土壤学的发展概况土壤学的研究内容和方法,本章提纲,第一节土壤的重要性,如果没有土，世界将会怎么样？如果没有土，明天将会怎么样？,Whatsthesoil?!,你想过www吗？whatisthissoil?www:whereisthissoil?whyisthissoil?Soilscienetellyou3w!,人,SOIL,SearchOurInterestingLife,天人合一,第1节土壤在农业和环境中的重要性,1.土壤是复杂的生物地球化学物质,StructuralBiologicalPropertiesDynamicEcologicalSystems,SoilColorOriginatesfromtheMolecularFramework,养分库(NutrientPool)GoTransformation(转移)andCycling(循环)ofNutrientsRetention(保持)andProviding(供应)WaterMechanicSupport(机械支撑)forPlantsBuffering(缓冲)toEnvironmentalChangesGo,全球氮磷营养贮备和分布,返回,Fertilizer,H2O,RetentionwithinSoils,Nitrogen,Phosphorus,Potassium.,*Soilsactasastoragebankforplantnutrients*retainwater*filter(过滤)contaminants,土壤是地球圈的组分ConnectionofInorganicandOrganicWorld,1,2,3,4,Atmosphere,Biosphere,Lithosphere,Hydrosphere,LifeSciences,EarthSciences,Pedosphere,1-SoilAir2-OrganicMatter3-MineralMatter4-SoilWater,Atmosphere(大气圈),Pedosphere(土壤圈),Lithosphere(岩石圈),Hydrosphere(水圈),Biosphere(生物圈),SoilAir,SoilWater,SoilMineral,SoilNutrients,H2O,Organics,3.土壤是生态系统的组分,Roots-MineralParticlesRootsExude(分泌)MaterialsDeadPlantsTransformationofNutrientsControlCompositionofAir,Soilisalivingentitythatiscontinuallyundergoingdevelopment;dirtisstagnantremnantsoforganicandmineralmatter,SoilEcosystem,土壤在陆地生态系统中的作用Maintainbiologicactivity,diversity(多样性)andproductivity;Adjustwaterbodyandsolutesflow;Filter(过滤),buffer(缓冲),decompose(分解),fix,de-toxicity(脱毒)toorganicandinorganicpollutants;Storeandcyclingnutrients,otherelementsinbiosphereandterrestrialsurfaces.,4.土壤是最宝贵的资源,Finitude(有限)inQuantityGoVariationforSoilQualityImmobility(固定)toSpaceDistributionGo,中国土壤资源现状,返回,第2节.土壤与土壤学,SoilSciencePedology(发生土壤学),Edaphology(农业土壤学),andEnvironmentalSoilScience,ISSS:InternationalSocietyofSoilScienceIUSS:InternationalUnionofSoilSciences,对土壤的认识,生态学Ahorizonoftheearthssurface环境科学Bufferingandfiltering工程Foundationforroads,houses,dams;Basesforcables;Sourceofmaterials农学Plantgrowth,therefore,Soilfertilityandsustainability,PerceptionsofSoil,Agriculture,Environment,Science,WhatDefinesaSoil?,Thedifferencebetween“Soil”and“Dirt”?,“dynamicnaturalbodieshavingpropertiesderivedfromthecombinedeffectsofclimate(气候)andbiotic(生物)activities,asmodifiedbytopography(地形),actingonparentmaterial(母质)overperiodsoftime(时间)”,CLORPT,Soils,IndependentFormationProcessesThreeDimensions,1meter,1meter,1.5meters,Solum,ParentMaterial,NotSoil,SoilProfile(剖面)Development,containscharacteristiclayerscalledhorizons,Bedrock,SoilHorizons(土层),A,A/B,B,C,1.5meters,Solum,ParentMaterial,NotSoil,SoilConstituents(土壤组成),Minerals,OrganicMatter,Air,Water,H2OIonsSuspensions,PrimaryMinerals:quartz(石英),feldspars(长石),muscovite(云母),SecondaryMinerals:Montmorillonite,Kaolinite,Geothite,HumusandNon-humus,MajorComponents,representative,medium-texturedsurfacesoil(byvolume),SOILCOMPONENTS,MajorComponents,representative,medium-texturedsurfacesoil(byvolume),MajorComponents,representative,medium-texturedsurfacesoil(byvolume)foroptimumplantgrowth,SoilFertility(土壤肥力),GeneralConcepts:NutritionandtheenvironmentPhysical,chemicalandbiologicalWater,Nutrients,AirandHeat,Relatedissues:,Naturalfertility(自然肥力)andhuman-beingactivities(人为肥力)Potential(潜在)andavailable(有效)Soilproductivity(土壤生产力),第3节.土壤学内容与研究方法,SubjectsandcontentsofsoilresearchGoRelationbetweensoilscienceandothersubjectsGoResearchmethodsGo,世界土壤学科的大融合-国际土壤学会ISSS(1924,罗马),(A)SoilPhysics(土壤物理),土壤物理组成和性质:Particles,surfacearea,pores,structures其它物理性质:watersolutes,air,heat,energies,electricandmagnetic,lightandradioactivity,kinetics,erosion土壤物理研究方法,SoilManagementSoilBio-transformationofC,N,P,S;Enzymeactivity;Environmentalinfluenceoforganics(E)SoilGeography(土壤地理)Soilgenesisandclassification(土壤发生与分类);Soilregionalization(区域土壤);Soilsurveyandcartography(土壤调查与制图),Back,SoilMinerals,Geology,Hydrology,Biology,andMeteorologyAgricultureandEcologyEnvironmentalsciencesBasicsciences:Mathematics,Chemistry,Physics,Computersciences,andothers,Back,Re