英语发音的重音、停顿、节奏、语调

为什么我的英语不自然？为什么我的英语不自然？ “I got every sound exact and correct, but still, it doesnt sound right.” If that is the problem, then this lecture might hopefully be a solution. 主要内容主要内容 l一、 语句重音 l二、停顿、意群、气群 l三、英语中的节奏 l四、英语语调 一、语句重音一、语句重音 l语句重音指的是人们在朗读连贯的语句时，哪 些词要重读哪些词不要重读的规则。 l一般规则 重读 不重读 l注意注意 一般规则（一）：哪些词重读一般规则（一）：哪些词重读 l在连贯的语句中通常需要重读的词有：1.名词、 2.形容词、3.数词、4.实义动词、5.副词、6. 某些代词（指示代词等）、7.疑问词、8.叹词。 l这条规则可以总结为：实词重读实词重读 1.名词名词 noun lAn elephant is an animal. lIm a teacher. 2.形容词形容词 adjective lShes beautiful. lHer skirt is blue and white. 3.数词数词 numeral lI have two brothers. lJohn is nine. 4.实义动词实义动词 notional verb lShe sings well. lMary loves her dolls. 5.副词副词 adverb lHe speaks English slowly and carefully. 6.某些代词（指示代词等）某些代词（指示代词等）pronoun l1. 指示代词 this, that, these, those lThat boy over there is my cousin. l2. 反身代词 myself, yourself, themselves. lHe himself hurt his own foot. l3. 不定代词 some, every, all, both, none, other, many, few, somebody, something. lEverybody was late. lSome are red; some are blue. 7.疑问词疑问词 l1.疑问代词 what, which, who, whom, whose lWhat would you like to eat？ l2.疑问副词 when, where, how lWhen did you get there? 8.叹词（叹词（interjection） lOh, its snowing. lMy, what a downpour! lHey, thats a nice shot! lDear me! 一般规则（二）：哪些词不重读一般规则（二）：哪些词不重读 l在连贯的语句中通常不重读的词有： l1. 冠词、2. 代词（人称、物主、关系代词）、 3. 非实义动词、4.连词、5.介词。 1. 冠词冠词 lThis is a computer. lThe computer is my sisters. 2. 代词（人称、物主、关系代词）代词（人称、物主、关系代词） lI am a teacher. lThey are my friends. lMy mother often helps me. lThe book that he is reading is mine. lDo you remember the girl whom we met at the party? 3. 非实义动词非实义动词 lJohn is studying Chinese. lThe meeting will be cancelled. lHe may not go to Shanghai tomorrow. lI used to go there. 4.连词连词 land, or, for, but, as, than, if, when, while, since, now (that), as if, as though, etc. lI wont do it, for I dont think its right. lWill you stay home or stay with me? lHe works much harder than you. lHe came to see me but didnt stay long. 5.介词介词 lat, by, for, from, of, in, to, into, etc. lI met him at the airport. lHes from Hong Kong. 注意注意 l和单词重音不同，语句重音并不是一成不变的 语音现象。根据说话时的不同心态、不同的着 重点、不同的强调内容、不同的语气等可以使 原来在句中应重读的词失去重音，而原来不重 读的词却又成了重读的词。 lA: I thought you were a student. lB: I am a student. l.and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 二、停顿、意群、气群二、停顿、意群、气群 l为了使意思表达得更清楚，或者为了换气的需 要，人们在说话或朗读的时候，经常需要停顿 （pausing）。 l形式上，形式上，标点符号提示停顿，而且提示停顿的 长短。逗号、分号、冒号等停顿较短，句号停 顿较长。 l意义上，意义上，停顿和意群、气群密切相关。 意群意群 l一个句子可以按照意义和语法结构分为几个部 分，每一个部分可以称为一个意群（sense group）。 l从语义、语法上来讲，意群是能表达某种意思 的一个词，一组词，一个短语或一个分句，一 个从句或一个主句。 l从语调上来说，意群是可以用降调、升调或平 调来朗读的一个语调单位。 Before 1949, I used to live in Hong Kong and worked as a teacher. l Before 1949/, lI used to live in Hong Kong/ land worked as a teacher. 意义单位语法单位语调单位 1949年 前 介词短语 （状语） 升调（句子的一 部分，意思不完 整） 我住在 香港 主句（主 语、谓语、 状语） 升调（句子的一 部分，意思不完 整） 在香港 教书 主句第二 部分 降调（全句结束， 意思完整） 意群的语调意群的语调 l意群根据其在句中的位置可分为句首、句中和 句末意群三种。通常来说，句首和句中意群用 升调，表示意思不完整，尚须往下听。 l但如果句首或句中意群表意完整、语义重要， 和后面部分联系并不密切，就可用降调表示。 lHe put the letter into the envelope, /smoked a cigarette /and then walked out of his room. lWhen she learned that, /she was very angry/ and decided to punish the man. 气群气群 l凡是一口气能说完或读完的一个句子或句子中 一部分称为一个气群。一个气群一般包含若干 个意群，气长的人可以念完一个很长的句子而 不换气，但最短的气群也不得少于一个意群。 lHurry up! / lTake it away. / lBoth my brothers and I /are fond of music./ lMary and her friend /had a big quarrel./ lWhich is bigger, /an elephant /or a tiger?/ 三、英语中的节奏三、英语中的节奏 l先看例子：She studies every morning. She stu dies eve ry mor ning. l在朗读时，重读音节要念得重些，长些，慢些（因而 显得特别响亮清楚）；非重读音节则要念得轻些、短 些、快些（因而显得不是那么响亮清楚）。 l这种自然形成的轻重、长短、快慢等有规律的 交替就构成英语里的基本节奏。 一个节奏群一个节奏群 lIts fine. lIm busy. lHes a doctor. lTheres a letter for you. 两个节奏群两个节奏群 lGo there. lI want to go. lI wanted to know. lI wanted you to know. lI wanted you to do it. lI wanted you to write to him. lI think he did it carefully. lI wonder if hell ask me in advance. lThey said they had to go at once. lHow far is it from here to London? lWhere did you say you had put my glasses? o o lCome here. lLook out! lWhat for? lNo more. lSay “yes”. lAsk John. o oo lTry again. lNot enough. lLook inside. lDo it now. lNot so fast. lCut the bread. oo o lI think so. lId like to. lOf course not. lIts early. lShes ready. lIm sorry. oo o o lIts possible. lHe wanted it. lTheyve finished it. lIve heard of it. lIve paid for it. lBe nice to her. la friend of mine. o o o o lSend him away. lTerribly slow. lGive him a book lWhat is the time? lSing us a song. lThrow it away. oo o o o lIve eaten them all. lHe wanted us to. lI know what it is. lHe gave it to me. lWe had to do it. oo o o o o lI think it will be fine. lI wanted you to know. lYou ought to go to bed. lYou only have to try. lIll try to be in time. lHe didnt know the way. oo o o o o o lHe started to talk to me. lShe wanted to write to him. lIll borrow another one. lYoull get it on Sunday. lHe came on a bicycle. 四、英语语调四、英语语调 l人们在说话或朗读时，声音时升时降，时高时 低。这种声音的高低升降与句子重音结合在一 起便构成英语语调。 l英语里最基本的语调有两种：降调和升调。 句子末尾用下降语调的叫降调。 句子末尾用上升语调的叫升调。 降、升调的三个共同点降、升调的三个共同点 l1. 句子中第一个重读音节的声调最高。 lBoth the children are playing outside. Both the child ren are play ing out side. l2. 第一个重读音节之前的非重读音节声调低平。 lHe should have asked how to do it. asked how to He should havedo it l3. 第一个重读音节之后的其他重读音节，声调依次递 降。 lBoth the children are playing outside. Both the child ren are play ing out side. lHe promised to send a telepgram on his arrival. 降调的特点降调的特点 l1. 在最后一个重读音节上声调下降。 Why are you so late? l2. 最后一个重读音节后面的非重读音节，其声 调低平。 Whats on at the cinema? 升调的特点升调的特点 l1. 如果句末是重读音节，声调就在这个音节上 上升。 Must you go? l2. 如果句末是非重读音节，则在最后一个重读 音节开始声调就须由低向上稍升，后面的非重 读音节的声调再依次上升。 Did you