工业工程专业英语Chapter-2-Work-Study

Chapter2WorkStudy,Unit1MethodStudyUnit2TimestudyUnit3TimeMeasurementMethodsUnit4WorkSampling,计划学时：4学时教学内容：3学时，精读，逐句翻译，掌握专业词汇MethodStudy1学时，泛读，了解文章大意，掌握专业词汇，翻译重点语句Unit2TimestudyUnit3TimeMeasurementMethodsUnit4WorkSampling,教学要求：工作研究和作业测定是工业工程领域最传统的研究内容。通过本章的学习，对工作研究和作业测量有一个全面的认识和了解。本章共两次作业（作业3，作业4）,本章专业词汇,workpiece：工件EDM:electrondischargemachining：放电加工synchronous：同步的jig：夹具notch:V型凹槽、切口file：锉刀otiose：无效的、多余的threbligs：动素pivot：轴、支点、中心点knuckle：指关节wrist：腕关节elbow：肘关节forearm:前臂upperarm:大臂trunk：躯干torsomotioneconomyprinciples：动作经济原则symmetrical：对称、匀称simultaneously:同时地momentum：动量muscle：肌肉ballistic：自然带弧形的pre-positioned：预放在工作位置上gravityfeed：重力自流进料bin:有盖大箱dropdelivery:堕送装置ejector:斜槽、导轨crank：曲柄screwdriver：螺丝刀crossbar:十字杠,microcosmic:微观的macrocosm：宏观世界diagnose：诊断methodstudy:方法研究workmeasurement：作业测定processanalysis：程序分析operationanalysis：作业分析motionanalysis：动作分析standarddata：标准资料timestudy：时间研究worksampling：工作抽样Pmts:predeterminedmotiontimesystem：预定动作时间系统ASME:Americansocietyofmechanicalengineers：美国机械工程师协会inconsistency:不一致fatigue：疲劳operationprocesschart:工艺程序图flowprocesschart：流程程序图flowdiagram：线路图man-machineprocesschart：人机程序图gangprocesschart：联合程序图two-handprocesschart：双手程序图repetition:重复、复制品chronological:严密逻辑的bench：工作台consecutive:连续的shroud：罩、遮蔽物turbine:涡轮机、汽轮机blade:刀片、叶片convolute：回旋的、弯曲的,Unit1MethodsStudy,TheDefinitionandContentofMethodsStudyStepsofMethodsStudyTheClassificationsofMethodsStudyPrinciplesofMotionEconomy,IntroductiontoWorkStudy,2.StepsofMethodsStudy,Selectingtheworktobestudied&boundariestobedefined.Recordingtherelevantfactsaboutthejobtoberecorded.Examininganddevelopingthewaythejobtobeperformed.SixquestioningtechniquesAnalysiswith“ECRS”principles,3.ClassificationsofMethodsStudy,Therearethreemainclassesofmethodsstudy:processanalysisoperationanalysismotionanalysis.,ProcessAnalysis,Processanalysisisoneofthemaincontentsofmethodsstudy,bywhichresearcherscancompletelyobserveandrecordthewholeproductionprocessesandcarryoutintegratedanalysisfromamacroscopicviewpoint.,OperationAnalysis,Man-machineOperationAnalysisConstructionoftheMan-machineChartTwo-handProcessAnalysis,MotionAnalysis,4.PrinciplesofMotionEconomy,IPrinciplesrelatedtotheuseofhumanbodyIIPrinciplesrelatedtothearrangementofworkplacePrinciplesrelatedtotoolsandequipment,作业3：,重点语句翻译（把下列语句翻译成中文）Theworkstudyisintegrativetechnologyofengineeringandmanagementwhichcanincreasetheratioofoutputinvestmentorwithlittleinvestment,soithasbeenpaidthegeneralattentionoftheindustrialcircleforalongtime.“Ballistic”(i.e.freeswinging)movementarefaster,easierandmoreaccuratethanrestrictedorcontrolledmovements.,作业3：,课外翻译（把下列语句翻译成中文）Armedwitheconomicmodelstailoredtospecifictechnologies,industrialengineersareabletomeasure,forinstance,thecostofflexibilityand,inturn,helpintegratethisfigureinaccountingcostsystemsandfinancialjustificationmodels.用英文回答下例问题Whatarethe5W1Htechnologiesofprocessanalysis？Whatarethe“ECRS”principlesofprocessanalysis?,Unit2Timestudy,Whatistimestudy?ThemethodsofdeterminingtimestandardsThesignificanceandpurposesoftimestudyRequirementsoftimestudyToolsoftimestudyProcessofTimeStudy,Whatistimestudy,TimestudyisoneoftheworkmeasurementtechniquesTimestudyisastructuredprocessofdirectlyobservingandmeasuringhumanworkinordertoestablishthetimerequiredforcompletionoftheworkbyaqualifiedworkerwhenworkingatadefinedlevelofperformance,Themethodsofdeterminingtimestandards,Estimateshistoricalrecordsworkmeasurementprocedures,Thesignificanceoftimestudy,AccuratelyestablishedtimestandardshelpincreasetheefficiencyoftheequipmentandtheoperatingpersonnelSoundstandardswillmeanthedifferencebetweenthesuccessorfailureofabusiness,Purposesoftimestudy,Todeterminethetimestandardsandcontrollaborcosts.Tosetupthestandardtimesandtakethemasthebaseofpayroll.Todecidetheworkscheduleandworkplan.Todeterminethestandardcostandtakeitastheevidenceofstandardbudget.Todeterminetheutilizationefficiencyofmachinesandtosolvetheproblemsonbalanceofproductionlines.,Requirementsoftimestudy,Theoperatorshouldbethoroughlyacquaintedwiththenewtechniquebeforetheoperationisstudiedthemethodmustbestandardizedatallpointswhereitistobeused,beforethestudybeginsResearchersoftimestudyshouldtellallrelatedpeoplethatthejobistobestudied,Toolsoftimestudy,Stopwatch,ADecimalMinuteWatch,AnElectronicStopwatch,AComputer-assistedElectronicStopwatch,Toolsoftimestudy,VideotapeCamerasTimeStudyBoardTimeStudyForms,ProcessofTimeStudy,SelectingtheoperatorAnalyzingthejobBreakingitdownintoelementsRecordingtheelapsedelementalvaluesPerformanceratingtheoperatorAssigningappropriateallowances,Thestandardtime,Definition:thetimerequiredforafullyqualified,trainedoperator,workingatastandardpaceandexertingaverageeffortThestandardtimeiscalculatedbythefollowingequations:NT=OTR/100ST=NT+NTAllowance=NT(1+Allowance),Unit3TimeMeasurementMethods,DirectTimeStudyamethodofusingtimemeasurementtodeterminethestandardtime.Whenrecordingthewatchreadings,noteonlythenecessarydigitsandomitthedecimalpoint,thusgivingasmuchtimeaspossibletoobservingtheperformanceoftheoperator,Twotechniquesusedforrecordingtheelementaltimes,1.ThecontinuoustimingmethodPresentsacompleterecordoftheentireobservationperiodBebetteradaptedtomeasuringandrecordingveryshortelementsMoreclericalworkisinvolved,Twotechniquesusedforrecordingtheelementaltimes,2.ThesnapbacktechniqueNoclericaltimeisneededDelaysarenotrecordedEncouragestheremovalofindividualelementsfromtheoperation,ComparisonofTwoMethods,Sometimestudyresearchersusebothmethods,believingthatstudiesofpredominantlylongelementsaremoreadaptedtosnapbackreadings,whileshort-cyclestudiesarebettersuitedtothecontinuousmethod,CyclesinStudy,DetermininghowmanycyclestostudytoarriveatanequitablestandardisasubjectthathascausedconsiderablediscussionTheactivityofthejobanditscycletimedirectlyinfluencesthenumberofcyclesthatcanbestudiedfromaneconomicstandpoint,PerformanceRating,Thebasicprincipleofperformanceratingistoadjustthemeanobservedtime(OT)foreachelementperformedduringthestudytothenormaltime(NT)thatwouldberequiredbythequalifiedoperatortoperformthesamework,AddingAllowances,Nooperatorcanmaintainastandardpaceeveryminuteoftheworkingday.AllowancesmustbeaddedtothestandardtimeTheallowanceistypicallygivenasafractionofnormaltimeandisusedasamultiplierequalto1+allowanceST=NT+NTAllowance=NT(1+Allowance)ST=NT/(1-Allowance),Anexampletocomputethestandardtime,Inaunit,theobservedtimeis0.8min.,R=110,allowance=5%NT=OTR/100=0.8110/100=0.88min.ST=NT(1+Allowance)=0.88(1+5%)=0.924min.,IntroductiontoPredeterminedTimeSystems,FrankB.Gilbrethistheinventorofmotionstudy.HeclassifiedthebasicmotionsintowhathecalledTherbligsthatisthebaseofpredeterminedtimesystems.Since1945,therehasbeenagrowinginterestintheuseofthebasicmotiontimeasamethodestablishingratesquicklyandaccuratelywithoutusingthedirecttimestudy.,TheCharacteristicsofPredeterminedTimeSystems,Determinethestandardtimeinadvanceandobjectivelyinworkmeasurementswithouttheperformancerating.Recordtheoperationalwaysindetailsandobtaintheelapsedtimeofeachbasicmotion.Determinethestandardtimebeforetheworkbeingdonewithoutusingthestopwatch.Whentheoperationalwaysupdate,thestandardtimevaluesmustbealtered.However,thebaseofsettingupthestandardtime,predeterminedtimesystems,remainthesame.Itisthebestwaytobalancetheproductionlineswithpredeterminedtimesystems.,TheMethodofWorkFactors,Themethodofworkfactorsisthebasiconeofpredeterminedtimesystems.Itdeterminesworktimebasedonthemotionfeaturesandconditionsthroughthespecifiedtimevaluesinadvance.,Fourvariablesinflectingmotiontime,whenmotion,whichportionofbodyisworkingthemotiondistancethegravitationorresistanceovercomewhenmotionadjustmentbyhumanbeings(includingstop,guidanceofdirection,speciallycareof,anddirectionchange),MethodsTimeMeasurement(MTM),Definition:Aprocedurewhichanalyzesanymanualoperationormethodintothebasicmotionsrequiredtoperformit,andassignseachmotionapre-determinedtimestandardwhichisdeterminedbythenatureofthemotionandtheconditionsunderwhichitismade,TheSystemofMethodsTimeMeasurement,InMTM,MTM-1isthebasicmethod.MTM-1dataaretheresultofframe-by-frameanalysesofmotion-picturefilmsofdiversifiedareasofwork.ThedatatakenfromthevariousfilmsareratedbytheWestinghousetechniques,tabulated,andanalyzedtodeterminethedegreeofdifficultycausedbyvariablecharacteristics.MTM-1,MTM-2,MTM-3,MTM-C,MTM-V,MTM-M,MTM-TE,andsoforthconstitutedthesystemofMTM,ModularArrangementofPredeterminedMotionTimeStandard(MOD),MODisthelatestdevelopmentofpredeterminedtimesystems.MODclassifiesoperationalmotionsintoupperlimbbasicmotionsandothermotions.UsingMODneitherneedsmeasuringtimenortheperformancerate.,Unit4WorkSampling,Worksamplingisalsocalledtheinstantobservationmethod.Itgetstherequiredresultsthroughobservinginstantly,systematicanalysisanddealingwiththeobservationdatatotheoperatorduringalongerperiod.,Stopwatchtimestudy,Thereare18minutesvacancyand42minutesworking.Workratio=worktime/totalobservationtime=42/60=70%Vacancyratio=vacancytime/totalobservationtime=18/60=30%,TheResultofObservationRecord,Applicationsofworksampling,Worksamplingcanbeusedinthefollowingtwosituations:WorkimprovementSetuptimestandardStandardTime=(Totalobservationtimeworkratioaverageperformanceindex)/Totalobservationtime+allowanceAverageperformanceindex（%）=thenormaltimespentbytheproduct/thepracticaltimespentbytheproduct,AccuracyandObservedTimes,SamplingPurposesandtheStandardsoftheAbsoluteAccuracy,TheMethodofWorkSampling,Step1PlanningthesurveypurposesandscopeStep2ClassificationofthesurveyitemsStep3DecisionofobservedmethodsStep4DesignofthesurveytableStep5Explanationofsurveypurposes,TheMethodofWorkSampling,Step6Pre-observationanddecisionoftheobservedtimesStep7FormalobservationsStep8Datadisposal(1)Removingtheabnormaldata(2)VerifyingobservedtimesandaccuracyStep9Makingconclusions,作业4：,重点语句翻译（把下列语句翻译成中文）Timestudyisoneoftheworkmeasurementtechniques.Timestudyisastructuredprocessofdirectlyobservingandmeasuring(usingatimingdevice)humanworkinordertoestablishthetimerequiredforcompletionoftheworkbyaqualifiedworkerwhenworkingatadefinedlevelofperformance.Thistechniquetellshowlongitactuallytooktodoajob,butnothowlongitshouldhavetaken.Aspringcliptotheleftwouldholdthetimestudyform.Theobservershouldstand,notsit,afewfeettothe