石油勘探技术基础知识课件

,INJ./FUEL,COMPRESSIONPLANT,FLOWSTATION,EXPORT:CRUDEOILPRODUCTS,REFINERY,LOCALMARKET,TANKFARMS&TERMINALS,CRUDETREATMENTPLANT,NGLPLANT,GASTOLOCALMARKET,NGLTO:PetrochemicalManufactureExport,SHAREDSERVICES,EXPLORATION,Exploration&Production,Manufacture&Marketing,FinanceHumanResourcesMaterialProcurementLegalEngineeringandProjectsetc.,NATURALGAS,石油勘探开发核心技术COREACTIVITIES,Valuecreation,Clients,PartnersandServiceCompanies,THERESERVOIRASSOURCEOFVALUE,OPERATIONSMATERIALISEVALUE,BasicElements,科技进步引发世界石油产量跨越式增长,2000,Acquisition,ExplosivesandvibroseisarethemostcommonlandbasedseismicsourcesShotholeusually60100ftdeepVibroseisdevelopedbyConocoavibratortruckwithhydraulicmotorsmountedonthebedofatruckandaplatecalledapadorbaseplatelocatedbelowthemotorsisused.Thelocationoftheseismicsourceiscalltheshotpoint.Shotpointarrayistheuseofseverallinkedexplosiveshotsorvibratorssimultaneously.Theairgunisacommonseismicsourceusedatsea.Aspecsurveyisrunbyaseismiccontractor.Thealimitednumberofexplorationcompaniesthenpaysfortherighttoviewthenon-exclusiveseismicrecords.Groupshootseveralexplorationcompaniescansharethecostandresultsofaseismicsurvey.,Acquisition,Apermitman(orlandman)obtainspermissionfromthesurfacerightsownersoftheland.Surveycrewcutsapaththroughtreesandbrushtolocateshoppointsandgeophonelocations.JugHustlersmembersofaseismiccrew.,A2Dsurveycommonlycontainsnumerouslinesacquiredperpendiculartothestrikeofgeologicalstructures(suchasthefoldsshownhere)withaminimumoflinesacquiredparalleltogeologicalstructurestoallowline-to-linecorrelationoftheseismicdataandmappingofstructures.,Thismarineseismicvesselistowingmultiplestreamersthatcontainhydrophones.AirgunsemitasignallikeasoundwavethattravelsthroughthewaterintotheEarth,passesthroughstratawithdifferentseismicresponsesandfilteringeffects,andreturnstothehydrophonestoberecordedasseismicdata.,Vibrators(right)arecommonlyusedforacquisitionofonshoreseismicdataandaremountedonlargetrucks(left).,Thein-linesofa3Dsurveyareparalleltothedirectioninwhichthedatawereacquired,orinmarinedata,thedirectioninwhichtheboatmoves.,three-dimensionalseismicdataAsetofnumerousclosely-spacedseismiclinesthatprovideahighspatiallysampledmeasureofsubsurfacereflectivity.Typicalreceiverlinespacingcanrangefrom300m1000fttoover600m2000ft,andtypicaldistancesbetweenshotpointsandreceivergroupsis25m(offshoreandinternationally)and34to67m(onshoreUSA).Binsizesarecommonly25m.Theresultantdatasetcanbecutinanydirectionbutstilldisplayawellsampledseismicsection.Theoriginalseismiclinesarecalledin-lines.Linesdisplayedperpendiculartoin-linesarecalledcrosslines.Inaproperlymigrated3Dseismicdataset,eventsareplacedintheirproperverticalandhorizontalpositions,providingmoreaccuratesubsurfacemapsthancanbeconstructedonthebasisofmorewidelyspaced2Dseismiclines,betweenwhichsignificantinterpolationmightbenecessary.Inparticular,3Dseismicdataprovidedetailedinformationaboutfaultdistributionandsubsurfacestructures.,亮点是指地震反射剖面上，由于地下油气藏存在引起地震反射波振幅增强，在剖面底片上这组反射透明发白，与其周围反射对比更显得明亮，因此称为亮点。注意亮点不一定都与油气有关，不是所有的油气层都显示为亮点。,AmplitudeversusoffsetdisplaysThevariationinseismicenergywithchangeindistancebetweenshotpointandreceiverreflectsdifferencesinlithologyandfluidcontentinrocks.AVOanalysisisatechniquebywhichgeophysicistsattempttodeterminethickness,porosity,density,velocity,andfluidcontentofrocks.AVOanalysisismoresuccessfulinyoung,poorlyconsolidatedrocks,suchasthoseintheGulfofMexico,thaninolder,well-cementedsedimentssuchasthosefromthemidcontinentregionoftheUSA.,Topdrive.Theyellowtopdriveassemblyinthisphotographissuspendedfromtheyellowhook.Thetopdrivecanturnthedrillstringduringtrips,sopotentialforstuckpipeisreduced.,DischargesPlatformAbandonment,PrimaryControlbyMudWeight.SecondaryControlBOP/KillProcedures,录井岩屑录井+岩心录井：岩性描述、地层对比、发现油气层荧光录井：直接发现油气显示，特别是肉眼观察不到的显示气测井（地球化学录井）：直接发现油气层泥浆录井：发现油气、预测地层压力钻时录井：辅助判断岩性和储集层工程参数录井：钻压、转速、扭矩等，判断地层可钻性、井下复杂情况、钻头使用情况等。,WhatLogginggivesus“Qualitatively”,Continuousmeasurementsvs.depthofvariouslogresponseswhichwecantransformintousefulreservoirparameters.Highlightsthemoreporous&permeablereservoirunits&theirthickness.Allowseducatedguessesaboutwhatfluidsarecontainedinthereservoir.,Letsus“eyeball”welltowelllogcorrelationofformationstoprovideanarealpictureofthereservoir,QuickLookLithologyfromPorosityLogResponses,BakerHughes2003,GoodComparisonofLWDandWireline,GammaRay,LWDRaw,LWDFixedDOI,Wireline,BakerHughes2003,ApplicationofCut-offs,Porosityandshaleactasproxiesforpermeabil