Types-of-abstract-(英语-presentation)

Types of abstract一、定义主持人：Hello and welcome to academic writing and editing. This show we teach you how to write a good paper。 I am *, today, Im joined by professor *, the editor of a leading magazine. And *, 1st year graduate student of china pharmaceutical university.学生: Its my honor to take part in this program, Im really confused about how to learn academic English Writing well.主持人：Dont worry， Im sure that professor * could help you solve them all. Well, * In your opinion, what is the hardest part of writing a paper?学生： I think it must be the abstract. Its always short but included all of the important part of your whole manuscript. As a new writer, I always struggle with writing abstracts.主持人：Oh，yes, I agree with you. Our todays topic is just about “types of abstract”.Firstly, I will give some introduction of abstractOK, If we want to write an abstract, we should first know what is an abstract An abstract is a brief and self-contained summary and an accurate representation of the contents of a document such as a research paper, a journal article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, and other academic documents. In scientific writing, the abstract is the condensed version, or the “mini-version” of the paper. 二、写abstract 的原因And then we should know why we write an abstract or Why the abstract is important to the paper? The abstract of a scientific paper can provide an overview of the paper so that readers can understand the main ideas and identify the basic content of the work without reading the paper in its entirety. You may write an abstract for various reasons. The two most important are selection and indexing. Abstracts allow readers who may be interested in a longer work to quickly decide whether it is worth their time to read it. Also, many online databases use abstracts to index larger works. Therefore, abstracts should contain keywords and phrases that allow for easy searching. 三、How to prepare the abstract So How to prepare the abstract?When we prepare the abstract should follow some principles.Length、Words、Content、Tense、Should not contain First of all，Lets look at the LengthWe Should not exceed the length specified by the journal (commonly,250 words)Words用词When writing the abstract ,examine every word carefully.If you can tell your story in 100words,do not use 200.Economically and scientifically,it doesnt make sense to waste words.Content内容1.State the principal objectives and scope of the investigation2.Describe the methods employed 3.Summarize the results4.State the principal conclusionsTense时态Most or all of the abstract should be written in the past tense,because it refers to work done.Should not contain 不应包含1.The information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper 2.Reference to the literature(except in rare instances,such as modification of a previously published method)3.Tables and figures四、types of abstract 学生：yeah, abstract is of great usage. when I search a certain project from a online database, I always cant get a clear information on the topic from the title. At this time, the best option is to read the abstract. However, What confused me most is the types of abstract: some abstracts contain background, purpose ,methods and conclusions but some do not; some abstracs is only one paragraph but some more than one. I dont know which type should I use.主持人:Oh,Im confused with this，too.Professor *,Canyougiveusasimpleintroductionof the types of abstracts?Professor: Yes, of course. In fact, the types of abstracts are very simple and easy to understand. Depending on which information they contain, abstracts can be classified into two major types: indicative abstracts and informative abstracts.They have different aims, so as a consequence they have different components and styles.Indicative abstracts学生：Em,Igotit.And so what is Indicative abstracts？Professor：A indicative abstract indicates the type of information found in the work. It makes no judgments about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research. It does incorporate key words found in the text and may include the purpose, methods, and scope of the research. Essentially, the descriptive abstract describes the work being abstracted. Some people consider it a an outline of the work, rather than a summary. Indicative abstracts are usually used in review articles, conference reports, government reports, library bibliographies, etc. They are usually very short-no more than 150 words.学生：Oh, I see.But I still cant use it exactly.Can you give me some examples?Example 1Professor：Okey,Lets look at the Example one:This an abstract of a review article,and it contains less than 150 words. It only describes the background and topic it covers:how tumour-infiltrating immune cells contribute to the metastatic cascade.Professor：and example two,OK, *could you analize this example?Example 2学生: En.Just like the last example, this abstract is very short too. It does not provide any material contents of the documents.But we could know it “focuses on up-to-date methods of antibody engineering and we could decide whether to read the paper.Informative abstractsProfessor：Yeah, You really got it,lets see informative abstract next.We all know the majority of abstracts are informative. An informative abstract summarizes as much as the essential elements of the document as possible, presenting and explaining all the main material contents in the complete article/paper/book. In a word, it is designed to condense the paper. And The structure of an informative abstract often composed of these 5 sections:Background why do you want to do the research?Research question what question are you trying to answer and what is the research topic of your paper?Method how (what material, what method, and what procedures) do you get answers to your research question?Results what is your answer to the question?Conclusions what implications does the answer imply?The majority of abstracts is informative and precedes the body of the paper to serve as a “heading”. They are usually used in research articles, clinical reports and clinical trial.The length varies according to discipline, but an informative abstract is rarely more than 10% of the length of the entire work. In the case of a longer work, it may be much less.Example 3To give an example.This a one-paragraph abstract. Now lets break down this abstract into its component parts to see how the author has distilled his entire dissertation into a 200 word abstract.As is shown in the slide, The abstract includes four parts:the object of the dissertation, the method the authors used, the result they got and at last the conclusion.Example 4The second example :学生：Well, I want to try to analyze this one.Professor: Ok,just do it.学生：Typically, the abstract is typed as a single paragraph. But this abstract consists of three paragraphs, each preceded by a standardized subheading. And its clearer to see its structure.Now ,I learn a lot about the indicative abstracts and informative abstracts.But I also feel puzzled,Which type should I use when I write a paper?Professor:Your best bet in this case is to ask your instructor or refer to the instructions provided by the publisher. You can also make a guess based on the length allowed; i.e., 100-120 words =descriptive; 250+ words = informative.学生:Thank you, Professor*,I think Im beginning to understand these types.It also helps me to avoid some simple mistakes.五、some Tips for writing an abstractProfessor:Im glad to hear that and at last I have some tips for abstract writing.1. Write the abstract last:You always want to write the abstract after you write the rest of the paper since it is a summary of everything you wrote.You finnd that as you are writing the other sections you will think pretty deeply about them, You have to think to write and your thought process will become clear as you write the rest of your paper.2. Be concise:being concise is crucial in an abstract, you are limited by the number of words, so being concise is very important. 3.Revise, revise, reviseRegardless of the length of the final draft of your ab