高中英语被动语态

.,语态(voice)是个语法范畴，它是一种动词形式，表示动词的主语与该动词所表示的动作之间的主动和被动关系。当主语是动作的执行者时，动词用主动语态（ActiveVoice）；如果主语是动作的承受者，动词便用被动语态（PassiveVoice）。,Wecleanedtheclassroomyesterday.昨天我们打扫了教室。Theclassroomwascleanedbyusyesterday.昨天教室被我们打扫了。,.,动词的被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。当主动句变为被动句时，原来的宾语变成了主语，原来的主语变成了介词by的宾语。主动句与被动句的结构虽然不同，但动作的执行者和承受者的关系并没有改变。,.,一般现在时：am/is/aredone一般过去时：was/weredone现在进行时：am/is/arebeingdone过去进行时：was/werebeingdone现在完成时：have/hasbeendone过去完成时：hadbeendone一般将来时：shall/willbedone;begoingtobedone当句中含有情态动词时，句子结构为can/must/havetobedone,Heisregardedasabrilliant.他被认为很有才气。,Thisbookwaswrittenin1969.这本书是1969年写成的。,Thebrokenbikeisbeingrepairednow.那辆坏了的自行车正在被修理。,Hetoldusthecatwasbeingwashedwhenwecalledhim.他告诉我们打电话时他正在给猫洗澡。,Thepenhasbeenusedforseveralyears.这支钢笔已经用了几年。,Hesaidthefactoryhadbeenopened.他说这家工厂已经开张。,Theworkwillbefinishedinthreehours.工作将于三小时后完成。,Thebabymustbelookedafterwell.这孩子必须被好好照顾。,.,在被动句中有时用by-词组，有时不用。一般来说，当动作的执行者为谁不甚清楚，不甚重要或难以说出时，通常不用by。但有时为了强调动作执行者或者由于上下和结构上的需要则必须使用by词组。例如：,HamletwaswrittenbyShakespeare.哈姆雷特是莎士比亚写的。,.,(一)主动语态变被动语态的方法,（1）Myauntinvitedmetoherdinnerparty.主语谓语宾语Iwasinvited(bymyaunt)toherdinnerparty.主语谓语宾语（2）Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders.Aspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetupintheschool.,1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+地点名词作状语。,.,(二)语态转换时所注意的问题1.把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.(正确)Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.(错误)2.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday.,保留宾语,.,注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如：bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。Thecupwithmixturewasshowedtotheclass.Mybikewaslenttoher.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for,如：buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,fix,get,make,order,等。Mothermademeanewskirt.(Anewskirtwasmadeforme.)Themeatwascookedforus.Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus.,.,Peoplebelievethatheisanhonestboy.大家认为他是个诚实的孩子。,Itisbelievedthatheisanhonestboy.,Theboyisbelievedtobeanhonestone.,2)把宾语从句里的主语变成被动句的主语，同时把宾语从句中的谓语变成不定式短语。,1)用先行的it作形式主语，把宾语从句变成后置的主语从句；,3.当主动句的宾语是that引导的宾语从句，可转换为两种形式的被动句,.,4.含有介词动词的主动句的转换。,Theyhaveneverlistenedtohim.,人家从不听他的话。,Hehasneverbeenlistenedto.,.,5、Myparentsmademewateralltheseyoungtrees（变被动）,Iwasmadetowateralltheseyoungtreesbymyparents（加上了to）,这种主动句中用省to的不定式作宾补，变被动时定要加上to。这种谓语动词有feel，hear，listento，let，make，have，see，notice，lookat，watch（即常言道“一感二听三让四看见”）。,.,6.还有一种短语动词由动词+名词+介词构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下：1)Wetakegoodcareofthebooks.Thebooksaretakengoodcareof.Goodcareistakenofthebook.2)Youmustpayattentiontoyourpronunciation.Attentionmustbepaidtoyourpronunciation.Yourpronunciationmustbepaidattentionto.用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catchsightof,makeuseof,payattentionto,setfireto,takecareof,takeholdof,takenoticeof,keepaneyeon等。,.,（三）有些情况下动词的主动形式也可以表示被动意义。,.,1.有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well,badly,easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook等。如：Theclothwasheseasily.这布很好洗。Thenewproductsellswell.这新产品很畅销。Thepenwritessmoothly.这支笔写字很流畅。对比：Thebookssellwell.(主动句)Thebooksweresoldout.(被动句)Themeatdidntcookwell.(主动句)Themeatwascookedforalongtime.(被动句),.,2、表示主语状态特征的连系动词：look,feel,smell,taste,sound,prove,appear等。例如：,Doyoulikethematerial?Yes,it_verysoft.A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfelt,C,Yourideasoundsreasonable.Whathesaidprovedtobecorrect.,.,3、动名词主动形式表示被动意义,1）.在need,require,want(需要)等动词后，表示某物(人)要进行处理时，后接动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动式。例如：,Youvecomejustintimetohelpus.Fine,whatrequiresdoing?(=Fine,whatrequirestobedone?)Thissentenceneeds_.A.animprovementB.improveC.improvingD.improved,C,.,2.beworth后接动名词的主动式表示被动意义。,Hissuggestionisnotworthconsidering.,4、动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义,1.不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。例如：,ThenexttraintoarrivewasfromNewYork.,.,2.作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词有逻辑上的动宾关系，且句子的主语或间接宾语与该不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。,Pleasegivemesomethingtoeat.Ihavealotofworktodotoday.,(间接宾语me是toeat的逻辑主语),(主语I是todo的逻辑主语),区别：IhavesomeclothestowashIhavesomeclothestobewashed,.,3.用在作表语或宾语补足语的形容词后面的不定式，如果与句子的主语或宾语有动宾关系时，一般用主动形式。例如：,HisspeechinEnglishwasdifficulttofollow.Doyouthinkhimeasytogetalongwith?,(状语tofollow与主语有动宾关系),(不定式与宾语有动宾关系),.,5，一些动词短语没有被动语态，如：takeplace,breakout,belongto,loseheart,consistof,addupto，cometrue，,datebackto，turnout，runout等。如：Thefirebrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.误：Thefirewasbrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.,.,6，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise,happen,succeed,remain,lie等。Whenwegottothetopofthemountain,thesunhadalreadyrisen.误：Thesunhadalreadybeenrisen.Aftertheearthquake,fewhousesremained.误：Aftertheearthquake,fewhouseswereremained.,.,7，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：ItaughtmyselfEnglish.误：MyselfwastaughtEnglish.Weloveeachother.误：Eachotherisloved.,.,1.Peopleuseknivesforcuttingthings.Knives_forcuttingthings.2.Thestudentscleanthewindowsoftheirclassroomtwiceamonth.Thewindowsoftheirclassroom_twiceamonth.,areused,are,cleaned,(变被动语态）,.,3.Ifoundtheticketonthefloor._onthefloor.4.Itoldhertoreturnthebookintime.She_toreturnthebookintime.,Theticketwasfound,wastold,.,5.Hisdoctormadehimhaveonlytwomealsaday.He_onlytwomealsaday.6.Nowpeoplecanusecomputerstohelpthem.Nowcomputers_tohelpthem.,wasmadetohave,canbe,used,.,7.Didyouplantmanytreesatthistimelastyear?_atthistimelasttime?8.Mustwefinishourworktoday?_ourwork_today?,Weremanytreesplanted,Mustbefinished,.,9.Theforeignfriendsgaveussomewonderfulstamps.1)_somewonderfulstamps.2)Somewonderfulstamps_.,weweregiven,were,giventous,.,10.TheteacheraskedTomtoturnonthecomputer.Tom_toturnonthecomputer.11.Inthisfactorywomendomostofthework.Mostofthework_bywomeninthisfactory.,wasasked,isdone,.,12.Hecanmendthebikeintwodays.Thebike_intwodays.13.Youmusttakethismedicinethreetimesaday.Thismedicine_threetimesaday.,canbemended,mustbe,taken,.,14.ThestudentsinthisschoolstudyGerman.German_bythestudentsinthisschool.15.Dotheyoftentalkaboutthisquestion?_thisquestionoften_about_?,isstudied,Is,talked,bythem,.,16.Someonemusthelpmemoveawaytheheavybag.Imust_tomoveawaythisheavybag.17.WasthewindowbrokenbyTom?（变为主动语态）_Tom_thewindow?,behelped,Didbreak,.,18.Thetractorwasntdrivenoutoftheroad.He_thetractoroutoftheroad.19.DoesntBobcleanthestreeteveryday?_thestreet_byBobeveryday?,didntdrive,Isntcleaned,.,20.Whatcantheydotofinishtheworkontime?_bythemtofinishthework?,Whatcanbe,done,.,区别：Halfoftheguests_(invite)totheconferencewereforeigners.,Halfoftheguests_(invite)totheconference,1.Hewassurprisedtohisroomthoroughly_.(clean),find,2.thetest_(finish),webegantoanalyzetheresult.,With,3.Thetopics_(discuss)atyesterdaysmeeting,.,巩固练习,I.用括号内单词或短语的正确形式填空。1.Thismountainousareainmyhometown_(name)anationalwildlifereserveseveralyearsago.2.Themeatdidnttasteverygood.It_(cook)toolong.3.Hewillstopshowingoff,ifnonotice_(take)ofhim.4.Insomeofthemuseums,visitors_(request)nottotakephotosthere.,wasnamed,hadbeencooked,istaken,arerequested,.,5.Youvefailedtodowhatyou_(expect)toagainandImafraidyourmotherwillblameyou.6.Bythetimeyougraduatefromcollege,greatchanges_(takeplace)inyourhometown.7.Thedumplingsweresodeliciousthatthey_(sell)innotime.8.Allthedrivers_(make)todrivemorecarefullyafterthenewHighwayCodetakeseffect.,wereexpected,wereexpected,willhavetakenplace,weresold,willbemade,.,9.AllthepreparationsforthetriptoBeijing_(complete),andwerereadytostartoff.10.Aboyonabike_(catch)myattention.Hewasridingbesidethebusandwavinghisarms.(2014年新课标全国卷II第二部分),havebeencompleted,caught,.,Drills：A:1.ItsuddenlysnowedwhileMary_forthebus.A.waitedB.waitsC.waswaitingD.waswaited2.Abigpowerstation()_inmyhometownnow.A.hasbeenbuiltB.isbeingbuiltC.hasbuiltD.isbuilding.3.Stamps_bypeopleforsendingletters.A.useB.usingC.usedD.areused.4.Mustoldpeople_topolitely?A.speakB.spokenC.bespokeD.bespoken,C,B,D,D,.,5.Bikemustnt_everywhere.A.beupB.beputC.putC.putting6.Thewomanfelloffthebikeand_ontheroad.A.layB.waslainC.liedD.haslain7.Theoldmanandthechildren_inourcountry.A.musttakegoodcareB.mustbetakegoodcareofC.musttakegoodcareofDmustbetakengoodcareof8.GrannyWangtoldthelittlechildrenthatthesun_Fromtheeast.A.hasrisenB.riseC.risesD.isrisen,B,A,D,C,.,9.Alltreesmust_wellwhenitisdry.A.bewaterB.wateringC.waterD.bewatered10._Ithinktheshop_._No,itsopen.It_atsix.closedAskedBwillbeaskedC.closed;closesD.closes;is11.ThisbikeismadeinAmerica.Its_fortravelling.A.useB.usingC.touseD.used,D,D,D,.,III.用括号内动词的正确时态填空。Johnhasalwaystravelledalot.Infact,whenhewasonlytwoyearsoldhefirst1._(fly)totheUS.HismotherisItalianandhisfatherisAmerican.JohnwasborninFrance,buthisparents2._(meet)inCologne,Germanyaftertheyhadbeenlivingthereforfiveyears.TheymetonedaywhileJohnsfather3._(read)abookinthelibraryandhismother4._(sit)downbesidehim.Anyway,John5._(travel)alotbecausehisparentsalsotravelalot.,flew,hadmet,wasreading,sat,travels,.,Asamatteroffact,John6._(visit)hisparentsinFranceatthemoment.HelivesinNewYorknow,but7._(stay)withhisparentsforthepastfewweeks.HereallyenjoyslivinginNewYork,buthealsolovescomingtovisithisparentsatleastonceayear.Thisyearhe8._(fly)over50,000milesforhisjob.HehasbeenworkingforJackson&Co.foralmosttwoyearsnow.Hesprettysurethathe9._(work)forthemnextyearaswell.,isvisiting,hasbeenstaying,hasflown,willbeworking,.,Hisjobrequiresalotoftravel.Infact,bytheendofthisyear,he10._(travel)over120,000miles!Hisnextjourney11._(be)toAustralia.HereallydoesntlikegoingtoAustraliabecauseitissofar.Thistimehe12._(fly)fromParisafterameetingwiththecompanysFrenchpartner.He13._(sit)forover18hoursbythetimehearrives!,willhavetravelled,willbe/isgoingtobe,isgoingtofly,willhavebeensitting,.,John14._(talk)withhisparentsearlierthiseveningwhenhisgirlfriendfromNewYorktelephonedtolethimknowthatJackson&Co.15._(decide)tomerge(合并)w