中国第一代核潜艇总师：祖国需要我流血我就流

7中国第一代核潜艇总师：祖国需要我流血我就流“当祖国需要我冲锋陷阵的时候，我就一次流光自己的血；当祖国需要我一滴一滴地流血的时候，我就一滴一滴地流！”今年2月，在中央电视台2013年度感动中国人物颁奖现场，中国第一代核潜艇总设计师、中国工程院院士黄旭华简短的话语字字铿锵。上个世纪，在没有外援、没有资料、没有计算机的情况下，以黄旭华为代表的中国核潜艇人创造了世界核潜艇研制史上前所未有的速度：上马三年后开工，开工两年后下水，下水四年后正式编入海军战斗序列。中国成为当时全球五个拥有核潜艇的国家之一。从1958年进入核潜艇研制团队，到1987年以我国第一代核潜艇总设计师的身份解密，30年隐姓埋名，黄旭华终于实现了儿时造船强国的梦想。自力更生造潜艇“拿着算盘算数据，上艇设备必过秤”1958年，我国核潜艇工程立项。曾有过几年仿制苏式常规潜艇经历，毕业于上海交大造船系的黄旭华被选中参加研究。 中国的核动力潜艇完全白手起家。核潜艇技术复杂，配套系统和设备成千上万。其中，核动力装置、艇体结构及艇型等7项难题号称“七朵金花”。为攻克难关，黄旭华和同事们别无选择，只能一步一步地摸索向前。 当时，世界上最先进的核动力潜艇艇型是“水滴型”，拥有最完美的流线，摩擦阻力小，水下机动性和稳定性好。同事陈源介绍说，当年美国为实现水滴型构造，谨慎走了三步：先把核动力装置装在常规线性潜艇上，同时建造水滴型常规动力潜艇，在两者都成功的基础上，最后结合成核动力水滴线型试验艇。 中国该怎么办？是一步到位，还是也要“三步走”？黄旭华大胆提出，“必须三步并作一步走”。既然国外已成功地将水滴型艇和核动力结合，就说明这条路切实可行。一万年太久，只争朝夕！“我国国力薄弱，核潜艇研制时间紧迫，只能少走弯路” 纸上得来终觉浅。要使想法变成现实，除了大胆，还要苦干。通过大量的计算和反复论证，黄旭华带领同事仅用3个月就提出5个弹道导弹核潜艇艇型方案。方案一出，黄旭华又一头扎进上海交大的试验室。 黄旭华至今还珍藏着一把“前进”牌算盘。在没有计算机之前，研制核潜艇的许多关键数据，就是从这把算盘上跳出来的。黄旭华说，为了保证数据准确，常常是两拨人一起算，结果一致还好，不一致两边都要重新算。 除此之外，黄旭华还用最“土”的办法解决了许多尖端技术问题。核潜艇体积狭窄，而装艇设备和管线数以万计，如何知道艇体和设备的精确重量、确保重心稳定？黄旭华要求，所有设备都要过秤。在之后数年的建造过程中，大小设备件件如此、天天如此。“斤斤计较”使得排水量达4000多吨的核潜艇在下水后的试潜、定重测试值和设计值完全吻合。 1970年，我国第一艘核潜艇下水。当凝结了成千上万研制人员心血的庞然大物稳稳浮出水面时，黄旭华难掩欣喜和激动，一任幸福泪水长流毕竟是他和同事们，呕心沥血书写了共和国核潜艇从无到有的历史！ 荒岛惊涛乐其中 “骑驴找马做研究，一起参加极限深潜试验” 中国的核潜艇事业从荒岛上起步。一首打油诗这样描述该岛：风沙大，姑娘少，兔子野鸡满山跑。 在这样的艰苦条件下，黄旭华带领同事当“挑夫”。他利用出差机会，从外地带肉、油、米等食品返岛。最厉害的“挑夫”曾经一个人带回重达150斤的包裹，最壮观的场面是大人小孩浩浩荡荡30多人的接站队伍。黄旭华自豪地说，“大家以苦为乐，互相关心，即使在最困难的日子里，也没有一个人掉队，更没有一个人当逃兵！” 物质生活一贫如洗，科研手段和科学设施也是一片空白。一代艇上马时，我国的科研水平和工业生产能力并不足以支撑核潜艇研制。但研制工作“三项原则”明确指示：要立足国内，从现实出发，在主要战术技术性能上力求配套，可以作为战斗艇交付使用。要求与现实形成了尖锐对立，是等待条件成熟再干还是“人定胜天”地蛮干下去？黄旭华提出“骑驴找马”策略：即便驴都没有，也要两条腿先走起来。 为确定水滴型潜艇水下的机动性和稳定性，黄旭华在试验室一呆就是小半年。但那个水池不到百米长，有些实验根本无法完成。黄旭华就提出，利用人工增加截流的方法加大阻力系数。在这个水池旁，黄旭华反复进行了各种艏端线型和艉端线型模型试验。 核潜艇只有深深地、静静地隐蔽在海洋中，才能真正形成震慑力、战斗力。极限深潜实验，是检验核潜艇战斗力的关键。 1988年初，核潜艇按设计极限在南海作深潜试验。内行人明白，这是一次重要试验，也是一次最危险的试验。所有参试人员明白，中国只有常规潜艇下潜经验，而核潜艇要复杂得多危险得多。70年代末，美国的“长尾鲨号”就是在深潜试验时，下去后再没有上来，艇上160多人全部葬身海底。 “也许我告别，将不再回来；也许我的眼睛，再不能睁开”深潜日期越来越近时，参试艇队里有人唱起了当时的流行歌曲血染的风采，队伍中弥漫着一种壮士一去不复返的悲壮气氛。黄旭华心想，极限深潜试验本身确实具有一定的危险性，但如果战士们背着沉重的思想包袱去执行任务，就更加危险。 “这首歌很好听，我也喜欢唱。但是这次我们要唱雄赳赳，气昂昂，跨过鸭绿江，去把实验数据成功拿回来。”黄旭华亲自去和战士们座谈，缓解紧张情绪。接着，他语气坚定地说，“我要和大家一起参加极限深潜试验。”这句话立即威震全场，让悲壮气氛一扫而光。 终于，试验成功了！中国创造核潜艇下潜新纪录；且在此深度下，核潜艇的耐压艇体结构和海通系统安全可靠，全船设备运转正常。黄旭华，这位世界上第一位亲自参与核潜艇极限深潜试验的总设计师，即兴挥毫：花甲痴翁，志探龙宫，惊涛骇浪，乐在其中！ 隐姓埋名三十年 “春节不回家团圆，忙得连娘也不看望” 如今，黄旭华的大女儿也退休了。但每天清晨，88岁高龄的黄旭华都要去上班。“现在不行了，看书要老花镜和放大镜叠在一起才行。”右耳丧失听力，但他依然坚持上班，且常常最后一个下班。“我现在只能上半天班，只做场外指导，让年轻人放胆去干。” 被抽调参加核潜艇制造工作之初，需要高度保密，黄旭华逐渐减少了和家人朋友的联系，整整30年没有回过广东老家。为数不多的家信中也只能告诉父母自己在北京工作，但单位、地址和具体内容一个字不能透露。 上世纪70年代，黄旭华的父亲去世。当时，他忙于工作，无法回去奔丧。每年过春节，家里的人聚在一起，只有他这个“三哥”永远缺席，大家都会对他有所埋怨：“不知道在做什么，忙得连娘老子都不看了！” 1988年，两鬓斑白的黄旭华回到广东老家，母亲已93岁。此前不久，已有媒体报道了黄旭华的事迹，老母亲终于知道了这个30年不知踪迹的三儿子是在进行一项惊天动地的大事业。她把所有的子女都叫到身边，叮嘱他们：“你们要理解三哥，不要再埋怨他。” “我们家这位先生，我只记得他买过一次菜。”黄旭华的妻子李世英说，婚后不久，黄旭华就离开了家，直到6年后才聚到一起。“他在家的时间很少，就算在家也什么都不管，是个甩手掌柜。”“他这辈子，连双袜子都没自己买过，全忙在工作上了。”李世英说，黄旭华生活简单随意，从不计较。“就说理发吧，他嫌排队浪费时间，即使头发很长了也不去理。我就买了剃头刀，给他理发好几十年了。” “我很感谢她，这么多年能理解我、支持我，还甘愿挑起生活重担。”黄旭华由衷地说，“这辈子没有虚度，一生都属于核潜艇、属于祖国，我无怨无悔！”When the motherland needs me from the front, I have a time their own blood; when his country needed when I drop by drop to bleed, Ill drop by drop flow! In February this year, the China central television (CCTV) 2013 annual touched on the Chinese characters, Chinese first generation of nuclear submarines chief designer, China academy of engineering Huang Xuhua brief discourse with a long history.Last century, in the absence of foreign aid, no data, no computer cases, Huang Xu huawei on behalf of a Chinese nuclear submarine people created the world nuclear submarine is developed in the history of the unprecedented speed: three years later, the horse started two years later, the water, four years after the formal water into naval battle sequences. China has become the world one of five countries with nuclear submarines.Enter nuclear submarine development team from 1958 to 1987 as a chief designer of Chinas first generation of nuclear submarines, anonymity, 30 years Huang Xuhua childhood shipbuilding powers dream came true at last.For more new submarinesTake a numerical calculation data, boat equipment will weigh yourIn 1958, nuclear submarine engineering project in our country. Had a few years of generic su shi conventional submarines, graduated from Shanghai jiaotong university of ZaoChuanXi Huang Xuhua was selected to participate in the study.Chinas nuclear-powered submarine completely from scratch. Nuclear submarine technology is complex, tens of thousands of supporting system and equipment. Among them, the nuclear power plant, hull structure and the boat seven problems is called the seven golden flowers. Huang Xuhua and his colleagues have no choice but to conquer difficulties, can only be groping forward step by step.At that time, the worlds most advanced nuclear-powered submarine boat type is droplets type, have the most perfect streamline, small friction resistance, water mobility and stability is good. Colleague Chen yuan said that when the United States to achieve water type structure, carefully go three steps: the first nuclear power plant in a conventional linear submarines, build the bubble-shaped conventional submarine at the same time, on the basis of both success, finally combined into nuclear power boat water line test.China should do? Is one pace reachs the designated position, or to three steps? Huang Xuhua bold, must go trotted step. Since abroad has successfully combines water boat and nuclear power, means that this way is feasible. Is too long, seize every minute! Chinas national strength is weak, nuclear submarine development time is short, only little detours.Paper from sleep light. To make the idea into reality, in addition to the bold, and hard work. Through a lot of calculation and repeated proof, Huang Xuhua lead colleagues in just three months five ballistic missile submarines boat type scheme is put forward. Plan a, Huang Xuhua again plunged into laboratory of Shanghai jiaotong university.Huang Xuhua still decorated with a forward brand abacus. Before no computers, many of the key data, develop a nuclear submarine is from this out on the abacus. Huang Xuhua said, in order to guarantee the accuracy of the data, are often two people together to calculate, and the results agree well, to be on both sides.In addition, Huang Xuhua also with the soil way to solve the problem of a lot of advanced technology. Nuclear submarine narrow size, and tens of thousands of craft equipment and pipelines, how to know the precise weight of the hull and equipment, guarantee the stability of the center of gravity? Huang Xuhua requirements, all equipment shall be the weighed. In the process of after several years of construction, the size of the equipment both so, every day. Haggle over every ounce makes the displacement of more than 4000 tons of nuclear submarines in the test, after launching test value and design value perfectly.In 1970, Chinas first nuclear submarines in the water. When setting the tens of thousands of research personnels behemoth firmly surfaced, Huang Xuhua cannot hide joy and excitement, ever-flowing next happy tears. Is, after all, he and his colleagues, have worked to write the history of the republic of China nuclear submarines from scratch!Perfect music which the islandLook for a horse riding donkey do research, to limit divingThe cause of Chinas nuclear submarines from desert island. A limerick described the island: the sand, little girl, the rabbit pheasants with mountain run.In such difficult conditions, Huang Xuhua lead colleagues when the stick men. He took advantage of business opportunities, and away from the food such as meat, oil, rice, returned to the island. The best porters once a person back to the parcel weighing 150 kg, is adult child is one of the most spectacular scenes mighty docking station team of more than 30 people. Huang Xuhua proudly said, everyone with a pain for a pleasure, care about each other, even in the most difficult days, also have no a person left behind, more no one flee!Material life poor, scientific method and scientific facilities is also a blank. Generation installed in the boat, the level of our scientific research and industrial production capacity is not enough to support nuclear submarine is developed. But research work three principles clear instructions: should be based on domestic, proceeding from reality, on the main tactical technical performance to form a complete set, can be used as a combat vessel delivery. Formed a sharp opposition, requirements and reality is waiting on the condition of dry or man can conquer nature brute-force mature further? Huang Xuhua look for a horse riding donkey strategy: even if the ass all have no, also want to two legs walk first.In order to determine the bubble-shaped mobility and stability of the submarine underwater, Huang Xuhua stay in a lab, is a small half a year. But the pool is less than hundred meters long, some experiments cannot complete. Huang Xuhua is put forward, the method of using artificial increase intercepting increase the drag coefficient. Beside the pool, Huang Xuhua repeatedly conducted various stem end lines and stern end linear model test.Nuclear submarines only deeply, quietly hidden in the sea, can truly be appearing, effective. Limit immersion experiment, is the key to test nuclear submarine combat effectiveness.At the beginning of 1988, a nuclear submarine according to the design limit in the south China sea for diving. Professionals understand that this is an important test, and also is one of the most dangerous test. All volunteers staff understand that only conventional submarine dive experience in China, and much more dangerous nuclear submarine is much more complex. In the late 70 s, Americas thresher, is when the immersion test, it did not come up again after, all became more than 160 people died in the bottom of the sea.Maybe I say goodbye, will no longer come back, maybe in my eyes, no longer open. Deep submergence date is more and more recently, the volunteers TingDui someone sing pop songs of the time in sanguinolent spirit , in the team a strong men gone tragic atmosphere. Huang Xuhua thought, limit the diving itself does have a certain risk, but if the soldiers carrying heavy baggage to perform a task, is more dangerous.This song is very nice, I like singing, too. But this time we are going to sing valiant, spirited, crossed the yalu river, success back to the experimental data. Huang Xuhua personally and the soldiers, relieve tension. Then, his tone said firmly, I want to be with you together to limit diving. This sentence was dominating, immediately lets the tragic atmosphere.Finally, the test success! China to set up a new nuclear submarine dive record; And under the depth, nuclear submarine pressure hull structure and haitong system safe and reliable, ships equipment operating normally. Huang Xuhua, the worlds first personally involved in nuclear submarine limit, chief designer of diving, impromptu: picking up 16 chi weng, chi dragon temple, waves, enjoy it!Anonymity for 30 yearsDont go home during the Spring Festival reunion, too busy to niang also dont seeNowadays, Huang Xuhua eldest daughter also retire. But every morning, the 88 - year - old Huang Xu huadu want to go to work. Not now, read a book to reading glasses and a magnifying glass to fold together. The right ear hearing loss, but he still insist on work, and often the last work. Now I can only half a day class, only do sidelines, boldly up to the young.Be transferred to attend at the beginning of the nuclear submarine manufacturing work, needs highly confidential, Huang Xuhua gradually reduce the contact with family and friends, for 30 years who hasnt been home in guangdong. One of the few in will tell their parents work in Beijing, but unit, address, and the specific content cant say a word.In the 1970 s, Huang Xuhua father died. At that time, he is busy with work, cant go back to attend. Every year the Spring Festival, pe