中英文科技论文写作教程

中英文科技论文写作教程 标题一、英文文章标题（Title）的结构：1. 完整句子作为题目，这是一种常见的结构，尤其在报刊中常用：Fuzhou Strives for Better Exports （由于是题目，在句尾不能用句号）2. 名词+动词不定式结构：这种结构表示将来，因在题目中一般不用will或shallThe Chinese Communist Party to Hold Its 18th Congress3. 名词或名词短语 +过去分词。这种结构常用于报道已做过的事情.Capital International Airport Enlarged.北京国际机场扩建4. 现代分词短语结构。Visiting a Friend on a Snowy Night5. 介绍短语结构In Memory of .6. 名词或名词短语+介词短语结构Home for the Sailors7. 以动词原形开始的短语结构， 这种结构常用于带有号召性的题目中。 Server the People8. 名词或名词短语结构，例如A small Green City二、注意题目字母的大小写问题1. 题目中除介词、冠词、和连接词的字母全部小写外，其它的词的第一个字母要大写（介词和冠词在题目开头时第一个字母也要大写） My Family and Myself2.题目中 全部字母大写，这种形式大多用于书籍封面上的题目，例如：上海简介A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO SHANGHAI3.题目第一个词的第一个字母大写外，其它字母一律小写，但遇到专门名词时，该词的第一个字母仍须大写，现在报纸上的题目大都采用这种形式，主要是便于排版。 中国体操选手夺得七枚金牌Chinese gymnasts sweep away seven gold medals三在英语文章题目中，冠词常可省略，例如美国总统在西方 U.S. President in West四、英文文题的一般性原则*文题应准确而清晰反映文章的内容和重点。就根据情况，不一定要逐字译出题目中常有的“谈谈”，“浅析”，“初探”，“试论”，“我见”等字样。例如：浅谈高等院校的短跑训练Dash Training in Colleges and Universities英文文题应尽量避免像“on the ”,“report on ”,“regarding”,“use of”,“research on ”,“a study of ”，“studies on”，“investigation of ”， “relationship between and ”，之类的短语。推崇按照文章的主题、直接了当地进行命题：例如： On the glass transition of binary blends of polystyrene with different molecular weights修改为： Glass transition of binary blends of . 英语科技摘要写作2.英文文题的结构特征 *文题采用偏正名词短语，常采用的中心词如： Preparation, synthesis, Polymerization, Reaction (Interaction), Modification, Separation; Design, Method, Characterization, Identification, Analysis, Comparison, Application, Progress, Study等等*在中心词前可加以限定、修饰，通过介词of, to ,in等构成后置定语，或通过using, under等引出采用的实验手段、实验条件等。当study on 之类词的前有限定成分时，则应予保留。例如： MTDSC and atomic force microscopy studies of morphology and recrystallization in polyesters including oriented filmsl 当有介词by时，应保留investigation之类的词，例如：Investigation of phase behavior of polymer blends by thermal methods.*从语法修辞的角度，不应将一长串词作为一个词的修饰词，例如：Thermal decomposition kinetics of the complexes of light rare earth bromides with alanine by DSC method改为：DSC study on kinetics of thermal decomposition for the complexes of light rare earth bromides with alanine.此句可将thermal decomposition 修改为kinetics 的后置定语。*问话形式的文题，通常较为少见或不用。例如：What has brought on the effects of number-average molecular weight on the spinodals in polymer mixtures? 这是刊登在国外期刊上的一篇论文题名，也可以不用问话的形式，修改为：Effect of the number-average molecular weight on the spinodals in polymer mixtures.Title(chapter II. )What key skills are needed when writing a Title?写标题需要的关键技巧是什么？写一个好的标题代表了写作的50%的技能Every word is important. 第个词都很重要。得思考用哪个词能引起关注？本研究有什么新的发现？用哪3-5个词来突出本研究发现的独特性？11.2 How can I make my title more dynamic? 如何让标题更有力度？ 下列例子没有多少价值的表达法： A study of the factors affecting trihyroxyindole procedure for the analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid 改为： Factors affecting the trihyroxyindole procedure for the analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid但有时如果用study ,investigation这类词，也是有用的，这些词会使研究结论不那么确凿。比较：The determinants of customer satisfaction An investigation into the determinants of customer satisfaction Some determinants of customer satisfaction Determinants of customer satisfaction (后两句不如第一句那么确认肯定)Study, investigation 有时也用于分为两部分的标题中：Old age: A study of diversity among men and women但将此句修改后，则更显力度：Old age: diversity among men and women (这里删除了a study of)有人将此句改写成疑问句：What factors effect diversity among men and women in old age?但这种用疑问句的写法，显然是多余的，并不能吸引眼球。如果要用疑问句，或许这样写好些： Will women always live longer than men/ 摘要 2.1英文摘要的分类 国外学者一般将摘要分为报道性摘要（informative abstracts）和指示性摘要(indicative abstracts)报道性摘要，旨在压缩全文。这类摘要内容应该包括提出问题，研究该问题的方法，基本数据和结论。通常通过阅读此类摘要就可了解全文的主要内容。指示性摘要，亦称为描述性摘要：旨在阐明文章的主题，使广大读者很容易做出是否阅读 全文的决定。由于其是描述性的，而不是本质的再现，因此，不是全文的替代物，不应写成研究论文的标题式摘要，但指示性摘要可以用于综述论文、会议报告、政府报告文献等，这类指示性摘要对文献数据库通常具有较大价值。当前国际国内的科技论文主要采用报道性摘要。 一篇摘要应视为一篇论文的最短形式，是全文献的总结，即包含序言、材料与方法、结果和讨论的简要概括和总结。一篇摘要不应超过250个字，应清楚表达该论文论述的内容。摘要具体应包括1)说明研究的范围和主要对象；2）描述所用方法；3）总结结果；4）阐明主要结论。摘要不应包含书刊评述，图表及文献，要剔除含糊不清的缩略语和简称。例如， A detailed study of the melting behavior of oriented isotactic polypropylene has been carried out by using differential scanning calorimetry. The orientation in isotactic polypropylene was produced by extruding it in solid phase. At extrusion ratio (ER) greater than four, two melting peaks were observed. With increasing ER, the lower temperature peak was found to shift to higher temperature. The corresponding shift in the higher temperature peak was much less. It is shown that these peaks originate in the melting of crystalline species having different degrees of crystal disorder and stereo-block character. 此例回答了如下四个问题：#做了什么？（研究工作范围）-用DSC研究聚丙烯的熔融行为#怎么做？（实验要点）-固体拉伸取向#结果如何？（主要结果）-两个熔融峰及其随拉伸比的变化#原因何在？（结果的解释，结论）-存在不同的晶体.Why did I carry out this paper? Why am I writing this paper?.What did I do, and how?.What were my results? What was new compared to previous research?下面列举回答下述四个问题的一些基本句式：（1） 研究范围 (to be) carried out performed, Made, conducted, studied, investigated, described, dealt with, elucidated（阐明，说明）,given, developed, employed, derived, synthesized, monitored, determined, observed, recorded, examined, characterized, identified, tested, calculated, proposed, used to study, used to establish, evaluated, discussed. （2） 实验要点(to be) prepared by the reaction of . with. synthesized via reacting obtained via condensation by means of using .as.Over most of the range of .In the range of .Containing . percent or moreIn the presence of .In the absence of .with a variety of .contents(3) 主要结论 用That从句表示实验结果： The results indicate that.The results show that .The results reveal that .由 It 引起的that从句：It was shown that .It can be seen that.It was found that .(这类句子，采用主动语态会更加简明，如此句可改写成we found.)It was discovered that .It was concluded that .It has been demonstrated that .It was clarified（阐明） that .It was revealed that .It is considered that .It was confirmed that .It is suggested that .It has become apparent that.以.to be后的表语成分表示测定、计算等的结果。例如：The rate constant of the catalytic reaction was calculated to be 5.67*10.The theoretical equation was proved to be correct by the experimental results.表示