英语选题与论文写作.ppt

TopicOne,Researchtopicselection,Procedure,Fromanareatoasub-areaPowerEngineeringandEngineeringThermophysicsAviationPropulsionFluidMachineryEngineeringThermophysics,ThermalEngineeringFromthesub-areatoatopicFromthetopictogeneralresearchquestionsFromgeneralresearchquestionstospecificquestions,Sourcesofresearchtopics,FromwhatyouhaveexperiencedFromwhathasbeenreadFromwhathasbeenheard,Criteriaforgoodresearchquestions,SignificantOriginalAnswerable,Approaches,IntroducetheoriesintoDemonstrateatheorywithnewdataApplynewmethodsIntroduceoriginalmethodsintoCreateoriginalmeasurement,Warm-up,Pairwork:play-writingpieceDescribethethingsyousawonthewaytoclasstoday,andthenreadwhatyouvewrittentoyourpartner.,TopicTwo,Writingascientificpaper,Frontmatter,TitleSummarizethemainideaoftheworkDescribethetopicandtheactualvariables/issuesunderinvestigation,RememberthePurposes:,Toadequatelydescribethecontentsofyourdocumentinthefewestpossiblewords.Togivethereaderimmediateaccesstothemainsubjectmatter.,Difficulties,Devisingatitlethatisshortenough,containsallthekeyinformation,andmakessense(i.e.notambiguous,notsyntacticallyproblematic).,1.1TypesofTitles,Ajournalmayallowadeclarativetitle（=conclusivetitle）:thisgivesthekeyconclusionofthestudy.Examples:AdvancedCoalSystemsFaceStiffBarrierstoApplication,However,somejournalspreferindicativetitle:titlesthatsimplyindicatethesubjectmatterofapaper,butdonotgiveanyresultsobtainedorconclusionsdrawn.Examples:OFF-DESIGNPERFORMANCECALCULATIONOFHEATRECOVERYSTEAMGENERATORSA100kWSOLARAIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEM,Ahangingtitle.Acolonordashjoinspartsofthetitle.Thisisausefulwayofavoidingalong,grammaticallydifficulttitle.Eitherthefirstorthesecondpartofthetitlecanbeusedtodescribetheoverallarea;theotherpartgivesmorespecificmaterial.Beforethecolon:Afterthecolon:Problem:SolutionGeneral:SpecificTopic:MethodMajor:Minor,Examples:FrontierofHeatTransferMicroscaleHeatTransferEnergyEfficiency:IssuesfortheDecadesTheWebofComputing:ComputerTechnologyAsSocialOrganizationQ:Whatstheirlogicrelation?,1.2Basicrulesforwritingtitles:,Usetheactivevoice.Workouttheinformationthatareaderwouldneedtogainimmediateaccesstothemainpointofyourdocument.Afteryourefforttomakeitshort,makesurethatitmakessense.Thestructurecanbelostduringthequestfortheminimumnumberofwords,UsespecificratherthangeneraltermsUsesimplewordorderandcommonwordcombinations,Anyabbreviationsthatyouuseshouldbewidelyknowninyourdiscipline.Manyjournalshavealistoftheabbreviationstheywillaccept.Writescientificnamesinfull.AvoidtheuseofRomannumeralsinthetitleastheycanbeinterpreteddifferently.,Avoidageneraltitle.Makesurethatitcontainsalltheinformationthatyouwouldlookforwhendecidingwhetherornottoreadapaper.Inascendingorderofusefulness:a)Newtechniquesincarbonmaterialsb)Theuseofopticalmicroscopictechniquesinnewcarbonmaterialsc)Theuseofopticalmicroscopictechniquesincharacterizingnewcarbonmaterials,Omittheinitialarticle(a,an,the),ifany.Example:(The)U(u)seofopticalmicroscopictechniquesincharacterizingnewcarbonmaterialsAStudyof.,Somenoteson.“,Anexperimentalinvestigationof.andothersimilarexpressionsshouldbeavoided.Namesofdisciplinesorsubdisciplinesarenotusedastitles.,Onlyasmallnumberofprepositionsareusedintitles:“on”,“toward”，and“in”.Nounsandnounphrasesincludinggerundsareoftenusedintitles.Example:Developingcoalminingtechnologyofthe21stcentury,Ensurethatthetitle:-describesthecontentsofthepaper;-isaccurate,conciseandspecific;-hasasmanykeywordsaspossibleandismodeledonthestyleadoptedbythepublicationforwhichyouarewriting;-andisaseasytounderstandaspossible.,1.3CapitalizationinTitles,Generalrulesforcapitalizingwordsintitles:Alwayscapitalizethefirstandthelastword.Capitalizeallnouns,pronouns,adjectives,verbs,adverbs,andsubordinateconjunctions(as,because,although).Lowercaseallarticles,coordinateconjunctions(and,or,nor),andprepositions,whentheyareotherthanthefirstorlastword.(Note:capitalizeprepositionsoffivecharactersormore(after,among,between”,“beneath”,etc.).Lowercasethetoinaninfinitive.,Task:writethefollowingtitlewithcorrectcapitalization,ApersonalcomputersoftwarepackageforpowerengineeringeducationthermoeconomicsandthedesignofheatsystemfundamentalheatandmasstransferresearchinthedevelopmentofthenewheatexchangersconceptAcomparativestudyofPCbasedsoftwarepackagesforpowerengineeringeducationandresearchCPFLOW:apracticaltoolfortracingpowersystemsteady-statestationarybehaviorduetoloadandgenerationvariations,Keys,APersonalComputerSoftwarePackageforPowerEngineeringEducationThermoeconomicsandtheDesignofHeatSystemFundamentalHeatandMassTransferResearchintheDevelopmentoftheNewHeatExchangersConceptAComparativeStudyofPCBasedSoftwarePackagesforPowerEngineeringEducationandResearchCPFLOW:APracticalToolforTracingPowerSystemSteady-StateStationaryBehaviorDuetoLoadandGenerationVariations,1.4Commonmistakesincapitalizingorlowercasingwords:,Two-LetterWordsSomewriterslowercasealltwo-letterwords,probablybyinferringfromtheshortprepositionsof,to,up,andsoon,andthewordtoininfinitives.Butifatwo-letterwordisactingasanoun,verb,pronoun,adjective,oradverb,itmustbecapitalized.Arethefollowingexamplesrightorwrong?1)GoTellitontheMountain2)WhenisaSpadeaSpade?,1)GoTellitontheMountain(wrong;itisapronounandshouldbecapitalized)2)WhenisaSpadeaSpade?(wrong;isisaverbandshouldbecapitalized),1.5Thetitlepage,Itshouldingeneralstate:thetitleofyourdocument,yournameanddepartment,universityorinstitution,thedateofsubmission,thenameoftherelevantperson,organizationtowhichitisbeingsubmitted.,Otherpossibleelements:Adeclarationthatitisyourownworkmaybeneeded.Typicalwording:Ideclarethatthisreportismyownunaidedworkandwasnotcopiedfromanyotherperson.Forathesis:thedegreeforwhichthethesisisbeingsubmitted,andtheinstitution.Typicalwording:AdissertationsubmittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementforthedegreeofDoctorofPhilosophyintheUniversityofMiddletown,Layout:Graduatecourseswilloftenhavespecificinstructionsabouthowtolayourthetitlepage.Itshouldmakeapleasingarrangement,withplentyofspace.,TechnologyandSocietyDevelopmentofAirplaneBuildinginChinaintheTwentiethCenturyChangshengLiuDepartmentoftheHistoryofScienceAnyUniversityThisreportismyownunaidedworkandwasnotcopiedfromorwrittenincollaborationwithanyotherpersonSigned_Date_G:Coursewaretitlepage.doc,Task,WriteatitlepageYoumayusethetitleofyourthesisforBachelorsdegreeorwhateveryoulike.,KeyWords,Example,THESCHEMATICSTRUCTUREOFLITERATUREREVIEWINRESEARCHARTICLESOFAPPLIEDLINGUISTICSKeywordsliteraturereview(LR);EnglishandChineseResearcharticles;schematicstructure;genre;,2.Keywords,Tipsandguidelines:Termsshouldbeinpluralformwherepossible.Useacommaorsemicolontoseparateeachkeyword.KeywordsshouldallbeinlowercaseexceptpropernounsNormallyverbsarenotusedaskeywords;“crystallize”forexampleshouldbechangedinto“crystallization”.,Checkhomework,Exercise3,p.10,Abstract,Type1:MeetingAbstract,Readfast“CALLFORPAPERS”onp.207Questions:Whatisthisconferenceabout?Whatsthemaintheme?Whichsub-themewouldyoubeinterestedinifyouwereastudentofpsychology?Whatstheabstractwordlimit?Whatshouldbecontainedintheabstract?Howareyouexpectedtosubmityourabstract?Whatisthedeadlineforsubmissionofabstracts?,Whenansweringacallforpapersanumberoffactorsneedtobekeptinmindtoensurethatyourabstracthasagoodchanceofbeingaccepted:,Ensurethatyourideasarewellthoughtoutandfollowalogical,coherentflow:statetheissuetobediscussedgiveabriefbackgroundtotheissuebriefdescriptionofwhatyouaredoingaboutitimplications/outcomes:whyiswhatyouvedoneimportant?,Exercises,Ex.2,p.85,Rememberthatyourabstractservestwopurposes:,tointerestandintriguethecommitteesotheywillselectittointroduce/outlineyourtopicfortheconferencehandbooksoitneedstostandaloneasarecordofyourpresentation,Assignment,Bringyoureithertypedorcopiedinformationonaninternationalconference(“CallForPapers”included)inyourdisciplinebothhomeandabroadtotheclass.Youaretoreporttheparticularresearchproblemyouaregoingtoinvestigateanddiscuss.,Afeasibledefinitionofanabstractisthatitisasummarytypeoftextwhichiscomposedofallthemajorpointsyoucanfindintheoriginaltext.Crucialquestionswearegoingtodealwithinourdiscussion:-Whatarethemajorpointsagoodabstractshouldhave?-Howarethesepointsstrungtogethertomakeagoodabstract?,Thereisagroupofsevenmeta-cognitivequestions(元认知层面的问题)youshouldnevermissinyourabstractwriting：thesequestionsareraisednotforaparticularabstract.Rather,theyareelementswecanobtainfromanyabstractbydeduction(采用演绎法).Belowisalistofallthesemeta-cognitivequestions.,1)Whatisyourstudyabout（本研究是关于哪一方面的讨论）?2)Howisyourstudydifferentfromotherstudiesofasimilarkind（本文在哪些方面与其他同类研究有所不同）?3)Whatareyourresearchmotivesforconductingthisstudy（本项研究目的为何）?4)Whatdoesyourresearchdesignlooklike(本项研究结构安排如何)?5)Whatareyourfindingsandconclusions(本项研究有何发现？所得结论如何)?6)Whatelsedoyouwanttosayaboutyourstudy（通过本项研究，作者有何反思）?7)Whatkeywordsdoyouwanttousetosummarizeyourstudy（本文有哪些重要概念可以遴选出来，充当主题/关键词）?,Structurallyspeaking,whenyoustringallthesequestionstogether,youwillhaveaskeletonframework(基本框架)foranabstract.Ifyoustillfeelthatthisstructureisnotspecificenough,youmaywelladdsomethinghereandthereinrelationtothefocusofyourstudy.,StylisticRequirementsforanAbstracttextWhendoweneedanabstract?Usually,wewriteanabstractforsomethingthatishighlyacademic.Yourtermpapers(学期论文),researchreports,projectproposals(项目申请),anddegreepapers(学位论文)likethesesordissertations,journalpapers(学术期刊论文)allbelongtothistypeofwriting.Howarethesetextsstylisticallydifferentfromothertextsyouarefamiliarwith?Theyallappearratherformalinstyle.Therefore,whenyoutrytowriteanabstractforyourpiece,youneedtouseaformalstyle.Longernounphrases,andacademicwords(学术词汇)aresomelinguisticfeaturesyoucanexpectforthisstyle.,Exercise:Readthestory“TheGraduationofVanWilder”andwriteoutthedissertationabstractMr.GadgethaswrittenforVanWilder.Note:Youarenotsupposedtowriteanabstractforthestory;youshouldwriteanabstractforVanWildersdissertation.,ReferenceKey,AbstractThepresentpaperconcernsastudyofthenet-basedlanguageteachingissue,particularlywiththeissueofL2writingcourse.Differentfrompreviousresearch,thispaperemphasizestheimportanceofdatabaseconstructioninthestudyofon-linewritingcourses.Ourmajormotivesinclude:1)Asystematicstorageofstudentsworkswillenableamoreefficientmanagementine-writingclassrooms;,2)Anelectroniccourse-drivendatabasewillnotonlyprovidepractitionerswithamodeltofollow,butalsoprovidetheoristswithempiricaldataforresearch.Thepresentpaperiscomposedoffourports.Abriefsummaryoftheresearchbackgroundandsometheoreticalconcernsoftheprojectareprovidedinthefirstpart.Thentheplanoftheprojectformsthesecondpart.Astructuralanalysisofadatabasemodelisgiveninthethirdpart.Weendthepaperwiththeprospectsfortheapplicationofthisdatabase.,whatwehavediscussedinthisstudyisfarfromcomplete.Andsomeimprovementswewanttomakeinourfurtherresearchinclude1)athoroughstudyofthepossiblefunctionsofthedatabase;2)morecooperationwithskillfuldatabaseengineers;3)anintegrationofresearchpurposesofthepotentialusersandthefunctionsofthedatabase.Keywords:L2writingcourse,on-lineteaching,net-baseddatabaseresearch,databasedevelopment,Otherpointstoconsider:,Abstractlengthsvarybydisciplinaryexpectationsandbythepurposeofthepaper;generally,though,50-100wordsforashortpaper(ajournalpaperabstract,forexample)and150-200foralongeronewillserveasaguide.Foraconferenceabstract,awordlimitof300-500wordsiscommon.,Contentsofabstractsfallintotwocategories:indicative/descriptive(说明性)andinformative.Theindicativeabstracthelpsreaderstounderstandthescopeoftheoriginaldocumentsothattheycandeterminewhethertoreaditmorethoroughly.Informative,ontheotherhand,includestheelementsoftheoriginalresearchreport:itsobjective,methods,results,andconclusions.,Indicative/descriptiveAbstractAindicativeabstractdescribestheworkbeingabstracted.Itdoesincorporatekeywordsfoundinthetextandmayincludethepurpose,methods,andscopeoftheresearch.Butitdoesnotgivethemainfindingsandconclusions.Itislikearoadmap.Thisstructuraldescriptionisgenerallyusedonlyinalongself-containedliteraturereview.Indicativeabstractsareusuallyveryshort-100wordsorless.Postgraduatewritingnearlyalwaysneedstheinformativetypeofabstract.,InformativeAbstractsItdescribesthepurposeofthework,themethods,results,themainconclusion(s),andpossiblythemainrecommendation(s)asbrieflyandquantitativelyaspossible.Actually,themajorityofabstractsareinformative.Inagoodinformativeabstractthewriterpresentsandexplainsallthemainargumentsandtheimportantresultsandevidenceinthecompletearticle/paper/book.Itincludestheinformationthatcanbefoundinadescriptiveabstract(purpose,methods,scope)butalsoincludestheresultsandconclusionsoftheresearchandtherecommendationsoftheauthor.Thelengthvariesaccordingtodiscipline,butaninformativeabstractisrarelymorethan10%ofthelengthoftheentirework.,Sample:IndicativeComparisonofdifferentsoilreconstructionmethodsforreclaimingcontaminatedlandsinGeevorMineAbstract:ThispaperaimstoevaluatethethreelandreclamationmethodsappliedtothereconstructionofcontaminatedlandsinGeevorMine,Cornwallinrecentyears.Methodsofevaluationarediscussedandtheresultsofthethreelandreclamationmethodsarecomparedandcontrasted.Conclusionsastotheeffectivenessofthethreemethodsaregiven,togetherwithsuggestedrecommendationsforfurtherstudies.,Sample:InformativeComparisonofdifferentsoilreconstructionmethodsforreclaimingcontaminatedlandsinGeevorMineABSTRACT:ThispaperevaluatesthethreelandreclamationmethodsappliedtothereconstructionofcontaminatedlandsinGeevorMine,Cornwallinrecentyears.With3871haoflandassociatedwithmetalliferousminingandprocessinginCornwall,highcontentsofheavymetalsalwaysexistintheland.ThuslandreclamationhasbeenanimportanttaskinCornwall.,Fortheinvestigation,threedifferentlyremediedplotsandonecomparisonplotwereselectedandthemainphysicalandchemicalpropertiesofthesoilsweretested.TheplotwiththetopsoilremovedwasstillofhighcontaminantsandlowpHvalue.TheplotremediedbyusingindustrialmineralamendmentsshowedareductionincontaminantsandabufferingofpH,butitstillhadahighlevelofmetals.Thesubsoilcoveredplotshowedthelowestcontentofcontaminants,whichwaslessthanthethresholdvalue.ItisconcludedthatremedieswithindustrialmineralsandsubsoilareeffectiveforreclaimingcontaminatedlandsinCornwall.,Notetotheteacher:Youmightwanttoskipsomepointsthatdontseemusefultothestudents.Thewritingtaskwilltakeabout30minutes.Iftimepermits(Guessnot