英语国家概况课后题和答案

1 英语英语国家国家概况概况课后题课后题详解详解 化工学院 潘金禾汇编 声明：禁止任何媒体、网站或个人在未经书面授权的情况下违法转载或使用。 The U.K. Chapter 1Chapter 1 1) 1. The United Kingdom is located to the northwest of continental Europe, separated by the . 2) is the largest part of the UK and occupies most of the southern two thirds of Great Britain. 3) The overall climate in the UK is temperate . 4) Since Britain is an island country and surrounded by the sea, the climate is considerably compared with other countries. 5) The recorded history of the UK begins with the in 55BC. 6) During the Anglo-Saxon Invasion period, Roman was introduced to Britain. 7) During the Norman Conquest, in England was completely established, which is based on the ownership of land. 8) was a series of dynastic civil wars between the two royal families, the House of York and the House of Lancaster, for the English throne. 9) The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between and . 10) On the Eve of World War I in 1914, Britain has developed into the largest colonial empire in the world, which occupied nearly 1/4 of the world land area, and became “”. 1) English Channel 2) England 3) maritime 4) changeable 5) Roman invasion 6) Christianity 7) Federal system 8) The Wars of Roses 9) Parliamentarians and Royalists 10) a country on which the sun never sets 2 2. Questions on this unit: 1) How many parts is the United Kingdom made up of? What are they? 2) What are the impacts of Roman Invasion? 3) What are the contributions of Elizabeth I in the Religious Reformation? 4) What are the reasons to the British Industrial Revolution? 5) What are the factors that led to the end of British Empire? 答案 1) The United Kingdom is made up of four parts. It is made up of four nations: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. 2) The Romans have great impact on many aspects of the British culture. The Roman civilization was introduced to the Britain during this period. For example, Roman style baths and temples were built, cities like London and towns were constructed, and the system of government was also introduced. 3) After the succession of Elizabeth I, and the Church of England was independent from the Roman Pope and was in charge of the British monarch again. Although she made a compromise between the Catholics and the Protestants, she still defended the fruit of religious reformation and consolidated the Church of England. 4) There are several reasons that contributed to the Industrial Revolution in Britain. First, Britain had a huge market. After the Glorious Revolution, with the supporting of Parliament, the Britain formed a single largest domestic market in Europe. Meanwhile, with its expansion in the world, it occupied a large number of colonies in the world and became the most powerful and leading colonial country. The colonies provided it with enormous wealth, raw materials and a large market for its industrial development. Second, the enclosure movement deprived the small landowners of their property and forced them to move to the cities and towns to make a living. The landless laborer, therefore, became a large number of free labors in the industrial market and promoted the economic development in Britain. 5) First, the two world wars in the earlier 20th century gradually weakened Britains power. Britain lost a great number of people, the sea supremacy in the world and was into huge national debt in order to support the wars. Then, in 1921, the Republic of Ireland became independent from the United Kingdom. Furthermore, after the World War II, in the wave of national liberation and a movement of national independence throughout the world, most of Britains colonies became independent. Therefore, British Empire completely fell apart in the late 1960s. 3. Terms for explanation: 1) Great Britain 2) Norman Conquest:It is considered one of the most important historical events in Britain and marked the establishment of feudalism in England. 3) Hundred Years War 4) The English Reformation: The English Reformation was a series of events in 16th century by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Roman Pope and the Catholic Church.And it witnessed the end of feudalism and the establishment of constitutional Monarchy system. 5) Glorious Revolution 1) Great Britain: Great Britain is the largest island off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe with England, Scotland and Wales on it. It accounts for over 90% of the UKs total landmass. 3 2) Norman Conquest: In 1066, William the Conquer from Normandy crossed the English Channel with his army and defeated King Harold, the last king of the Anglo-Saxons, in the Battle of Hastings. He, thereby, conquered Britain and crowned himself the King of England. It is the beginning of Norman Conquest. It is considered one of the most important historical events in Britain and marked the establishment of feudalism in England. 3) Hundred Years War: The Hundred Years War was a series of wars from 1337 to 1453 and fought between England and France over territory, trade, and the throne. At first, the war was in Britains interests, but with the use of guns and gunpowder in France and the resistance of the French people, Britain lost its superiority and was defeated by France. 4) The English Reformation: It was a series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Roman Pope and the Catholic Church. 5) Glorious Revolution: It refers to the bloodless revolution in Britain in 1688, when the Parliament declared William and his wife Mary as the joint sovereigns. They signed the Bill of Rights passed by the Parliament, which guaranteed the authority of Parliament and limited the power of the monarch. 4. Analysis and comments: 1) The significance of the Great Charter 2) The influences of Industrial Revolution in the UK 1) The Great Charter is the document King John was forced to sign in 1215. It covered a wide field of law and feudal rights but the most important clauses were: No extra taxes should be imposed on nobles without the permission of the Great Council; no free man should be arrested or penalized or banished in any way unless convicted by a jury; merchants would be allowed to move about freely; in addition, the nobles should be entitled to declare war against the King if the King seriously violates the provisions of the Great Charter. The Great Charter was of progressive significance and considered as an important turning point of English history. It granted to the townspeople freedom of trade and self-government. The merchants and craftsmen appeared for the first time as a political force in the British history. It also lays a foundation for the British constitutional monarchy and provides basic principles for the protection of civil rights in the Western World. 2) The Industrial Revolution accelerated the process of modernization and the economic development of Britain, and also had a significant impact on the British society. Firstly, the industrial productivity was dramatically increased because of the inventions of machines. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. Secondly, it promoted the process of urbanization in Britain. With numerous free labors moved into cities and towns, many new cities such as Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham and Sheffield sprang up and became Britains industrial centers. Thirdly, it also brought with some changes in class structure. The capitalist class replaced the old aristocrats and became the most important force in the country. Chapter 2Chapter 2 1. Explore and fill in the blanks with proper words or terms. 4 1) The United Kingdom is a and a constitutional Monarchy. 2) The British governmental system consists of three branches: , , and . 3) of the United Kingdom is the sum of laws and principles that make up the body politic of the United Kingdom. 4) The members of are not elected but are mostly produced via inheriting the title of nobility or being granted by the title of nobility by the Queen or the King. 5) The Government is led by , who is leader of the majority party in the House of Commons. 6) is the ultimate decision-making body of the executive headed by the Prime Minister. 7) According to the nature of law cases, British court can be divided into two systems: and . 8) is the highest court in all matters under English and Welsh law, Northern Ireland law and Scottish civil law since the 2009. 9) The Conservative Party, colloquially referred to as the Tory Party or the Tories, is a political party. 10) For the purpose of election, the whole country is divided into of similar population. 答案 1) Parliamentary democracy 2) Legislature; Executive; Judiciary 3) The constitution 4) the House of Lords 5) the Prime Minister 6) The Cabinet 7) the Civil Court; the Criminal Court 8) The Supreme Court 9) center-right 10) constituencies 2. Questions on this unit: 1) What is the characteristic of British constitution? 2) What is the principle of British Constitution? 5 3) How do you understand the role of British Monarch in the parliament? 4) What is the British government made up of? 5) What are the common practices of criminal trials in the UK? 1) The British Constitution is composed of many separate legal documents and usual practices. The special feature can be described as uncodified, which means that the UK does not have a single, written constitution. It comprises three main parts: the Statutory Law, the Common Law, and Conventions. 2) The principle of British Constitution is Parliamentary Supremacy, which means that Parliament is the supreme law-making body and the acts passed by the Parliament is constitutional as well as the highest source of British law. Moreover, the amendments to the Constitution are also made by the British Parliament with a majority of support in both Houses of Parliament to be followed by the Royal Assent. 3) The Queen or the King is the official head of Parliament, and plays a constitutional role in opening and dissolving Parliament, approving Bills before they become law, and appoint the Prime Minister after election. However, in reality, their role is broadly ceremonial and symbolic without real power. The Monarch has no right to determine decisions made in Parliament. The importance of the Monarch is its effect on public attitude. 4) The British government is made up of the Prime Minister, the Cabinet ministers and assistants to the ministers. 5) In criminal trails, the accused is presumed innocent until proved guilty and presented by a law. Trails are in open court, and in most cases, they are tried before lay justices without a jury of 12. 3. Terms for explanation: 1) Common Law 2) Parliament 3) The Cabinet 4) The Supreme Court 5) Conservative Party 1) The Common Law: The Common Law is laws established through common practice in the courts. It refers to the previous court cases of civil rights of freedom and so on, as well as customs and legal precedents interpreted by judges. 2) Parliament is the legislative body in the UK, which first officially appeared in the 13th century. It is the supreme law-making body in the country and enjoys a number of major powers. According to the constitution, it consists of three parts: the Monarch, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. 3) The Cabinet: The Cabinet is the ultimate decision-making body of the executive headed by the Prime Minister. It serves as the nucleus of the government. Its members meet in private once or twice a week holding confidential discussions with no disclosure of any secrets about the countrys political and social issues. The Cabinet members assume responsibility for all Cabinet decisions and works on the principle of collective responsibility and individual responsibility. 4) The Supreme Court: The Supreme Court is the highest court in all matters under English and Welsh law, Northern Ireland law and Scottish civil law since the 2009. It is made up of 12 Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, or normally called the Law Lords, who are professional judges from the 6 House of Lords to exercise its judicial functions. The Lord Speaker and Lord Chief Justice are the head of the Supreme Court. 5) The Conservative Party: The Conservative Party, colloquially referred to as the Tory Party or the Tories, is a center-right political party. It was founded in 1834, and was one of two dominant parties in the 19th century, along with the Liberal Party. 4. Analysis and comments: 1) The existence of the monarchy 2) British electoral campaigns 1) There are two reasons for the existence of the monarchy. On one hand, as the monarch is highly respected by the whole nation, the bourgeois make use of such a supreme position to rule the country. On the other hand, the King or Queen, as the head of state as well as that of the British Commonwealth, is the symbol of the unity of the British Empire and the connection among all the members of the commonwealth, which makes the British Empire an inseparable unity. 2) The electoral campaigns usually involve advertising in newspaper, door-to-door campaigning and leaflets. The main parties are given short periods of time on national television to present their policies to the public. Apart from the parties own publicity, newspapers and TV programs spend a lot of time discussing the campaign, interviewing politicians, and predicting the result. Chapter 3Chapter 3 1. Explore and fill in the blanks with proper words or terms. (1) As the first country that completed and the largest colony country, the UK used to have the largest economy in the world. (2) The British economy can be divided into three main sectors: , and . (3) Tertiary Industry, or Service Industry, particularly , , and , become key drivers of British GDP growth now. (4) After the World War II, the extensive war efforts of the two world wars and the end of led to a series of problems of the British economy in varying ways. (5) In 1980s, the Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, issued a series of social and economic reforms, which eased some economic problems, however, did not resolve the problem of . (6) Around two-thirds of the agriculture production in the UK is devoted to , one-third to . 7 (7) The UK has large amounts of , , and reserves, and is a major energy producer. (8) and comprise the single largest sector, contributing around 30% of output in manufacturing. (9) is the dominant sector of the UK economy, and contributes around 77.8% of GDP in 2014. (10) is a major center for international business and commerce and is one of the three “command centers” of the global economy along with and . 1) the First Industry Revolution 2) Primary Industry; Secondary Industry; Tertiary Industry 3) banking; insurance; business services 4) British Empire 5) high unemployment rate 6) livestock; crops. 7) coal; oil; natural gas 8) Engineering; allied industries 9) The service sector 10) London; New York City; Tokyo 2. Questions on this unit: 1) What are the characteristics of British Agriculture Industry? 2) How many periods can the British economy after WWII be divided into? What are they? 3) How do you understand the relative decline of British economy after WWII? 4) What are the main agriculture products in the UK? 5) How is the car industry in the UK? 1) Agriculture Industry in the UK is quite intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the total labor force. Besides, Agriculture in the UK is regional varied because of the impact of geographical differences and the quality of farmland. 2) Generally speaking, the development of British economy after the WWII can be divided into three periods: First, it experienced stable development between the 1950s and the 1960s, and its economy was growing slowly but continuously with a low rate of unemployment. Second, in the 1970s, British economy stepped into a sluggish growth and money inflation. Third, in the 1980s, with a series of social and economic reforms issued by Margaret Thatcher, the economy began to recover. However, the problem of high unemployment rate still existed. 3) The decline is relative to some other country rather than absolute. That is, although its economy 8 has been improved, its competitors have improved more rapidly; hence its economic dominance has been overtaken. The British economy was still increasing, but at a slower pace. 4) Major corps in the UK are wheat, barley, oats, potatoes and sugar beet, while major livestock are cattle, sheep, pigs and horses, producing meat, wool, eggs and products. The main products of fishing are cod, haddock, herring and sole. 5) Within the Secondary Industry, car industry is an important contributor, with many global car manufacturers being present in the UK. It used to have many international renowned car manufacturers including MINI, Rolls-Royce, Jaguar, Land Rover, Bentley, and Aston Martin. However, most of them are now owned by overseas companies such as BMW (MINI, Rolls-Royce) of Germany, Tata (Jaguar, Land Rover) of India, and Volkswagen (Bentley) of Germany as well. 3. Terms for explanation: 1) Margaret Thatchers reform 2) Less Favored Area 3) Energy Industry 4) Tertiary Industry 5) Bank of England 1) Margaret Thatchers reform: It refers to a series of economic and social reforms Margaret Thatcher, the Prime Minister, issued during the 1980s. It is the biggest changes in British economic policy since World War II. Therefore, state-owned enterprises were privatized, taxes cut, union reforms passed and markets deregulated. It achieved a great success: Inflation came under control, efficiency of the economy improved, and the market competitiveness began to increase. However, it was far from trouble free. The negative aspect of her reform was