语法讲义Unit 10 Non-finite verbs

Unit10Non-finiteVerbs,Englishverbshavethreenon-finiteforms:infinitive,participleandgerund.Inthepresentlecturewewillstartoffwiththeinfinitive.PartA.Infinitive1.Formsoftheinfinitive1)BareinfinitiveThebareinfinitiveisjusttheinfinitivewithout“to”,whichisidenticalinformwiththebaseoftheverb.Asweknow,infinitivescommonlyoccurwith“to”,butsomecontextitisnecessarytousethebareinfinitive,andinsomeothercasestheinfinitivesignisoptional.Followingisasummingupofthesituationsinwhichthebareinfinitiveisused:back,Thebareinfinitiveisgenerallyusedtofollowthemodals.Inthecaseofneed,itshouldbefollowedbyabareinfinitivewhenitactsasamodal,butbyato-infinitivewhenitisusedasamainverb.Inthecaseofdare,itisfollowedbyabareinfinitivewhenitisusedasamodalverb,buttheinfinitivesignisoptionalwhendarefunctionsasamainverb.E.g.Youmustdoasyouaretold.Weshoulddoitatonce.Weneedntstayherethisevening.Doweneedtostayhere?,Shedarenotgotherealone.Doesshedare(to)gotherealone?Itisusedtofollowsemi-auxiliaries,e.g.Youdbetterhavethebadtoothpulledout.Isusedtocombinewithsuchmodalidiomsaswouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon.May/mightjustaswell,cannotbut,cannothelpbut,cannotchoosebut,etc.Iwouldratherstayathome.Sinceitisafineday,wemightaswellwalk.,Iscommonlyusedtofollowratherthanandsoonerthan,esp.whenrather/soonerthantakestheinitialposition.Butwhenratherthantakesotherpositionsinthesentence,thefollowinginfinitivemaybewithorwithout“to”.e.g.Ratherthancausetrouble,heleft.Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinthenewmachineryratherthan(to)increasewages.,Isoftencombinedwithamainverbtoformsomefixedcombinationssuchas:Makebelieve(假装),makedo(with/on)(凑合，将就，靠维持),letdrop/letfall(有意无意说出),letfly(at)(发出，射出),letslip(无意说出，错过机会),letgo(of)/leavegoof(放开，放手),gohang(见鬼去吧，才不在乎),Thebareinfinitiveusuallyappearsafter“causativeverb+object”,(have,make,let)Wecantletthisgoon.Hemademestaytotea.Thebareinfinitiveusuallyoccursafter“senseverb+object”.Thesenseverbsinclude“see,hear,observe,notice,feel,watch,lookatandlistento”Ididnthearyousaythat.Wefeltthehouseshake.,Butwhenthesenseverboccursinthepassive,itshouldbefollowedbyato-infinitive,e.g.Theysawhimenterthebuilding.Hewasseentoenterthebuilding.Thebareinfinitiveisusedafter“haveknown+object”,e.g.Haveyoueverknownhimtellalie?Thebareinfinitiveoftenappearsafter“helporhelp+object”,butto-infinitiveisalsopossible.E.g.CanIhelp(to)liftthatbox?,Thebareinfinitiveusuallyappearsafterthepreposition“except/but”whenthereisaformofthemainverb“do”beforethepreposition,whichisotherwisefollowedbyato-infinitive.Theyhadnothingtodobutwait.Thereisnochoicebuttowait.Likewise,insomeSVCconstructions,ifthesubjectcontainsaformofthemainverb“do”,theinfinitiveinthecomplementmaybewithorwithout“to”,e.g.TheonlythingIcandonowis(to)goonbymyself.,Thebareinfinitivealsoappearsafter“why/whynot”e.g.Whyarguewithhim?WhynotgiveMarysomeflowers?Thebareinfinitivecanalsobeusedinthefollowingidiomaticexpressions:Gopost(=Goandpost)aletterforme.Comelook(=Comeandlook).Thisuseofthebareinfinitiveisrestrictedtocombinationwithsuchfewverbsas“go,comeandtry”.,2)InfinitiveclausewithexpressedsubjectTheexpressedsubjectofaninfinitiveclauseisgenerallyintroducedby“for”.Butwhentheadjectivesbeforetheinfinitiveareadjectivesshowingcharacterorbehavioraltraits(suchas“foolish,kind,careless,thoughtful,etc.),theexpressedsubjectofaninfinitiveclauseisgenerallyintroducedby“of”.E.g.Itisdifficultformetoanswerthatquestion.Itwasthoughtfulofthemtocomehomeearly.,3)Infinitiveclauseintroducedbyawh-wordorsubordinatorwh-word:“what,how,where,whether,who,which,when,etc.”Verbs:“ask,consider,decide,discover,explain,forget,findout,guess,imagine,know,learn,observe,remember,see,show,tell,teach,think,understand,wonder,etc.”Subordinator:asifHeopenedhislipsasiftosaysomething.,ThereismorelandinAustraliathanthegovernmentknows_.(宾语）A.whattodowithB.howtodoC.todowithitD.todoitIhaventdecidedwhichhotel_.(宾语）A.tostayB.istostayC.tostayatD.isforstaying_iswhatshewantsknow.(主语）A.WhotodoitB.WhomtodoitC.WhodoesitdoD.Whomdoingit,4)tenseformsofinfinitiveTheinfinitivecantakethesimple,progressive,perfectiveandperfectiveprogressiveforms.ActiveVoiceSimple:todoPerfective:tohavedoneProgressive:tobedoingPerfectprogressive:tohavebeendoing,E.g.Ihavealotofworktodo.Ihappenedtobestandingnexttohimwhenhecollapsed.HeissaidtohaveleftShanghai.ThepresidentwasreportedtohavebeenflyingacrosstheAtlantic.,a)“Todo”Iftheactionoftheinfinitivehappenedatoralmostatthesametimeasthepredicativeverborafterit,weshoulduse“todo”.E.g.Iamgladtoseeyou.Hequicklysteppedonthebrakes,andhiscarcametoastopjustintimetobeavoidinganaccident.（改错）,b)“Tohavedone”actionhappenedbeforethepredicateverb.E.g.Humansarebelievedtohaveevolvedfromtheprimatespecies.(人们相信，人类是由灵长类动物进化而来的。)Iamverysorrytohavebotheredyouwithsomanyquestionsonsuchanoccasion.,Theredwoodappears_some100yearsagoinnorthernforestsaroundtheworld.(TOEFL)A.havingtoflourishB.toflourishC.tohaveflourishedD.haveflourished正确答案：C,“unrealpast”Whenusedaftertheverbssuchas“mean,intend,think,plan,hope,wish,propose,etc.,“tohavedoneistoshowthatonehadintendedtodosomethingbutinfactdidntdoit.E.g.Imeanttohavetelephoned,butIforgot.Iplannedtohavevisitedyoulastnight,butIwastoobusy.Wecanalsousetheothertwostructurestoexpressthesamething.,A.was/weretohavedone,wouldliketohavedone,shouldliketohavedonee.g.Iwastohavetelephoned,butIforgot.B.Pastperfecttense+todoIhadintendedtovisityou,butIwasbusy.occasionallyindicates“thefuture”e.g.Shehopestohavefinishedtheworkbythetimehecomesback.=shehopesthatshewillhavefinishedtheworkbythetimehecomesback.,c)“tobedoing”tomean“progressive”Hepretendedtobelisteningattentivelywhentheteachercameby.(当老师走过时，他假装正在专心听讲)=Hepretendedthathewaslisteningattentivelywhentheteachercameby.Hepretendedtobesleepingwhenshecamein.Ihappenedtobestandingnexttohimwhenhecollapsed.,d)“tohavebeendoing”Itmeansthattheactionhappensbeforethepredicateverbandcontinueswithoutstopping.E.g.TheyaresaidtohavebeencollectingfolksongsinYunnan.=ItissaidthattheyhavebeencollectingfolksongsinYunnan.(据说他们一直在云南收集民歌)Heseemstohavebeensittingthereallday.,5)Thepassiveformsofinfinitivetobedone（将来被动）ItisreportedthattheAmericanMedicalAssociationhascalledforthesportofboxing_.A.tobeforbiddenB.tobeforbiddingC.tohavebeenforbiddenD.toforbid,tohavebeendone(完成被动）ADreamoftheRedChamberissaid_intodozensoflanguagesinthelastdecade.A.tohavebeentranslatedB.totranslateC.tobetranslatedD.tohavetranslated,注意一些特殊情况，有时我们用主动表被动。1.作补语形容词的状语时Englishisdifficulttospeak.Theboxistooheavytomove.Thismagazineisinterestingtoread.Theyfoundthesubjecthardtounderstand,2.当不定式与它的修饰词之间有动宾关系，并且与句子的主语在意思上有主谓关系时，虽然表示的意思为被动，但却用主动形式。Ihavethreeletterstowrite.Doyouhaveclothes_today?A.towashB.bewashedC.washD.tobewashed,3.某些固定用法。tolet(出租)，toblame(责备)Thetwophrasesarefixed.Theyexpressthepassivemeaning,buttheformsareactive.Youshouldbetoblameforit.Thehouseistolet.,4.在therebe引起的句子中，用来修饰主语的不定式可用被动式也可用主动式。Thereisalotofworktodo(=tobedone)thisweek.Therearesomeproblemstosolve(=tobesolved).,6.Thenegativeformsofinfinitive在不定式前加not或never.Youshouldremember_fromthepointwhenyouarewritingacomposition.A.didntwanderB.nottowanderC.notwanderD.notwanderingMr.Smithadvisedustowithdraw_.A.sothattogetnotinvolvedB.soastogetnotinvolvedC.soasnottogetinvolvedD.sothatnottogetinvolved,7)To后面省略了动词原型的不定式“Haveyougonetoseethedoctor?”“No,_”A.IgoB.ImgoingC.IgotoseeD.Imgoingto“Doyouwanttogiveatalkonthatsubject?”“Iprefer_”A.notwantB.notwantingC.tonotwantingD.notto,2.Syntacticfunctionsoftheinfinitive1)FunctionasthesubjectApostmansdutyis_mails.A.todeliverB.todeliveringC.deliverD.delivering_thepaperstoMr.Smithisyourtaskthismorning.A.TodeliverB.TodeliveringC.DeliverD.Delivering表具体的动作，谓语常为be动词，而且常用单数。,basicpatterns:a)Itisourdutytohelpthem.b)Itwilltakeyouquitealongtimetofinishit.c)Itseasytobewiseaftertheevent.d)Itisimpossibleforpeopletostaredirectlyatthesun.e)Itiskindofyoutohelpme.,Itis+N.+todosth,Ittakessbsometimetodosth.,Itis+adj.+todosth,Itis+adj.forsbtodosth,Itis+adj.ofsbtodosth,(3)_istobelieve.A.ToseeB.ToseeingC.SeeD.Seeing注意对称美,2)FunctionastheobjectVt.+“todo”Whenweusethispattern,therearetwoconditions:A.Thelogicalsubjectoftheinfinitiveisthesubjectofthewholesentence.Thatistosay,thesubjectofthesentenceisthedoerofboththepredicateverbandtheinfinitiveverb.B.Thepredicateverboftendescribestheattitude,whiletheverbintheinfinitiveistoillustratetheaction.,Theverbswhichareoftenfollowedby“todo”are:afford,agree,aim,apply,appear,arrange,ask,bother,choose,claim,decide,determine,desire,endeavor,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,pledge,refuse,resolve,seek,seem,swear,tend,threaten,trouble,undertake,venture,volunteer,vow,wish,etc.,e.g.Thiscompanyrefusedtocooperatewithus.Hepromisednottotellanyoneaboutit.Whyshouldanyonebothertorisklosinghistreasuretohelpastrange?,Note:somewordscanbefollowedbyboth“todo”and“doing”,butthemeaningisdifferent.Soweshouldpaymoreattentiontothem.a)deserve,need,require,wantWhen“deserve,need,require,andwant”arefollowedby“doing”,theyindicatethepassivemeaning.“doing”canbechangedinto“tobedone”.E.g.Thegardenneedswatering/tobewatered.Yourhairneedscutting/tobecut.,b)remember,regret,forgetremembertodo记住去做某事（未做）rememberdoing记得做过某事（已做）forgettodo忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forgetdoing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)regrettodo对要做的事感到遗憾。regretdoing对做过的事感到遗憾、后悔。,Dontforgettocometomorrow.Ishallneverforgetseeingthequeen.我永远不会忘记见到过女王。IdontregrettellingherwhatIthought.我不后悔给他讲过我的想法。（已讲过）Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，但我实在没办法。Dontyourememberseeingthemanbefore?Youmustremembertoleavetomorrow.,c)goon,stopgoontodo接着又做另一件事goondoing继续做同一件事stoptodo停止、中断某件事，目的是去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做或经常做的事d)trytrytodo努力、企图做某事trydoing试验、试一试某种办法Youmusttrytobemorecareful.你可要多加小心。Letstrydoingtheworksomeotherway.让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这项工作。,e)meanmeantodo打算、有意要做某事meandoing意味着Idontmeantohurtyourfeeling.Thisillnesswillmeangoingtohospital.得了这种病就要进医院。f)start,begin+todo表示具体或特定的动作.+doing表示一般行为后接静态动词,或当start和begin已用进行体时,后只接不定式g)like,love,hate,prefer+todo表示具体或特定的动作+doing表示一般行为,somecertainverbs+wh-words+“todo”Idontknow_hisletter.A.whethertoanswerB.whetheransweringC.WhetheranswersD.whethertoansweringWh-wordsinclude:“what,how,where,whether,who,which,when,etc.”Verbsinclude:“ask,consider,decide,discover,explain,forget,findout,guess,imagine,know,learn,observe,remember,see,show,tell,teach,think,understand,wonder,etc,Verb+it+complement(nounsoradjectives)+“todo”verbsthatcanbeusedinthisconstructionare:consider,think,judge,feel,make,etc.Ithinkithardtoanswerthequestioninonego.我觉得很难一下子回答这个问题。Hefeelsitchallengingtobeamarketingsupervisor.他认为担任市场总监很具有挑战性。,Usingmanysymbolsmakes_toputalargeamountofinformationonasinglemap.(TOEFL)A.possibleB.itispossibleC.itpossibleD.thatpossible,3)FunctionastheobjectcomplementThepatternis:verb+sb.todosth.Suchverbsinclude:advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,challenge,compel,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,hate,instruct,intend,invite,judge,leave,like,mean,need,oblige,order,permit,persuade,prefer,press,recommend,request,remind,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,want,warn,wish,urge,etc.,Inhot,dryregions,thesunsheatcausestheouterlayerofrocks_,processcalledexfoliation.(TOEFL)A.areexpandedandpeeledawayB.toexpandandpeelawayC.expandingandpeelingawayD.theyexpandandpeelawayTheydontallowpeopletosmokeinthetheater.Thechairmandeclaredthemeetingtobeover.,NOTE:1.Aftercausativeverbsandsenseverbs,weshouldusethebareinfinitive.2.After“help”,wecanuseeitherthe“to”infinitiveorthebareinfinitive.,4)FunctionastheattributiveWhentheinfinitiveusedastheattributive,therearethreekindsofrelationsbetweenthemodifiedandthemodifier.verbandobject(动宾关系)ExamplesShehasfourchildrentotakecareof.Ihadnoplacetolivein.Igavethekidacomictoread.Ineedapentowrite.,subjectandpredicateverb(主谓关系)Thepatternis:Only/last/next/theordinalnumbers/thesuperlativeofadjectives+noun+theinfinitiveE.g.Idontthinkheisthebestmantodothejob.ThenexttraintoarriveisfromNewYork.Clintwastheonlypersontosurvivetheaircrash.,Apposition(同位关系)(两类名词)1)与动词相关的名词：要求与不定式连用的动词，它的名词形式也要接不定式。常见的这样的名词有：arrangement,attempt,claim,decision,hope,determination,failure,need,plan,promise,refusal,resolution,tendency,threat,wish,etc.Herefusedtoco-operatewithus.Hisrefusaltoco-operatemakesusangry.Idontwishtochange.Ihavewishtochange.,2)与形容词相关的名词：要求与不定式连用的形容词，它的名词形式也要接不定式。常见的这样的名词有：ability,ambition,anxiety,eagerness,inclination,reluctance,willingnessetc.Shewasreluctanttoaccepthisinvitation.Herreluctancetoaccepthisinvitationupsethim.Theywereeagertohelpme.Theireagernesstohelppleasedme.,NOTE:adjective+infinitiveHere“adjective+infinitive”referstothecombinationthatactsascomplementinSVCpatters.Thesecombinationsaresuperficiallysimilarbutsemanticallydifferentconstructions,varyinginmeaning,thatis,in“deepstructure”,withthedifferentcategoriesofadjectives.Semantically,thesecombinationsfallintothreetypes,eachofwhichcontainsseveralsub-types.,1)TypeIThistypeofSVCpatternischaracterizedbythefactthesubjectofthemainclauseisalsothelogicalsubjectoftheinfinitive.Theadjectivesoccurringinthispatternarealldynamicadjectives,whichcanbesubdividedintothefollowingcategories.a)Adjectivesshowingemotionalfeelings,e.g.:Heisgladtohelpothers.Imsorrytobelate.Iwassurprisedtoseehowangryhewas.,b)Adjectivesshowinggoodorbadluck,e.g.:Hewasluckytobeabletofindajob.Hewasfortunatetoescapebeinginjuredintheaccident.c)Adjectivesshowingmentalstateorpersonalattitude,e.g.Heisanxioustoseeher.Iamdeterminedtofinishtheworktonight.Wearereadytomaketheattempt.,d)Adjectivesshowingcharacterorbehavioraltrait,e.g.Heisfoolishtomeetheragain.Shewascarelesstobreakthecup.Youarekindtosayso.ThesesentencescanbetransformedintoacorrespondingIT-pattern,e.g.Itisfoolishofhimtomeethimagain.Itwascarelessofhertobreakthecup.,2)TypeIIInthistypeofSVCpattern,thesubjectofthemainclauseisthelogicalobjectoftheinfinitive.Here,theadjectivesaregenerallystativeadjectives,e.g.Thatquestionisdifficulttoanswer.Thiscarisexpensivetooverhaul(检修).Sheispleasanttotalkto.,Someofthesesentencescanbetransformedintoananticipatory(先行)It-construction:Itisdifficulttoanswerthatquestion.Itisexpensivetooverhaulthiscar.Buttherearealsosomeconstructionsofthesametypethatcannotbesotransformed:Thecoffeeisbittertotaste.Theyareattractivetolookat.Theboxisheavytocarry.Theriverisnarrowtosailup.,3)TypeIIIInthistype,thesubjectofthemainclausemaybethelogicalsubjectorlogicalobjectoftheinfinitive,e.g.Thesebooksareeasytosell.=Itiseasytosellthesebooks.=Thesebooksselleasily.,Butinmostcases,theadjectivecanbeturnedintoacorrespondingadverbindeepstructure,e.g.Heisquicktotakeoffence(生气).=Hetakesoffencequickly.Hewashesitanttotakeaction.=Hetookactionhesitantly.这一类“形容词+不定式”结构用的都是表示难、易、快、慢之类的形容词。,5)FunctionasadverbialAsadverbialofpurpose.Hatingpeopleislikeburningdownyourownhousetogetridofarat.憎恨别人，就好像为了赶走一只老鼠，而把自己的房子烧掉。Toacquireknowledge,onemuststudy;buttoacquirewisdom,onemustobserve.Wehadbetterstartearlytocatchthetrain.,NOTE:weoftenuse“inorderto”or“soasto”totakethepaceof“to”.But“soasto”cannotbeplacedatthebeginningofthesentence.Wehadbetterstartearlyinorderto/soastocatchthetrainInordertomailaletterIwenttothepostoffice.,AsadverbialofresultOnlyto+“do”仅仅是，竟然（表示与预料相反的结果）So+adj./adv.+asto“do”Such+nounphrase+asto“do”Enoughto“do”足够能Notenoughto“do”不够而不能Too+adj./adv/+to“do”Not/nevertooto“do”怎么也不过分Toonotto“do”很不会不But/onlytooto“do”非常,Iwenttothestationonlytofindthetrainhadalreadyleft.Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeapencil?你能借我一支铅笔吗？Theroomisbigenoughtoholdahundredpeople.Onecanneverbetoocarefultodooneswork.工作越仔细越好。Heistoosmartnottoseeyourpoint.他太聪明了，不会不明白你的意思的。Heisbuttoogladtojoinus.他非常乐于参加我们的活动。,AsadverbialofconditionYouwouldbestupidnottoaskforaraise.=Youwouldbesostupidifyoudontaskforaraise.Onemustbeoutofhismindtodosuchathing.=ifhedosesuchathing.Iwouldhavebeenhappytobeinvitedtotheparty.=ifIhadbeeninvited,Iwouldhavebeenhappy.结构为：will,would,shall,should,must,can,或coulddo+todosth,6)Functionaspredicative(表语)Whentheinfinitivefunctionsasthepredicative,itindicatesaconcreteactionandthesubjectofthesentenceisusuallyanoun,orinfinitive,orclause.E.g.YourpresenttaskistolearnEnglish.Totreatcomradeslikeenmitiesistogoovertothesideoftheenemy.把同志当敌人看待就是投降敌人。Whathewantedistogettheworkdoneasquicklyaspossible.,PartB.Gerund1.ThedifferentformsofGerund.1)Thesimpleactiveform:doingChildrenenjoy_picture-storybooks.A.toreadB.readC.readingD.toreadingMywifesuggested_toScotlandforaholiday,butIfavor_Walesinstead.A.togotovisitB.togovisitingC.goingvisitingD.goingtovisit,Iregret_herthenews.A.totellB.toldC.tellingD.tellregrettelling=regrethavingtold表示动名词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时，或在其前或在其后发生.,2)Theperfectiveactiveform:havingdoneThemaninthecornerconfessedto_alietothemanagerofthecompany.A.havetoldB.betoldC.beingtoldD.havingtold表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，可以替换成一般式。Hewaspraisedforhavingmadesuchacontributiontohiscommunity.Iregrethavingtoldherthenews.,making,telling,3)Thesimplepassiveform:beingdoneWhenthelogicalsubjectofthegerundistherecipientofthegerundnotthedoer,wethenusethepassiveform.Threeofficersnarrowlyescaped_inthefiercebattle.A.tobekilledB.tokillC.havekilledD.beingkilledHedidallthiswithout_byanyone.A.beingaskedB.askingC.toaskD.tobeasked,4)Theperfectivepassiveform:havingbeendoneAfter_,hewasofferedthejob.A.interviewingB.interviewedC.havinginterviewedD.havingbeeninterviewed注意:有时我没要用主动表被动Need,require,want,deserve,beworth+doing,5).thegerundwithitsownexpressedlogicalsubjectIdontmindJohnmovingtoanotherhouse.IdontmindJohnsmovingtoanotherhouse.Idontmindhimmovingtoanotherhouse.Idontmindhismovingtoanotherhouse.Hisrefusingtoaccepttheinvitationisreallysurprising.Himrefusingtoaccepttheinvitationisreallysurprising.一般来说，作宾语时，其逻辑主语可为名词或名词属格，代词宾格或物主限定词，但作主语时，要用属格及物主限定词,注意几个特殊情况1.Iwasafraidof_fallingdownduringthenight.A.thetentB.thetentsC.thetentsD.tents当逻辑主语是无生命的东西时，只能用普通格不能用所有格。2.Shewasawakenedby_knockingatthedoor.A.someonesB.someoneC.anyoneD.anyones当逻辑主语是不定代词或指示代词时，只能用宾格，不能用所有格。,3.Theleaderinsistedon_attendingthemeeting.A.LiMing,WangHaiandZhangFanB.LiMing,WangHaiandZhangFansC.LiMings,WangHaisan