中枢神经系统-端 脑

南方医科大学解剖学教研室廖华2015.11.08,端脑,端脑telencephalon,概述：端脑脑的最高级部位发生胚胎前脑泡大脑皮质结构髓质基底核侧脑室,胚胎神经管的发育,端脑的矢状面观,NumericalDataTotalsurfacearea:2200cm2(2.5ft2)about1/3-surfaceareaabout2/3-hiddeninthesulciThickness:1.5mm(VI)-4.5mm(MI)Generally,thickestoverthecrestoftheconvolutionand,thinnestinthedepthofsulciWeight:600gm(40%oftotalbrainweight)180gm-neurons420gm-glialcells,大脑皮质CerebralCortex,端脑的外形和分叶,大脑纵裂两裂大脑横裂上外侧面三面内侧面底面,外侧沟三沟中央沟顶枕沟额叶顶叶五叶颞叶枕叶岛叶,大脑皮质的主要沟回,外侧面,大脑皮质的主要沟回,外侧面,大脑皮质的主要沟回,内侧面,大脑皮质的主要沟回,内侧面,大脑皮质的主要沟回,深部,大脑皮质的主要沟回,深部,海马和齿状回,大脑皮质的主要沟回,底面,大脑皮质的主要沟回,底面,端脑内部结构,中央部侧脑室前角lateralventricle后角下角室间孔第三脑室侧脑室脉络丛中央部和下角,脑室投影,脑室铸形,脑室系统,基底核basalnuclei,尾状核头体尾新纹状体纹状体豆状核壳苍白球旧纹状体屏状核杏仁核,基底核,基底核,基底核,Habenularnucleus,Tectum(superiorcolliculus),PPN(pedunculopontinenucleus),Amygdaloidbody,Raphe,CerebralCortex,STN,PallidumSNr,STRIATUM,基底核的纤维联系,SNc,Thalamus,基底核(主要的运动环路)纤维联系,SupplementaryMotorArea(SMA),PrimaryMotorArea(MI),THALAMUS,STRIATUM(Putamen),PALLIDUM(GPi),pyramidaltract,LMN,ansalenticularis,lenticularfasciculus,BasalGanglia(PrefronatalComplexLoop)Connections,PrefrontalAssociationCortex,PrimaryMotorArea(MI),THALAMUS,STRIATUM(CaudateNucleus),SNr(SubstantiaNigra,parsreticulata),pyramidaltract,LMN,GP,SNr,Striatum,MotorCortex,VA-VLcomplex,-GABA,-GABA,+glutamate?,glutamate+,glutamate+,BasalGanglia(Microcircuitary)Connections,BasalGanglia(LimbicLoop)Connections,OrbitofrontalCortexAnteriorCingulateGyrusHippocampalFormation,THALAMUS,VentralStriatumCaudateNucleus,VentralPallidumGPi,SNr,BasalGanglia(OculomotorLoop)Connections,FrontalEyeField(area8),PrimaryMotorArea(MI),THALAMUS,STRIATUM(CaudateNucleus),SNr(SubstantiaNigra,parsreticulata),pyramidaltract,LMN,Tectum,BasalGanglia(STN)Connections,SNr,GPi,STN,GPe,subthalamicfasciculus,OutputPortionofBasalGanglia,CerebralCoretx,Thalamus,PPN,SubthalamicNucleus,BasalGanglia(VentralStriatumandVentralPallidum)Connections,VentralPallidum,VentralStriatum,HippocampalFormation,BasolateralAmygdala,Temporal&FrontalCortex,SNc,VTA&DorsalRaphe,Thalamus(MD),BasolateralAmygdala,PPN&VTA,Thalamus(MD),BasalGanglia(BrainStemEfferents)Connections,PPN(midbrainlocomotorregion),Tectum(superiorcolliculus),GPi,SNr,Striatum(caudatenucleus),LowerMotorNeuron,viareticularformation,tectospinaltract,BasalGanglia,BrainStem&SpinalCord,SMA(supplementarymotorarea),BasalGangliaandPyramidalTract,uppermotorneuron,UMN,lowermotorneuron,LMN,pyramidaltract,BASALGANGLIACIRCUIT,基底核的功能1.Sub-corticalcellstationsforextra-pyramidalmotorpathwaythatinfluencesLMNofthebrainstemandthespinalcord2.Stereotypedmotoractivitiestomaintaintone,posture,locomotionandautomaticassociatedmovements.,大脑皮质cerebralcortex,大脑皮质神经系统最高级中枢原皮质（海马和齿状回）大脑皮质旧皮质（嗅脑）新皮质,I分子层II外颗粒层新皮质III外锥体细胞层IV内颗粒层V内锥体细胞VI多形细胞层,新皮质分区Brodmann法52区,内侧面,外侧面,大脑皮质的机能定位：,第躯体运动区位置中央前回和中央旁小叶前部，包括Brodmann第4区和第6区，特点上下颠倒，头面部正立左右交叉身体各部投影区的大小取决于其功能的重要性和复杂程度，与靶区大小无关,第躯体运动区,第躯体运动区,第躯体感觉区位置中央后回和中央旁小叶后部纤维背侧丘脑腹后核特点上下颠倒，但头部正立左右交叉投影大小取决于感觉的灵敏程度，与形体的大小无关,第躯体感觉区,视觉区位置枕叶内侧面距状沟两侧皮质（17区）纤维视辐射特点鼻侧交叉，颞侧不交叉损伤一侧视区损伤导致双眼对侧视野同向性偏盲,听觉区位置颞横回（41、42区）纤维听辐射损伤一侧听区损伤，引起双耳听力下降，但不致全聋,语言中枢,运动性语言中枢（说话中枢）位置-额下回后部（44、45区）损伤运动性失语书写中枢位置额中回后部（8区）损伤失写症听觉性语言中枢位置颞上回后部（22区）损伤感觉性失语视觉性语言中枢（阅读中枢）位置角回（39区）损伤失读症,PET技术显示大脑代谢活动的强弱,大脑半球的髓质,联络纤维同侧半球内部弓状纤维联系相邻脑回钩束连接额、颞叶上纵束连接额、顶、枕、颞叶下纵束连接枕、颞叶扣带连接额、顶、枕、颞叶,联络纤维,联络纤维,连合纤维连接左、右半球胼胝体两侧半球相应部位前连合左、右嗅球和颞叶穹窿连合连接对侧海马,连合纤维,投射纤维联系大脑皮质和皮质下中枢内囊internalcapsule位置尾状核、背侧丘脑与豆状核之间内囊前肢额桥束和丘脑前辐射内囊后肢皮质脊髓束、皮质红核束、丘脑中央辐射、分部顶枕颞桥束、视辐射和听辐射内囊膝部皮质核束,内囊,内囊,边缘系统limbicsystem,概念：由边缘叶及其他有关的皮质和皮质下结构如杏仁体、下丘脑、上丘脑、背侧丘脑前核和中脑被盖等共同组成功能：嗅觉、内脏调节、情绪反应、性活动、觅食、防御、攻击、种系延续、学习记忆,Thelimbicsystem(orPaleomammalianbrain)isasetofbrainstructuresincludingthehippocampus,amygdala,anteriorthalamicnuclei,andlimbiccortex,whichsupportavarietyoffunctionsincludingemotion,behavior,longtermmemory,andolfaction.,Thelimbicsystemoperatesbyinfluencingtheendocrinesystemandtheautonomicnervoussystem.Itishighlyinterconnectedwiththenucleusaccumbens,thebrainspleasurecenter,whichplaysaroleinsexualarousalandthehighderivedfromcertainrecreationaldrugs.Theseresponsesareheavilymodulatedbydopaminergicprojectionsfromthelimbicsystem.,-57-,前连合,透明隔,海马旁回,胼胝体上回和终纹,杏仁体,乳头体,扣带回和扣带,穹隆柱,钩,终板旁回,前海马原基,嗅球,胼胝体下区,嗅束,齿状回,穹隆体,背侧丘脑,胼胝体,丘脑髓纹,乳头丘脑束,乳头被盖束,海马,海马伞,终纹,Septo-(Preoptico)-Hypothalamo-MesencephalicContinuum,MainComponentsofLimbicSystem,SeptalRegion,Hypothalamus,LimbicMidbrainArea,HippocampalFormation,OlfactoryCortex,AmygdaloidNuclearComplex,SpinalCord&BrainStem,LimbicSystem,Amygdala:InvolvedinsignalingthecortexofmotivationallysignificantstimulisuchasthoserelatedtorewardandfearinadditiontosocialfunctionssuchasmatingHippocampus:Requiredfortheformationoflong-termmemoriesParahippocampalgyrus:PlaysaroleintheformationofspatialmemoryandispartofthehippocampusCingulategyrus:Autonomicfunctionsregulatingheartrate,bloodpressureandcognitiveandattentionprocessingFornix:carriessignalsfromthehippocampustothemamillarybodiesandseptalnucleiHypothalamus:Regulatestheautonomicnervoussystemviahormoneproductionandrelease.Affectsandregulatesbloodpressure,heartrate,hunger,thirst,sexualarousal,andthesleep/wakecycleThalamus:Therelaystationtothecerebralcortex,Inaddition,thesestructuresaresometimesalsoconsideredtobepartofthelimbicsystem:Mamillarybody:ImportantfortheformationofmemoryPituitarygland:secreteshormonesregulatinghomeostasisDentategyrus:thoughttocontributetonewmemoriesandtoregulatehappinessEntorhinalcortexandpiri