公司治理简介.ppt

IntroductiontoCorporateGovernance,FederalReserveSystem,OutlineofPresentation讲座纲要,Definitionofcorporategovernance公司治理的概念Internationalfactorsimpactingcorporategovernance影响公司治理的国际因素“Bestpractices”forcorporategovernance公司治理的最好实践BIScorporategovernanceissues国际清算银行关于公司治理的问题Examinerperspective监管者的观点,DefinitionofCorporateGovernance公司治理的概念,Asystemofchecksandbalancespromotingahealthybalanceofriskandreturn推动风险与回报保持良性平衡的制衡体系Facilitatesefficient,safe,andsoundfinancialinstitutions推进高效、安全、稳健的金融机构运作,WhatisCorporateGovernance?什么是公司治理？,Setofrelationshipsamong以下各方之间的关系：Management管理层boardofdirectors董事会shareholders/otherstakeholder股东/其他利益关联方Regulators监管者othercontrolgroups-e.g.audit其他控制机构如审计otherplayers-e.g.marketdiscipline其他的参与者如市场规则,ImpactofBanksStructureonCorporateGovernance银行结构对公司治理的影响,TypeofOwnership:所有者形式state-ownedbanks国有银行privately-ownedbanks私有银行listedbanks上市银行,State-OwnedBanks国有银行,Leadingroleassumedbymanagement管理层发挥领导作用shareholders-lesserrole股东作用小Externalauditorscouldovervalueimplicit/explicitStateguarantee外部审计可能高估国家的隐性或直接担保Bankingsupervision-lastlineofdefense银行监管最后的防线,Privately-OwnedBanks私有银行,Managementhasnoautonomyvs.theshareholder(s)管理层相对股东没有自主权Banksupervisionmorecritical-protectthedepositors银行监管更为重要保护储户Marketdiscipline-mayormaynotbesignificant市场规则重要性不明确,ListedBanks上市银行,Keyelementswillworkeffectively有效的关键要素：Shareholders股东AuditCommittee审计委员会Management管理层MarketDiscipline市场规则ExternalAuditors外部审计BankSupervisors银行监管机构,IncreasedImportanceofCorporateGovernance公司治理的重要性加强,Governanceweaknessescitedasmajorcontributortobankingproblems公司治理缺陷是导致银行出现问题的主要原因Growingcomplexityofbankactivity银行经营活动日渐复杂Consolidationacrossfinancialsectors金融领域合并不断EnhancedfocusbyOECD,BIS,SEC经合组织、国际清算银行、美国证券交易委员会提高关注,ImpactbyTypeofEconomy经济模式的影响,WorldBankidentifiedfourseparatemodels:世界银行确定的四种模式：Asia亚洲Europe欧洲Anglo-Saxoncountries盎格鲁-萨克逊国家EmergingEconomies新兴国家,CharacteristicsbyTypeofEconomy经济模式的特点,Asia:亚洲Largeandsmalldiversifiedshareholders多样化的大、小股东Closelinksbetweencorporations,banksandgovernments政府、企业、银行关系紧密Tightlyheldandfamilycontrol控制严格，家族管理Absenceofminorityprotection缺乏对小股东的保护Impact:影响Lackofmarketdiscipline缺乏市场约束Poorgovernance治理水平差,Europe:欧洲Stronginstitutionalframework严格的制度框架Swiftenforcementandcreditorprotection执行迅速，保护债权人Weakcapitalmarketsandlimiteddisclosure资本市场薄弱，信息披露有限Strongroleforbanksandinstitutionalinvestors银行和机构投资者占强势地位Impact:影响Reasonablecontrolandgovernance合理的控制和治理,Anglo-Saxoncountries盎格鲁-萨克逊国家:Strongequitiesmarkets强劲的股票市场Generallygoodinformation普遍良好的信息披露Goodcontractualenforcement执行合同良好Effectiveboards有效的董事会Takeoverarealthreat收购才是真正的威胁Impact影响:Competitivemarkets竞争市场Goodfinancialarbitrage良好的金融套利机会Reallygoodgovernance相当良好的治理,Emergingeconomies:新兴国家Poorlegalenvironment法律环境差Weakenforcement执行薄弱Littletransparency缺乏透明度Fewfinancingalternatives融资渠道很少Impact:影响Nochecksandbalances没有制衡Concentrationofpowers权利集中,CharacteristicsbyTypeofEconomy经济模式的特点,ApproachestoCorporateGovernance公司治理手段,Differentmodelsofcorporategovernanceexist公司治理存在不同的模式Unitaryvs.two-tierboards单一与双重董事会Diverseshareholderbasevs.controllingshareholders分散的股东基础与股东控制OurfocusisonU.S.model我们主要研究美国模式,CriticalElementsInCorporateGovernance公司治理的关键要素,BoardofDirectors董事会SeniorManagement高级管理层ControlFunctions控制职能InternalAudit内部审计GeneralCounsel总法律顾问RiskManager风险管理经理,CorporateGovernance:U.S.Model公司治理：美国模式,Historicalseparationofcorporateownershipandcontrol历史上，公司所有权和管理权分离Diffusenatureofshareholderbase-makesrapiddecisionmakingdifficult股东基础分散的特点导致快速决策困难Boardestablishedtorepresentinterestsofshareholders(owners)建立董事会代表股东（所有者）的利益Managementselectedtodirectcorporationonaday-to-daybasis选举管理层指导企业的日常经营活动,BoardResponsibilities董事会的职责,Decisionsbasedoncorporationsinterests企业的利益是决策的基础Obtainrelevantinformationfordecisionmaking获得制定决策的相关信息Selectcompetentexecutiveofficersandevaluateandcompensateaccordingly选择有才干的行政人员并给予相应的评定和报酬Reviewandapprovemanagement-developedstrategy审批管理层制定的战略,BoardResponsibilities,cont.董事会的职责（续）,Monitorbankfinancialperformance监督银行财务状况Monitorcontrolenvironment监督控制环境Ensurecompliancewithlegalandregulatoryrequirements确保合法合规Establishguidelinestogovernboardorganizationandprocedures制定董事会组织和议事程序规则,BoardCommitteeStructure董事会结构,Audit/ExaminingCommittee审计/核查委员会NominatingCommittee提名委员会CompensationCommittee薪酬委员会LoanCommittee贷款委员会RiskCommittee风险委员会GovernanceCommittee治理委员会ExecutiveCommittee执行委员会,SoundPracticesforEffectiveBoards有效董事会的良好实践,Competent,engageddirectors有才能、尽职的董事Carefuldirectorselection慎重挑选董事Expertiselinkedtostrategicfocus与战略重点相关的专业知识Predominanceofindependent,outsidedirectors外部独立董事的优势Initialandcontinuousdirectortraining初始阶段和持续的董事培训Guidelinesforotherboardservice董事会其他服务的规则Portionofcompensationinequity股权在报酬中的比例,SoundPracticesforEffectiveBoards,cont.有效董事会的良好实践（续）,ManageableBoardsize便于管理的董事会规模Involvementinkeystrategicdecisions参与重要战略决策Meaningfulboardinformationpackages有意义的董事会信息库Relevant,comprehensive,timely相关、全面、及时Directorinvolvementininformationflowdecisions董事参与信息流动决策Validatedbyindependentsources由独立渠道确认有效,SoundPracticesforEffectiveBoards,cont.有效董事会的良好实践（续）,Completeandaccuraterecordkeepingofboardactions完整和准确的董事会活动记录Publiccorporategovernanceprinciples公开公司治理的原则Activeself-assessmentprocess积极的自我评估程序Board-level董事会层面Individualdirector-level单个董事层面Focusedcommittees重要委员会Charters/Expertise章程/专业知识,BIS-SoundCorporateGovernancePractices国际清算银行良好的公司治理实践,Appropriatestrategicobjectivesandcorporatevalues-communicatedthroughouttheorganization合适的战略目标和企业价值机构内部全面传达Clearlinesofresponsibilityandaccountability职责和义务的清晰界定QualifiedBoardmembers合格的董事会成员Appropriateoversightbyseniormanagement高管人员的适度监控,BIS-SoundCorporateGovernancePractices,cont.国际清算银行良好的公司治理实践（续）,Effectiveutilizationofinternalandexternalaudit有效利用内外部审计Compensationapproachesconsistentwiththebanksethicalvalues,objectives,strategyandcontrolenvironment薪酬与银行的道德价值、目标、战略和控制环境相一致Conductinggovernanceinatransparentmanner在透明的氛围下实施公司治理,IssuesRelatingtoTransparency与透明度相关的问题,Regulatorydiscipline监管规则TheBasleCommitteehasproduced“The25CorePrinciplesofEffectiveSupervision”巴塞尔委员会制定的“有效银行监管的25条核心原则”TheInternationalMonetaryFund,Art.IV国际货币基金组织，第四款Marketdiscipline(complementsbankingsupervisionandreducesexcessiverisk)市场规则（补充银行监管及减少额外风险）Direct直接Indirect间接,DetailsonMarketDiscipline市场规则细则,Emphasizessoundcorporatepoliciesandpractices强调良好的治理政策和实践Requiresadequatetransparencyandincentivestoevaluaterisk要求充足的透明度和积极的风险评估Accuratedescriptionoftheloanportfolios对贷款组合的描述准确Adequateloanlossprovisions适当的贷款损失拨备Adequatereviewofcreditrisk适度的信用风险评估Permitsanalyststoperceiveriskintheactivitiesofafinancialinstitution准许分析师对金融机构的活动进行风险预测,MarketDiscipline市场规则,Direct:直接Institution-riskierprofile-increasecostofdeposits机构风险增加的预测提高存款成本Anticipationofhighercosts-incentivetoreducerisk成本增加的预期降低风险的动机Indirect:间接Secondarymarketpricesindicatelevelofriskandprobabilityofilliquidityorbankruptcy二级市场的价格揭示风险水平、流动性问题或破产的可能性Higherrisks-forceincreaseininterestrates;lackofinvestors-forcehigherfinancingcosts风险增加迫使利率升高；缺少投资者迫使融资成本提高supervisorscouldlimitabanksactivities监管者能够限制银行的活动,MarketDiscipline市场规则,Reinforceworkofsupervisors加强监管者的工作Rewardbankseffectivelymanagingrisks奖励有效管理风险的银行Punishesbanksthatdont-e.g.increased惩罚不有效管理风险的银行如风险增加Insurancepremiums保费Permitslongtermstabilityforfinancialsystemsandbanks确保金融体系和银行的长期稳定,OtherGovernanceFactors公司治理的其他因素,Corporategovernanceandlending公司治理和贷款Relatedpartylendingrestrictions关联贷款的限制Governanceofoffshorelocations离岸机构的公司治理Appropriatestructuresforinternalcontrolsandriskmanagement内控和风险管理的合理结构Liquiditymanagementandforeignexchangerisk流动性管理和外汇风险,CorporateGovernanceandLendingActivities公司治理和贷款活动,BoardofDirectors:董事会Setsstrategiesandpolicies;制定战略方针Directinvolvementinlargeexposures直接参与大额业务Management:管理层Compliancewithandimplementationofagreedstrategyandpolicies遵守并执行既定的战略方针AuditCommittee:审计委员会MonitorsinternalcontrolenvironmentforentireBoard为董事会监控内控环境Compliancewithapplicablelawsandregulations合法合规,CorporateGovernanceandLendingActivities公司治理和贷款活动,Auditors:审计人员External-financialstatementaudits;外部财务报表审计Internalandexternal-loanportfolioreviews内部和外部贷款组合评估Supervisors:监管人员Designofregulatoryframework制订监管框架Disseminationofbestpractices公布良好治理实践Reviewofalltheabove对上述所有内容进行检查,LimitsonLoanstoRelatedParties对关联贷款的限制,Priorsupervisoryapprovalrequiredfor:监管者预先核准要求：Loansexceeding25%ofcapital贷款超过资本的25%toanyonedebtorintheprivatesector对单一私有企业债务人toanygroupofrelateddebtors对与债务人有关联的集团Concentrations-nottoexceed10%intheaggregate集中度不超过总额的10%,RisksinRelatedPartyLending关联贷款的风险,Roleofsupervisors:监管者的作用Monitorrelatedpartylending-ensureadequatebasisforextensionsofcredit监控关联贷款保证信用扩张的基础适度Verifybank-appropriatemonitoringsystem检查银行适当的监控系统Verifycontrolsystemiseffective确保控制系统有效,SupervisionofOffshoreOperations离岸业务的监管,Supervisorsshould:监管者应该Impedeoffshorestructuresifsupervisionisinadequate如果监管能力不足，阻止离岸机构的设置Controlgroupswithparallelbankswherethereisnoconsolidatedsupervisionortransparency控制没有统一监管和透明度的银行Reviewthemarketstrategy评估市场战略Reviewallloansoverthelendi