章振邦《新编英语语法》Lecture 10课件.ppt

Unit10,VerbandVerbPhrase,ClassificationofVerbs,Differentrolesplayedintheformation,Mainverbs,Auxiliaries,Primaryauxiliaries,Modalauxiliaries,Semi-auxiliaries,Transitiveverbs,Intransitiveverbs,Linkingverbs,Complementation,Wordmeaning,Dynamicverbs,Stativeverbs,Wordformation,Single-wordverbs,Phrasalverbs,P109,P110,P113,ClassificationofVerbs,GrammaticalForm,FiniteVerbFiniteForm,Non-finiteVerbNon-finiteForm,RegularVerb,IrregularVerb,P116,P117,MainVerb(NotionalVerb),Asweknow,averbphrasemayconsistofamainverbonly;thisiscalledasimpleverbphrase.Averbphrasemayalsotaketheformofamainverbprecededbyoneormoreauxiliaries;thisiscalledacomplexverbphrase.Mainverbsarealsocallednotionalverbsfunctioningastheheadandindicatingthebasicmeaningofaverbphrase.,P108,DynamicVerb,Dynamicverbsareverbsthatrefertoactions.Theycanbesubclassifiedintothreecategories,durative,transitionalandmomentaryverbs.Theseverbsnormallyadmitofboththeprogressiveandthenon-progressiveaspect.Withmomentaryverbs,thenon-progressiveformindicatesasinglemovementandtheprogressiveformindicatesarepeatedmovement.,P111,Stativeverbs,Stativeverbsareverbsthatrefertopresentorpaststates.Theyarenotnormallyusedwiththeprogressiveaspectexceptincertaincaseswherethereisatransferofmeaning.Theycanbesubclassifiedinto4categories:i)The1stsubclassincludesmainverbbeandmainverbhave:Jimisateacher,but20yearsagohewasasoldier.Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.,Stativeverbs,ii)The2ndsubclassincludesverbsthatinclude,aspartoftheirmeaning,thenotionofbeingandhaving,suchasapplyto,belongto,differfrom,cost,weigh,measure,fit,hold,lack,resemble,etc.:Thisruleappliesto(=isapplicableto)everyone.Thishousebelongstomybrother(=ismybrothersproperty).Frenchdiffersfrom(=isdifferentfrom)Englishinhavinggenderforallnouns.Theauditoriumholds(=hasacapacityof)2,000people.,Stativeverbs,iii)The3rdsubclassincludesverbsthatrefertoasenseperception,suchashear,see,feel,taste,smell,etc.:Shedoesnthearverywell.I(can)seethesnowcappedpeaksofthedistantmountains.Thematerialfeelssoft.Therosessmellfragrant.I(can)tastepepperinthesoup.Ittastesdelicious/hot/sweetandsour.,Stativeverbs,iv)The4thsubclassincludesverbsthatrefertoafeeling,astateofmindoranopinion,suchasassume,believe,consider(=think),detest,fear,hate,hope,imagine,know,like,love,mean,mind,notice,prefer,regret,remember,suppose,think,understand,want,wish,etc.:Ibelievewehavemetbefore?JimknowsChinese.Weunderstandyourdifficulty.HowIwishIcouldvisittheGrandCanyon!,Stativeverbs,Hereareafewexamplestoillustratethatstativeverbscansometimesbeuseddynamicallyandthereforecanbeusedwiththeprogressiveaspect,e.g.:Heisbeingfoolish(=isactingfoolishly).Wearehavingawonderfultime(=areenjoyingourselves).Compare:Heresembleshisfather.Heisresemblinghisfather(=isbecomingmoreandmorelikehisfather)astheyearsgoby.Thiscameracosts$140.Thismistakeiscostingusdearly(=isbringinggreatinjurytous).,P111,Phrasalverbs,Phrasalverbsareverbalidiomswhichareequivalenttosingle-wordverbs,transitiveorintransitive,andwhicharedifferentfromsimpleverbalcombinationswherethemeaningsareeasilyguessedfromtheparts.Compare:Thelightswentout.(S+V)Heputonhiscoatandwentout.(S+V+A)Marycameinwiththecoffee.(S+V+A+A)Thebombwentoffwithadeafeningcrash.(SVA)Hecameoutwithanextraordinarystory.(SVO),P115,Tense&Aspect,Tenseisagrammaticalformassociatedwithverbsthattellsofthedistinctionsoftime.Aspectasagrammaticaltermindicateswhetheranactionorstateatagiventimeisviewedascompleteorincomplete.,Tense,Present,Past,Aspect,Progressive,Perfective,Tense&Aspect,Acombinationofthetwotensesandthetwoaspectsmakesitpossibleforafiniteverbphrasetotakethefollowing8forms:TheSimplePresent/PresentIndefiniteTheSimplePast/PastIndefiniteThePresentProgressive/PresentContinuousThePastProgressive/PastContinuousThePresentPerfectiveThePastPerfectiveThePresentPerfectiveProgressiveThePastPerfectiveProgressive,P120,ActivevoiceandPassiveVoice,Voiceisagrammaticalcategory.Itisaformoftheverbwhichshowswhetherthesubjectofasentenceactsorisactedon.Englishverbshavetwovoices:theactivevoiceandthepassivevoice.Thepassivevoiceisformedbytheauxiliarybe+-edparticipleofthetransitiveverb.CompareBE-passive&GET-passive,P121,Mood,Mood,asagrammaticalcategory,isafiniteverbformthatindicateswhetheranutteranceexpressesafact(indicativemood),acommandorrequest(imperativemood),oranon-factandhypothesis(subjunctivemood).Therearetwoformsofthesubjunctive:be-subjunctiveandwere-subjunctive.IwishIwereyoungagain.IfIwereyou,Iwouldnotgothere.Ifhebefoundguilty,hismembershipshallbesuspended.Itisessentialthatherecognizehisfaults.,P122,FiniteVerbPhrasesandNon-finiteVerbPhrases,FiniteVerbPhrases:Whateverth