新视角研究生英语读说写2八单元课后练习答案.ppt

,Exercises,ReadingComprehension,StructureoftheText,Unit8:Exercises,Vocabulary,Cloze,Translation,Unit8:Readingcomprehension,Reference,Ex.I,p.153,Inparagraphs1to4,theauthorlistedmanyexamplestoshowthatweseemtotakestereotypesforgranted.Stereotypesappearineveryaspectoflife.Accordingtohim,stereotypeisagossipabouttheworld,whichmakesusprejudgepeoplebeforewereallylayeyesonthem,henceitisakindofprejudice.,1.Inparagraphs1to4,theauthordescribestypicalexamplesofstereotyping.Whydoeshelistsomanyexamples?Whatarestereotypesaccordingtohim?,Unit8:Readingcomprehension,2.Whenandhowdowelearntostereotype?,Welearntostereotypewhenwewerequiteyoung,fromtheWesternswecanspotGoodguysfromBadguys.Wealsohavethestandardizedpicturesofstereotypesthrustuponusasgrownups.,Reference,Unit8:Readingcomprehension,3.WhatisanotherwordforprejudiceinHeilbronersessay?Arethereanyothersynonymsofthiswordinthetext?,Anotherwordforprejudiceisprejudgment.Actuallyinthetexttherearemanywordsusedbytheauthortomeanthesame,theyare:stereotype,typecast,prejudice,prejudgment,etc.Outsideofthetext,wecanalsofindsuchwordsasbias,discrimination,scapegoatsassociatedwithstereotypes.,Reference,Unit8:Readingcomprehension,4.Whydowetendtostereotypepeople?,Wetendtostereotypepeoplebecausewearelivinginaconfusingandbuzzingworld.Stereotypinghelpsusmakesenseoutofthiscompletelybuzzingworld.,Reference,Unit8:Readingcomprehension,5.WhatdoyouthinkWalterLippmannmeanswhenhesays,“Forthemostpartwedonotfirstseeandthendefine;wedefinefirstandthenwesee”(Para.9)?Explainyouranswerindetail.,Ifwedontknowwhatwearelookingat,weareoftenquiteunabletoseewhatwearelookingat.Stereotypesareonewayinwhichwe“define”theworldinordertoseeit.Theyclassifytheinfinitevarietyofhumanbeingsintoaconvenienthandfuloftypestowardswhomwelearntoactinstereotypedfashion.Inaword,wearementallylazytoseetheworldbyourselves,butrather,wewouldliketohavejudgmentbeforeweresearchonthefact.,Reference,Unit8:Readingcomprehension,6.Whataretheharmsofstereotypes?,1)Stereotypesmakeusmentallylazy:wedontwanttoobserveourworld,weusestereotypesinstead.2)Stereotypesgetinthewayofourjudgmentwhenweobservetheworld,thustheydoinjusticetoothers.3)Stereotypesimpoverishourselves.Weloseourcapacitytobeourselves,i.e.theabilitytoseetheworldinourownabsolutelyunique,inimitableandindependentfashion.,Reference,Unit8:Readingcomprehension,7.Howdoesseeingtheworldinstereotypes“impoverish”us,accordingtoHeilbroner?,Stereotypesimpoverishusaswetendtolumptheworldintosimplecategories,beingindangerofbecomingastereotypeourselves.Wemayloseourselvesasanindependentindividualwithinimitablethoughtabouttheworld.,Reference,Unit8:Readingcomprehension,8.Canwechangeastereotypicalviewoftheworld?Ifyes,howcanwechangeit?,Yes,butwecannotjustdropourstandardizedpicturesforablindvisionoftheTruthbecausesharpswingsofideasjustsubstituteonestereotypeforanother.Wehavetoundergoatrueprocessofchange,thatisaslowprocessthataddsbitsandpiecesofrealitytothepicturesinourheads,untilgraduallytheytakeonsomeoftheblurrinessoflifeitself.,Reference,Unit8:Readingcomprehension,9.WhatareHeilbronersthreestepsfordiscardingourstereotypicalviewoftheworld?,Thethreestepstodiscardthestereotypesareasfollows:first,wecanbecomeawareofthestereotypesheldinourminds.Second,wecanbecomesuspiciousofalljudgmentsthatweallowexceptionstoprove.Third,wecanlearntobecharyofgeneralizationsaboutpeople.,Reference,Unit8:Readingcomprehension,10.Inthetext,theauthormentionsseveralgroupsofpeoplestereotypedsuchasJews,Catholics,NegroesandPuertoRicans,doyouknowwhytheyarestereotyped?Canyoulistoutotherkindsofstereotypes?,JewsandCatholicsarestereotypedespeciallyforthehistoricalandreligiousreasons(JewsaretosomedegreedifferentfrommostChristiansbecauseJewsbelievetheOldTestamentofBible,andthesimilarreasonfortheCatholics)whileNegroesandPuertoRicansarestereotypedmainlyfordemographicandhistoricalreasons(bothofthemcometotheU.S.asoutsidersandconsideredbarbaric).Otherstereotypesincluderacialdiscrimination,sexdiscrimination,bias,variousprejudicesincludinggender-relatedandage-relatedprejudices,preconceptions,etc.,Reference,Ex.II,p.154,1.Introduction(Paras.16),2.Body(Paras.718),3.Conclusion(Para.19),TextOutline,Unit8:Structureofthetext,1)Stereotypesareakindof_,Itintroduceswhatstereotypesare.Examplesaregiventoshowthatwedontactuallyrealizethatstereotypesarepenetratingandfunctioninginourheads.Therearethreemajorthingsaboutthedefinitionofstereotypesonthetext.,TextOutline,Unit8:Structureofthetext,agossipabouttheworld,agossipthatmakesusprejudgepeoplebeforeweeverseethem.,1.Introduction(Paras.17),2)Stereotypesarerelatedtoprejudice:_,Itintroduceswhatstereotypesare.Examplesaregiventoshowthatwedontactuallyrealizethatstereotypesarepenetratingandfunctioninginourheads.Therearethreemajorthingsaboutthedefinitionofstereotypesonthetext.,TextOutline,Unit8:Structureofthetext,exploremostprejudices(prejudgment),andyouwillfindacruelstereotypeatthecoreofeachone.,1.Introduction(Paras.17),3)Thereisafactthatwhenwehavetypecasttheworld:_,Itintroduceswhatstereotypesare.Examplesaregiventoshowthatwedontactuallyrealizethatstereotypesarepenetratingandfunctioninginourheads.Therearethreemajorthingsaboutthedefinitionofstereotypesonthetext.,TextOutline,Unit8:Structureofthetext,wetendtoseepeopleinastandardizedpicture.,1.Introduction(Paras.17),Stereotypesbeganfromchildhood:webegintotypecastpeopleinourchildhoodyears,e.g._,Whenandhowwehavestereotypes(Paras.710).,TextOutline,Unit8:Structureofthetext,welearntospotthe,GoodguysfromtheBadguysfromTVWesterns.,2.Body(Paras.718),B.Stereotypesaredinnedintousaswegrowup:by_,Whenandhowwehavestereotypes(Paras.710).,TextOutline,Unit8:Structureofthetext,stockjokes,advertisements,moviesandthebooks.,the,2.Body(Paras.718),C.Wetendtostereotypebecauseithelpsus_.Wehavetostereotypesomethingfirstbeforeweseeit.,Whenandhowwehavestereotypes(Paras.710).,TextOutline,Unit8:Structureofthetext,outofahighlyconfusingworld,makesense,2.Body(Paras.718),D.Theseeminglyadvantageousfeaturesofstereotypes:(1)lifewouldbeaweaningprocess_(2)_.,Whenandhowwehavestereotypes(Paras.710).,TextOutline,Unit8:Structureofthetext,fromscratchwitheachandeveryhumancontact.,ifwehadtostart,2.Body(Paras.718),StereotypeseconomizeonourmentaleffortandsaveusthetroubleoffindingoutwhattheworldIslike,A.Stereotypeswarpourjudgmentsbecause_.,2)Harmsofstereotypes(Paras.1114).S.I.Hayakawawrote:thedangerofstereotypesliesnotintheirexistence,butinthefactthattheybecome_.,TextOutline,Unit8:Structureofthetext,substitutesforobservation,2.Body(Paras.718),stereotypeseconomizeonourmentaleffortandsaveusthetroubleoffindingoutwhattheworldIslike,B.Stereotypesimpoverishapersonbecause_.,heloseshiscapacitytobehimself,toseetheworldinhiswonabsolutelyunique,inimitableandindependentway,2)Harmsofstereotypes(Paras.1114).S.I.Hayakawawrote:thedangerofstereotypesliesnotintheirexistence,butinthefactthattheybecome_.,TextOutline,Unit8:Structureofthetext,substitutesforobservation,2.Body(Paras.718),A._.,3)Solutiontotheproblem:_Changingfromoneextremetoanotherisanotherkindofstereotyping.Soitisaslowprocesstoaccumulatethebitsandpiecesofpicturesofrealities.Therearethreestepstospeeduptheprocessalong:,TextOutline,Unit8:Structureofthetext,howwecangetridofstereotypes(Paras.1518),2.Body(Paras.718),Wecanbecomeawareofthestandardizedpicturesinourheads,inotherpeoplesheads,intheworldaroundus,B._.,3)Solutiontotheproblem:_Changingfromoneextremetoanotherisanotherkindofstereotyping.Soitisaslowprocesstoaccumulatethebitsandpiecesofpicturesofrealities.Therearethreestepstospeeduptheprocessalong:,TextOutline,Unit8:Structureofthetext,howwecangetridofstereotypes(Paras.1518),2.Body(Paras.718),Wecanbecomesuspiciousofalljudgmentsthatweallowexceptionstoprove,C._.,3)Solutiontotheproblem:_Changingfromoneextremetoanotherisanotherkindofstereotyping.Soitisaslowprocesstoaccumulatethebitsandpiecesofpicturesofrealities.Therearethreestepstospeeduptheprocessalong:,TextOutline,Unit8:Structureofthetext,howwecangetridofstereotypes(Paras.1518),2.Body(Paras.718),Wecanlearntobecharyofgeneralizationsaboutpeople,TextOutline,Unit8:Structureofthetext,3.Conclusion(Para.19),Mostofthetime,whenwetypecasttheworld,wearenotcategorizingpeopleatall.Weareonlytryingtomakeknowntheshamefulanddeep-rootedstereotypicalpicturesinourheads.,1.Thelackofmilitaryactionfromothercountrieshascontributedtothe_ofthecivilwar.,Unit8:Vocabulary,perpetuation,PartA,Ex.V,p.156Completethefollowingsentenceswithwordsgivenbelow,makingsurethateachwordisusedintherightform.,2.Hismindis_afterprolongedspellofidlingoutsideinbetweentheso-called“friends”ofmahjiang.,Unit8:Vocabulary,impoverished,3.Whenaskedabouttheearthquakeof20yearsago,hermind_upablurredvisionoffireandfallingbuildings.,Unit8:Vocabulary,conjured,4.Youmustjudgeeachfilmonitsownmerits,withoutany_aboutwhatitslike.,Unit8:Vocabulary,preconceptions,5.Gas-firedpowerstationswillsoon_forlessefficientcoal-firedequipment.,Unit8:Vocabulary,substitute,6.Imabit_ofusingatravelagencythatdoesntenjoyahighreputation,letaloneonethatevendoesnthaveofficialregistration.,Unit8:Vocabulary,chary,7.Thesmallchurchinthecommunitywasprominentlyinvolvedinthestrugglethat_thedictatorship.,Unit8:Vocabulary,toppled,8.Asayoungman,youcould_onfoodbynoteatinginrestaurantsallthetime.,Unit8:Vocabulary,economize,9.Inthemovie,theboundarybetweenrealityandfantasywent_.,Unit8:Vocabulary,blurry,10.Letsnot_thesituationweneedtohearbothsidesofthestoryfirst.,Unit8:Vocabulary,PartB,prejudge,PartB,Ex.V,pp.156157Choosethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachofthefollowingsentences.,Unit8:Vocabulary,1.SomeSenatorsarguethatincreasingthesupplyofweaponswillonly_theviolenceandanarchyinthatarea.A.extinguishB.demolishC.devastateD.perpetuate,1.SomeSenatorsarguethatincreasingthesupplyofweaponswillonly_theviolenceandanarchyinthatarea.A.extinguishB.demolishC.devastateD.perpetuate,Unit8:Vocabulary,Childrencomplainedthatparentswerealways_intotheearsofthemtheimportanceofhardwork.A.dinningB.clamoringC.delvingD.deafening,Childrencomplainedthatparentswerealways_intotheearsofthemtheimportanceofhardwork.A.dinningB.clamoringC.delvingD.deafening,Unit8:Vocabulary,3.Shesinhereightiesnowand_tobeabitforgetful.A.adeptB.aptC.inapplicableD.impertinent,3.Shesinhereightiesnowand_tobeabitforgetful.A.adeptB.aptC.inapplicableD.impertinent,TheBushAdministrationisdeterminedto_deeperintothescandalofthespecialagents.A.fillB.scoopC.delveD.explore,Unit8:Vocabulary,TheBushAdministrationisdeterminedto_deeperintothescandalofthespecialagents.A.fillB.scoopC.delveD.explore,5.Wedbetter_ourwatchesifweallwanttobethereatthesametime.A.synchronizeB.harmonizeC.symbolizeD.systematize,Unit8:Vocabulary,5.Wedbetter_ourwatchesifweallwanttobethereatthesametime.A.synchronizeB.harmonizeC.symbolizeD.systematize,6.Hewasdemonstrating,inhisownparticularand_style,howtowriteabestsellingnovel.A.imitableB.comparableC.equaledD.inimitable,Unit8:Vocabulary,6.Hewasdemonstrating,inhisownparticularand_style,howtowriteabestsellingnovel.A.imitableB.comparableC.equaledD.inimitable,7.InaninterviewwiththeNewsweek,hedismissedrecentrumoursabouthisprivatelifeas_.A.factualB.authenticC.fictitiousD.valid,Unit8:Vocabulary,7.InaninterviewwiththeNewsweek,hedismissedrecentrumoursabouthisprivatelifeas_.A.factualB.authenticC.fictitiousD.valid,Thesonofthepresidentemerged_fromthecourtafterallthechargesagainstherweredroppedbecauseofalackofevidence.A.downheartedB.unfavorableC.triumphantD.despicable,Unit8:Vocabulary,Thesonofthepresidentemerged_fromthecourtafterallthechargesagainstherweredroppedbecauseofalackofevidence.A.downheartedB.unfavorableC.triumphantD.despicable,9.ThedecisiontowelcomeTonyintheinstitutewascompletely_whenheprovedhimselfanexcellentresearcherwiththescientificexperiment.A.indicatedB.vindicatedC.announcedD.tolerated,Unit8:Vocabulary,9.ThedecisiontowelcomeTonyintheinstitutewascompletely_whenheprovedhimselfanexcellentresearcherwiththescientificexperiment.A.indicatedB.vindicatedC.announcedD.tolerated,10.Theassociationneedstowinbackformermemberswhohaveallowedtheirsubscriptionsto_.A.resumeB.recoverC.lapseD.extend,Unit8:Vocabulary,10.Theassociationneedstowinbackformermemberswhohaveallowedtheirsubscriptionsto_.A.resumeB.recoverC.lapseD.extend,Ex.VI,pp.157Chooseanappropriatewordfromthefollowinglisttofillineachofthefollowingblanks.EachwordcanbeusedonlyONCE.Changethewordformwherenecessary.,A“stereotype”isageneralizationaboutapersonorgroupofpersons.Wedevelopstereotypeswhenweareunableor1)_toobtainalloftheinformationwewouldneedtomake2)_judgmentsaboutpeopleorsituations.Intheabsenceofthe“totalpicture,”stereotypesinmanycasesallowusto“fillintheblanks.”Oursocietyofteninnocentlycreatesand3)_stereotypes,butthesestereotypesoftenleadtounfairdiscriminationandpersecutionwhenthestereotypeis4)_.,Unit8:Cloze,Tobecontinued.,fair,unfavorable,unwilling,perpetuate,Forexample,ifwearewalkingthroughaparklateatnightandencounterthreeseniorcitizens5)_furcoatsandwalkingwithcanes,wemaynotfeelas6)_asifwewere7)_bythreehighschool-agedboyswearingleatherjackets.Whyisthisso?Wehavemadeageneralizationineach8)_.Thesegeneralizationshavetheir9)_inexperienceswehavehadourselves,readaboutinbooksandmagazines,10)_inmoviesortelevision,orhavehadrelatedtousbyfriendsandfamily.,wearing,Unit8:Cloze,threatened,met,Tobecontinued.,case,roots,seen,Inmanycases,these11)_generalizationsarereasonablyaccurate.Yet,in12)_everycase,weare13)_toprejudicebyascribingcharacteristicsaboutapersonbasedonastereotype,withoutknowledgeofthe14)_facts.Bystereotyping,we15)_thatapersonorgrouphascertaincharacteristics.Quiteoften,wehavestereotypesaboutpersonswhoaremembersofgroupswithwhichwehavenothad16)_contact.,Unit8:Cloze,firsthand,Tobecontinued.,stereotypical,resorting,virtually,assume,total,Television,books,comicstrips,andmoviesareall17)_sourcesofstereotypedcharacters.Formuchofitshistory,themovieindustry18)_African-Americansasbeingunintelligent,lazy,orviolence-prone.Asaresultof19)_thesestereotypedpicturesofAfrican-Americans,forexample,prejudiceagainstAfrican-Americanshasbeenencouraged.,abundant,Unit8:Cloze,Tobecontinued.,viewing,portrayed,BiodiversityInthesameway,physicallyattractivewomenhavebeenand20)_tobeportrayedasunintelligentorunintellectualandsexuallypromiscuous.,Unit8:Cloze,continue,v,1.一个懒惰的人容易才思枯竭，因为他总不用脑思索。,aptto,Alazypersonisapttogethismindimpoverishedbecausehedoesntmakeuseofhisintelligenceallthetime.,impoverish,Unit8:Translation,PartA,Ex.VIII,pp.159160TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.,2.看到这张照片，我仿佛回到了无忧无虑的学生时代。,Thisphotoconjuresupmemoriesofmycarefreeschooldays.,conjureup,Unit8:Translation,3.他意识到他已经被大家看成是打杂跑腿的了。,typecast,Herealizesnowhesbeentypecastasanexecutiveerrandboy.,anerrandboy,Unit8:Translation,4.这个协会的目标就是为了让传统的家具设计技艺永世流传。,perpetuate,Thegoaloftheassociationistoperpetuatetheskillsoftraditionalfurnituredesign.,Unit8:Translation,5.成见通过用巨大的、可以辨别的剪图来掩盖这个纷杂喧闹的大千世界，并以此来减轻我们的脑力劳动。,economizeon,Stereotypeseconomizeonourmentaleffortbycoveringuptheblooming,buzzingconfusionwithbigrecognizablecutouts.,Unit8:Translation,6.真正的改变是一个漫长的过程：现实的点点滴滴汇入我们的脑海，直到它们渐渐带有模糊不清的生活本质。,Thetrueprocessofchangeisaslowonethataddsbitsandpiecesofrealitytothepicturesinourhe