Chapter-1工业工程专业英语

Chapter1IntroductiontoIndustrialEngineering,Unit1IntroductiontoIEUnit2HistoryofIEUnit3AcademicDisciplinesofIEUnit4DevelopmentofIE,Unit1IntroductiontoIndustrialEngineeringOriginandDefinitionofIndustrialEngineering,ManufacturingServicesOriginofIEDefinitionofIE,Manufacturing,Manufacturingisdefinedasmakingofarticlesbyphysicallaborormachinery,especiallyonalargescale.byphysicallabor:apersonwithhandtoolsusedcraftskillstomakeobjects.bymachinery:ithasplayedanincreasingrole.onalargescale:withthemassproduction,Services,Health-caredeliverysystemsTransportationsystemsGovernmentsBanksDepartmentsandsupermarkets,CharacteristicsofServices,ProductsareintangibleCloselycontactwithcustomersHighintensive-laborDifficulttoevaluateperformanceDifficulttocontrolqualityofservices,OriginalofIndustrialEngineering,EngineeringScienceIndustry,Engineering,Engineeringisconcernedwiththeapplicationofscientificknowledgetothesolutionofproblemsandtothequestfora“betterlife.”e.g.:theEgyptPyramids,theGreatWall,theRomanconstructionCivilChemicalElectricalIndustrialMechanicalMilitaryManufacturingNuclearElectronicComputerAeronauticalAstronauticalBioengineeringAgricultural/Ocean,Science,Scienceisconcernedwiththequestforbasicknowledge.e.g.:MathematicsPhysicsChemistryBiologySocialscience(Behaviorscience,psychology,philosophy,sociology),EngineeringandScience,Engineeringandsciencehavedevelopedinaparallel,complementaryfashion,althoughnotalwaysatthesamepace.Obviously,knowledgecannotbeapplieduntilitisdiscovered,andoncediscovered,itwillsoonbeputtouse.Initseffortstosolveproblems,engineeringprovidesfeedbacktoscienceinareaswherenewknowledgeisneeded.Thus,scienceandengineeringworkhandinhand.,Moderneraofengineering,Beginningin1750,EngineeringschoolsappearedinFranceintheeighteenthcentury.Thetermcivilengineerwasfirstusedin1750militaryengineeringcivilengineeringmechanicalengineering:steamengineelectricalscience:electricityandmagnetism,DefinitionofIndustrialEngineering,Industrialengineeringisconcernedwiththedesign,improvement,andinstallationofintegratedsystemsofpeople,materials,information,equipment,andenergy.Itdrawsuponspecializedknowledgeandskillinthemechanical,physical,andsocialsciencestogetherwiththeprinciplesandmethodsofengineeringanalysisanddesigntospecify,predict,andevaluate,theresultstobeobtainedfromsuchsystems,UnderstandingthedefinitionofIE,Industrial:anyorganizationintegratedsystems:afactory,acityspecializedknowledge:mechanical,physical,andsocialsciences,theprinciplesandmethodsofengineeringanalysisObjectives:tospecify,predict,andevaluate,theresultstobeobtainedfromsuchsystems,UnderstandingthedefinitionofIE,Disciplinecharacter:Engineeringtech.Researchobject:systems(macro/micro)Theorythedesignandconstructionofnewmachines,FormulationofIndustrialEngineering,FrederickWinslowTaylor(泰勒，1856-1915)Americaninventor,engineer,andefficiencyexpertnotedforhisinnovationsinindustrialengineeringandmanagement.Analyzeandimprovethemethodofperformingwork,reducethetimesrequired,andsetstandards(timestudy)ThePrinciplesofScientificManagement(1911),FormulationofIndustrialEngineering,FrankB.Gilbreth(吉尔布雷斯，1868-1924)theidentification,analysis,andmeasurementoffundamentalmotionsinvolvedinperformingwork（motionstudy)Thiswasafundamentalstepinthedevelopmentofindustrialengineeringasprofessionbasedon“science”ratherthan“art.”,FormulationofIndustrialEngineering,Dr.LillianGilbreth(1878-1972),wifeofFrank.Shewitnessedandcontributedtothebirth,growth,andmaturationoftheIEprofession.thefirstladyofengineeringthefirstwomantobeelectedtotheNationalAcademyofEngineering,FormulationofIndustrialEngineering,HenryLaurenceGantt(1861-1919)AmericanengineerGanttchartTheGanttchartwasasignificantcontributioninthatitprovidedasystematicgraphicalprocedureforpreplanningandschedulingworkactivities,reviewingprogress,andupdatingtheschedule.Ganttchartsarestillinwidespreadusetoday.,FormulationofIndustrialEngineering,W.A.ShewhartDevelopedthefundamentalprinciplesofstatisticalqualitycontrolin1924.Thiswasanotherimportantdevelopmentinprovidingascientificbasetoindustrialengineeringpractice.,FormulationofIndustrialEngineering,Manyotherindustrialengineeringpioneerscontributedtotheearlydevelopmentoftheprofession.Duringthe1920sand1930smuchfundamentalworkwasdoneoneconomicaspectsofmanagerialdecisions,inventoryproblems,incentiveplans,factorylayoutproblems,materialhandlingproblems,andprinciplesoforganization.,Scientificmanagement,PeterDruckersystematicworkstudy,ChronologyofIE,CharacteristicsandFunctionsofIndustrialEngineering,FeaturesofacademicdisciplineIndustrialengineeringasaprofessionProfessionalethicsIEfunctions,Featuresofacademicdiscipline,(1)Engineering(2)Cross-disciplines(3)Manufacturingandservicesoriented,Industrialengineeringasaprofession,(1)Associatedwithaprofessionisasignificantbodyofspecialknowledge.(2)Preparationforaprofessionincludesaninternship-liketrainingperiodfollowingtheformaleducation.(3)Thestandardsofaprofession,includingacodeofethics,aremaintainedatahighlevelthroughaself-policingsystemofcontrolsoverthosepracticingtheprofession.(4)Eachmemberofaprofessionrecognizeshisresponsibilitiestosocietyoverandaboveresponsibilitiestohisclientortoothermembersoftheprofession.,Professionalethics,Engineersarefrequentlyinvolvedindecisionsthathaveaprofoundeffectonsociety.Thedesignofparticulardevicesalmostalwaysinvolvesthesafetyoftheuser.Thedesignoftheprocessesfrequentlyaffectstheenvironment.Thedesignandlocationofafactoryaffectthecommunityanditscitizens.Thedesignofamanagementsystemgreatlyaffectstheindividualsworkingfortheorganizationtheircomfort,theirsenseofworth,theirfinancialstatus,andsoon.,IEfunctions,ProductionoperationsManagementsystemsCorporateServices,Unit3AcademicDisciplinesofIndustrialEngineering,BigfivedisciplinesManagementOperationsResearchSystemsEngineeringStatisticsErgonomicsManufacturingEngineering,Bigfivedisciplines,Bigfive:civil,chemical,electrical,industrial,andmechanicalengineeringOthers:nuclearengineering,electronicengineering,aeronauticalengineering,computerengineering,astronauticalengineering,environmentalengineering,bioengineering,agriculturalengineeringandoceanengineering,Management,Productionmanagement-conceptsandtechniquesspecifictotheanalysisandmanagementofproductionactivity;howtoanalyzeanddesignproductivesystemsandthecontrolproceduresforefficientlyoperatingsuchsystemsThetrainingofaracecardriverisanalogoustomanagementeducation:thedesignofthecarisanalogoustoindustrialengineeringeducation.,Management,PlanningOrganizingCoordinatingControllingencouragingCommunicating,Operationsresearch,DefinitionofO.R.SimilaritytoIENatureofO.R.CategorizationofO.R.,Operationsresearch,DefinitionofO.R.Theattackofmodernscienceoncomplexproblemsarisinginthedirectionandmanagementoflargesystemsofmen,machines,materials,andmoneyinindustry,business,government,anddefense.Thedistinctiveapproachistodevelopascientificmodelofthesystem,incorporatingmeasurementoffactorssuchaschanceandrisk,withwhichtopredictandcomparetheoutcomesofalterativedecisions,strategies,orcontrols.Thepurposeistohelpmanagementdetermineitspoliciesandactionsscientifically.,Operationsresearch,SimilaritytoIEIEandO.R.havecommonalities.O.R.andIEindeeddohavemanyofthesameobjectivesandworkonmanyofthesameproblems.TheprimarydifferenceisthatO.R.hasahigherleveloftheoreticalandmathematicalorientation,providingamajorportionofthesciencebaseofIE.,Operationsresearch,Operationsresearch,NatureofO.R.Mathematicalinvolvemente.g.:economicorderquantity（经济订货量）Plantlocation（工厂选址）JobevaluationQualitycontrolTransportationprogrammingproblems,Operationsresearch,CategorizationofO.R.DeterministicApproachAnytimerandomvariationisnotallowedProbabilisticApproachAnytimerandomvariationisallowed,SystemsEngineering,DefinitionofasystemClassificationsofsystemsSystemsofIE,SystemsEngineering,DefinitionofasystemAsystemmaybedefinedasasetofcomponentswhicharerelatedbysomeformofinteraction,andwhichacttogethertoachievesomeobjectiveorpurpose.,SystemsEngineering,ClassificationsofsystemsNaturalvs.Man-MadeSystemsStaticvs.DynamicSystemsPhysicalvs.AbstractSystemsOpenvs.ClosedSystems,SystemsEngineering,SystemsofIEIndustrialengineersdesignsystemsattwolevels.Thefirstleveliscalledhumanactivitysystemsandisconcernedwiththephysicalworkplaceatwhichhumanactivityoccurs.Thesecondleveliscalledmanagementcontrolsystemsandisconcernedwithproceduresforplanning,measuring,andcontrollingallactivitieswithintheorganization.,SystemsEngineering,SystemsofIEcyberneticsNorbertWiener(1894-1964),Americanmathematicianwhofoundedthefieldofcybernetics.controlandCommunicationintheAnimalandtheMachineClaudeShannon(香农),InformationtheoryTheMathematicalTheoryofCommunication,SystemsEngineering,SystemsofIENegativefeedbacke.g.:Themostcommonlyusedexampleofnegativefeedbackisthethermostat.Whenthetemperaturedropssufficientlybelowsomedesiredvalue,thethermostatinitiatestheheatingportionofthecycle,andtheheatisaddeduntilatemperatureisreachedthatisgreaterthanthedesiredtemperature.Heatingisthenstoppedtopermitcoolingtonegatetheoverheating.Negativefeedbackmeansthatsomeactionistakentoopposeornegateanunacceptabledifference.,SystemsEngineering,SystemsofIENegativefeedbacke.g.:aconceptualmodelofnegativefeedbackinmanagementsystems,Statistics,Statisticshasbeenandwillcontinuetobedistinctfromindustrialengineering.However,theapproachofindustrialengineeringhaschangedsignificantly;theworldaroundusisviewedasprobabilisticinnatureratherthandeterministic.Bydeterministicitismeantthatallactionsunderconsiderationinaparticularstudysituationareassumedtobecertain.Probabilisticimpliesthatatleastoneaspectofthestudysituationhasaprobabilityofoccurrenceassociatedwithitthatmustbeconsidered.,Ergonomics,Ergonomicspreviouslycalledhumanfactors,isAsubdisciplineofindustrialengineering,closelyassociatedwithbothindustrialandexperimentpsychology.Human-machinesystemdesign:PhysiologicalaspectsofhumanperformancePsychologicalaspectsofhumanactivitiesHumaninterfacewiththeworldofwork,ManufacturingEngineering,ManufacturingEngineeringmaybedefinedasdesigningtheproductionprocessforaproduct.Industrialengineeringandmanufacturingengineeringaredistinctandtypicalcomplementaryfunctionsinamanufacturingorganization.Mostfirmsneedbothfunctionsrepresentedintheirorganizationstobetrulyeffective.Ifonetriestosubstituteonefunctionfortheother,thefunctionomittedtypicallyrepresentsaweaknessinthatmanufacturingorganizationthatwilllikelylimittheoverallcapacityofthetechnicaleffortinthatorganization.,ManufacturingEngineering,Atypicalmanufacturingengineeringdepartmentiscomposedofnumeroustechnicalprofessionals(mechanicalengineers,thermodynamicists,materialengineers,computerscientists,etc.).Eachprofessionalrepresentssomepartofthetechnicalprocessesinuseatthatmanufacturingplant.,ManufacturingEngineering,Themachinetoanindustrialengineerisablackboxthathasaproductionrate,yieldrate,requiredoperatorskills,processcapabilities,andotherproductionsystemattributes.Theindustrialengineerisconcernedwithdevelopingaproductionsystemthatproducestherequiredquantityofproductsatanappropriatecostandquality.,ManufacturingEngineering,Theindustrialengineeringresponsibilityinvolvestheintegrationofworkers,machines,materials,information,capital,andmanagerialknow-howintoaproducingsystemthatwillproducetherightproduct,attherightcost,attherighttime.Manufacturingengineeringtechnicaltalentisoneoftheunderlyingtechnicalplant-supportingresourcesthatguaranteesuccessofthatproductionsystem.,ManufacturingEngineer