LNG接收站讲座.ppt

LNGREGASIFICATIONTERMINALLNG再气化接收站,ByV.KumarLNGConsultantWorleyParsonsSingapore,WORLDENERGYOUTLOOK世界能源展望,WHYLNG?为何选择LNG,Increasingenergydemand不断增加的能源需求Limitedavailabilityofpipelinegas气体管线传输有其局限性Alternativeistoliquefyandtransportbyshipoverlongdistances可以选择液化并由船舶长距离运输ThisisthebeginningofLNG从而发展了LNGorLiquefiedNaturalGas即液化天然气,WORLDGASRESOURCESGAS世界来源,Country国家Reserves储量(Billionm310亿方)Proven已探明Recoverable可采Russia俄罗斯47,52533,061Iran伊朗26,5918,907Qatar卡塔尔25,7431,164Indonesia印尼2,5543,105Australia澳大利亚2,5463,066Malaysia/Brunei2,1221,981马来西亚/文莱Oman阿曼828956,WhatisLNG?什么是LNG,Naturalgascooledto-162oCatnearatmosphericpressureformsliquid天然气在接近常压下冷却至-162oC变成液态ThisliquidiscalledLNG该液体称为LNGTheliquidiscolourlessandhasacharacteristichydrocarbonodour.液体无色、有烃类气味Itisstoredatnearatmosphericpressureatatemperatureof158to160oC它在接近常压下158至160oC温度范围内储存,CompositionofLNGLNG组分,TypicalCompositionofNaturalGasandLNGasfollows:天然气和LNG一般组分如下：ComponentNaturalGasLNG组分天然气液化天然气Methane82-85%92-95%甲烷Ethane5-7%3-5%乙烷Propane2-5%1-2%丙烷Condensibles(NGL)6-8%Nil可冷凝组分（天然气液体）,HowLNGisproduced?LNG生产工艺,LNGProductionPlantiscalledaLiquefaction“Train”生产LNG的设备称为液化装置LNGisproducedbyaprocesscalledCascadeRefrigerationorTurbo-expansionLNG的生产工艺称作分级制冷或涡轮膨胀MajorWorldProducersofLNGareRussia,Indonesia,Australia,Malaysia-Brunei,Qatar,Omanetc.世界上主要的LNG生产国包括：俄罗斯、印度尼西亚、澳大利亚、马来西亚-文莱、卡塔尔、阿曼等MajorConsumersofLNGareUSA,Europe,Japan,China,Indiaetc.LNG的主要消费国为：美国、欧洲、日本、中国、印度等,LNGPRODUCTIONTRENDSLNG生产趋势,TypicalLNGPlantCapacities(MillionSCFD)典型LNG装置能力（百万立方英尺/天）LNGfuelingstations0.5to10LNG燃气站LNGpeak-shaving5to20LNG调峰Smallscalebaseload50to250小规模基本负荷型Baseloadplants300to1,000基本负荷型装置,LNGTransportationLNG运输,Threetypesofships三种运输船Olderdesigninsulatedsphericaltankswithoutexternalrefrigeration,onlycontinuousflaringofboil-offgas老式设计为保冷球形储罐，无外部制冷，不间断燃烧蒸发气Newerdesignrectangulartankswithmembranewallswithinsulationbetweenthemembranes较新设计为矩形薄膜型液货舱，薄膜之间有可承载的低温隔热层Prismaticdesignavariationofmembranewalldesignwithstructuralframessupportingthemembranewalls棱形舱设计对加膜罐壁设计的调整，带有支撑加膜罐壁的结构框架Double-hullingtoprotectagainstaccidentalspillage双壳保护，防止意外泄漏Mostcommoncapacityrange135,000to140,000m3最常见容量在135,000到140,000m3之间Highercapacityshipsunderconstruction200,000m3较大容量的货船为200,000m3SmallLNGvesselscomingintothemarket10,000m3新面世的小型LNG容器的容量为10,000m3,LNGMossTypeTankerMOSS型LNG船,LNGMembraneTypeTanker薄膜型LNG船,LNGTerminalOverviewLNG接收站总览,LNGTERMINALFLOWPLANLNG接收站流程图,LNGUnloadingLNG卸载,Typicalshipsizes135,000to145,000m3通常LNG船容量为135,000to145,000m3Unloadingrates10,000to12,000m3/hr卸料速率为10,000to12,000m3/hrDischargetime12to18hrs卸料时间为12至18小时Berthoccupancy24hrs24小时占用泊位SizeofUnloadingarms3X16”卸料臂规格3X16”SizeofVapourreturnarm1X16”蒸气回收臂规格1X16”Keep-cooljettylinerecirculationsystem码头主管线冷却循环系统DesigncodeEN1474设计规范EN1474,LNGStorageTankLNG储罐,Typicalsize150,000to160,000m3一般容积为150,000至160,000m3Minimum2tanks-onereceivingandonefeeding至少2个罐一个接收,另一个外输送Threetypesofdesignfromcontainmentpointofview从防泄漏角度出发分成三种设计Double-walledtankwith:双壁罐:-DoubleIntegrity双层结构-SingleIntegrity单层结构-FullContainment全封闭结构DesigncodeEN1473orBS7777(EN14620)设计规范EN1473或BS7777(EN14620),StorageTankModelX-Section储罐模型-断面,StorageTankDetails储罐详细内容,Nitrogenpurgeconnections氮吹扫连接Start-upliquidandgasdistributors起动液相和气相分布器Tankinsulation罐保冷Tankfoundation罐基础Twotypesoffoundation:-两种基础-Elevatedfoundationwithinsulatingairgap带保冷气隙的高基础-Foundationflushwithgroundwithfoundationheater基础冲洗（地面配有基础加热器）Functionistopreventcoldleakagetotheearthwhichcouldresultinfreezingofgroundwater功能在于防止低温泄漏导致地下水结冰。,TankInsulationDetails罐保冷详细内容,Designedtokeeptankboil-offratebelow0.1%ofnetpumpablecapacityperday在设计上使罐的蒸发率低于每天净泵送能力的0.1%ConventionalInsulation传统保冷ExpandedPerlitePowderfilledinthespacebetweeninnerandoutertankcalledasthe“Annulus”.在罐的内外层之间（称为环空）填充膨胀珍珠岩ModernInsulation现代保冷Sprayed-onPoly-iso-cyanurateinsulationprovidedontheinnersurfaceoftheoutertank通过在外罐的内表面喷洒聚胺脂进行保冷,TankDykeRequirement罐围堰要求,Ifsingleintegritydesignisused,dykeshouldbeenclosedbyimperviousconcretebund-walltoprovidefullcontainment如采用单层结构设计，罐围堰应围有密封混凝土墙以提供全封闭。Dykevolume=110%oflargesttankindykeforsingleintegritydesign(NFPA-59A)单层结构设计的围堰容积=围堰内最大罐容积的110%(NFPA-59A)Ifdoubleintegritydesignisusedlowbund-wallcanbeprovided,needonlytocontainfireandstormwater如采用双层结构设计，应提供低围墙，用于阻火和收集雨水,TankBoil-offRate罐蒸发率,LNGisboilingliquidstoredunderitsownvapourpressureLNG是一种在自身蒸汽压力下储存的液体Astheliquidpicksupheatfromthesurroundings,somevapouriscontinuouslyformedinsidethetank由于该液体从周围环境中吸收热量，储罐内不断形成一些蒸汽ThisvapouriscalledBoil-offGasorBOG这种蒸汽被称为蒸发气（BOG）TomaintaintankpressureBOGshouldbecontinuouslyremovedfromthetank为保持储罐压力，应不断除去罐内BOG,BOGHandlingBOG处理,BOGiscontinuouslysucked-offfromthetankbytheBOGCompressors通过BOG压缩机将BOG不断地从储罐内吸除BOGdisposalcanbeasfollows:BOG处理如下：-Compressionanddischargetoproductpipeline压缩和排放至生产管线-Recondensationwithminimumflaring经过最少燃烧后进行再冷凝-Flaring(onlyduringemergency)燃烧（紧急情况下）,CryogenicBOGCompressor低温BOG压缩机,HighPressureBOGCompressor高压BOG压缩机,LNGLPIntankPumpsLNG罐内立式低压液下泵,Providedinsidepipecolumnsgoingallthewaydownintothetank在罐内提供从上到下的管柱Havespeciallydesignedfootvalvetopreventreverseflow专门设计的底阀防止倒流UsuallydesignedwithjustenoughheadtomeetNPSHrequirementofboosterpumps压头在设计上通常要满足加压泵的NPSH要求Thisminimisespowerrequirementlimitingthecontributiontotankboil-off这既降低了能耗要求又减少了罐内蒸发,LNGHPBoosterPumpsLNG高压加压泵,TakingsuctionfromIntankPumpsandfeedingintothevapourizers通过罐内立式液下泵抽取介质并输送给气化器Headdeterminedbyvapourizerbackpressure压头由气化器背压决定RedundancyrequiredforbothIntankpumpsandHPboosterpumpsbasedonturn-downrequirements基于可调要求，罐内立式液下泵和高压增压泵的备用要求,RecondensercumSeparator再凝与分离器,UsedforabsorptionofhighpressureBOGincoldlowpressureLNG用于吸收低温低压LNG中的高压BOGAlsousedtoseparateexcessgasfromliquidandroutetoflare也用于从液相中分离出额外气相并输至火炬Designedontheprincipleofvapourscrubberplusvapour-liquidseparator根据气相洗涤器及汽液分离器原理设计,再凝器,LNGVapourizersLNG气化器,ThreetypesORV,IFVandSCV三种类型-ORV、IFV和SCVORVOpenRackVapourizerORV开架式气化器UsesseawatertovapourizetheLNGfromlowtemperaturetosaturatedvapourconditioncorrespondingtooutletpressure采用海水将LNG从低温气化成符合外输压力要求的饱和蒸气IFVIntermediateFluidVapourizerIFV中间流体式气化器IFVisusedwithseawaterasprimaryheatingmediumandIntermediatefluidassecondaryheatingmediumIFV采用海水作为初步加热介质，然后采用中间流体作为加热介质,ORVSchematicORV-示意图,ORVPhotoORV-图片,IFVSchematicIFV-示意图,IFVPhotoIFV-图片,NaturalGasSuperheating天然气过热,ThisisachievedinSCV通过SCV方式实现SCVSubmergedCombustionVapourizerSCV浸没燃烧式气化器UsesgastoburnandheatawaterbathwheresaturatednaturalgasfromORV/IFVissuperheatedtopipelineconditions采用气体燃料加热水套炉，使其中通过ORV/IFV产生的饱和天然气过热，满足管线传输条件MajorportionoftheLNGgoesthroughORV/IFV.OnlyasmallportionisroutedthruSCVforprecisioncontrolofnaturalgastemperatureLNG的大部分经过ORV/IFV，只有一小部分通过SCV输送以实现对天然气温度的精确控制Inplaceswhereseawatertemperatureisverylow,onlySCVsareused.LikelychoiceforDalianandTangShanterminals在海水温度很低的地方，仅采用SCV。对大连和唐山接收站可能比较合适,SCVSchematicSCV-示意图,SCVPhotoSCV-图片,CONTROL&AUTOMATION控制和自动化,SCADA监控与数据采集系统TankPressureControl罐压控制TankSafetyFeatures罐安全特征TankInventoryIndication罐存指示VapourizerFlowControl气化器流量控制GasFlowCustodyTransferMetering天然气储存交接计量BatteryLimitPipelineConditionMonitoring界区管线工况监控,SCADA,PLCorDCSBasedSCADASystem基于SCADA系统的PLC或DCSMonitorsalloperatingconditions对所有操作条件的监控Ensurescorrectsequenceofoperation确保正确的操作程序Takesroutinedecisionsreswitchoverofpumps,compressorsetc.例行决定对泵、压缩机等的切换Logsalldataforhistoricalrecord登记所有数据形成历史记录Assistsincontinuouslyoptimisingplantoperation不断优化装置操作,TANKPRESSURECONTROLHighSide罐压力控制,Ladderlogicfortankpressurecontrol储罐压力控制梯形逻辑TankpressurerisestoPAH如罐压力升至PAHBOGcompressorcuts-inBOG压缩机切入Compressorsuctionpressureishigh,PAHH,如压缩机吸入压力很高，PAHHVentcontrolvalvetoFLAREopens通往燃烧点的通气控制阀打开Tankpressurerisesfurther如罐压力进一步升高2X100%PSVsontanktopopenandventtoHIGHPOINTVENT罐项的2个100%容量PSV（安全阀）打开并进行高点排放,TANKPRESSURECONTROL-LowSide罐压力控制,TankpressurefallsbelowsetpointtoPAL如罐压力低于设定值至PALBOGcompressorcuts-outBOG压缩机切出TankpressurefallsfurthertoPALL如罐压力进一步降低至PALLPurgenitrogencuts-in氮气冲洗Tankpressurecontinuestofall如罐压力持续下降VacuumReliefVentontanktopopens罐顶真空阀打开,TANKSAFETYFEATURES罐安全特征,RemotecontrolledESDValvesonallin-outnozzles所有进出管口上的遥控式紧急关断阀Directventtoatmosphereoncrown罐顶直接放空2X100%PSVs2X100%VRVsRoll-overpreventionsystem防翻滚系统Hightemperaturealarm高温报警Highannulusanddometemperaturealarm罐顶高温报警,TANKINVENTORYINDICATION罐存显示,BothLiquid&VapourvolumestobetakenintoaccountforInventoryCalculation在存量计算中,液相和气相容积均应考虑LevelMeasurementtobeDualRedundant双备用液位检测Temperaturecompensationbuiltintotheradargaugetransmissionsignal雷达液位计传输信号温度补偿Calibrationtotakeintoaccountcontractionofmetalatoperatingtemperature校准时考虑操作温度下金属收缩,VAPOURIZERFLOWCONTROL气化器流量控制,NumberofLPpumpsdeterminedbyturndownrequirements低压泵数量由压力调小要求决定OneHPPumpforOneVapourizer每个气化器配一台高压泵FlowcontrolonLNGtoVapourizerLNG到气化器的流量控制SetpointofFlowControllergivenbySCADA由SCADA给出的流量控制器定值GasFlowRequirediskeyedintoSCADA所需气相流量键入SCADANumberofLPandHPpumpsrequiredautomaticallyselectedbySCADASCADA自动选定所需高低压泵数量BatterylimittemperatureadjustedbyfuelfiringintheSCV界区温度根据SCV内的燃烧进行调整,MeteringSkid计量橇,Usedforfinalmeasurementandcustodytransferfromterminaltopipelineoperator用来对从接收站到管线运营商的运输进行最终计量和监管Redundancyrequired要求有裕量Provingmeterconnectionsrequiredupstreamofmeteringskid在计量橇的前端安装仪表UsuallylocatedbetweenSCVandtheBatteryLimitandlinkedtoSCADA通常位于SCV和界区之间并与SCADA相连LNGunloadedintotankismeasuredbyShipmetersandbyLNGtanklevelgauge进入罐中的LNG在船上和罐中都有计量,BOGCompressorSizingBOG压缩机规格,3casestobeconsidered应考虑3种情况-Vapourgeneratedduringshipunloading卸船过程中产生的蒸气-Vapourgeneratedduringnormaloperation正常操作过程中产生的蒸气-Vapourgeneratedduringzerosend-out零排放过程中产生的蒸气,ENERGYOPTIMISATION能量优化,ForagivenbatterylimitPandT对于已给定界区P和TTheEnergyusedforvapourizationisoptimisedbymaximizingORVheatdutyandminimisingSCVheatduty气化用能量通过ORV热负荷最大化和SCV热负荷最小化实现能量优化。Oneexampleisutilisingwasteheatfrompowerplanttowarm-upseawatergoingtotheORV例如，利用电厂余热对ORV用海水进行加热。Seetypicalflowsheetinnextslide典型流程见下页。,LOWEREMISSIONLNGVAPOURIZATION低散热LNG气化,COLDENERGYUTILISATION冷能利用,AirLiquefaction空气液化DryIceProduction干冰制备FisheriesandColdStorage渔业和冷库储存PowerPlantWasteHeatUtilisation发电厂余热利用,FireProtection消防,Tankdelugewatersystem罐喷淋灭火系统BOGSheddelugewatersystemBOG顶棚喷淋灭火系统Firehydrantsystem消防栓系统Firemonitortocover3-sidesofORV/IFV,andSCVORV/IFV三面及SCV消防监视器Firepumpshedasperlocalregulations当地有关消防泵棚的规定Dieselenginedrivenmainfirepumps主要消防泵的柴油引擎Electricmotordrivenjockeypumps稳压泵电动马达,Utilities公用设施,Nitrogen氮Plantair/InstrumentAir装置空气/仪表空气Dieseloil柴油Domesticwater生活用水Industrialwater工业用