Ralph Waldo Emerson 艾默生.ppt

RalphWaldoEmersonFatherofAmericanliterature,TranscendentalistBringtranscendentalismtoNewEnglandBelieveinindividualism,independenceofmind,self-relianceProse,poetry,speech,EmersonsLife,1803,BorninBostontoWilliamandRuthHaskinsEmerson.1811,Fatherdiesoftuberculosis.1821,GraduatesfromHarvardandbeginsteachingathisbrotherWilliamsschoolforyoungladiesinBoston.1825,EntersHarvardDivinitySchool.1829,MarriesEllenTuckerandisordainedministeratBostonsSecondChurch.1832,ResignspositionasministerandsailsforEurope.1833,MeetsWordsworth,Coleridge,J.S.Mill,andThomasCarlyle.ReturnstoBostoninNovember,wherehebeginsacareerasalecturer.,EmersonsLife,1836,Publishesfirstbook,Nature.论自然1838,Deliversthe“DivinitySchoolAddress.”神学院演说1841,Essayspublished(contains“Self-Reliance,”“TheOver-Soul,”“Circles,”“History).1844,Essays,SecondSeriespublished(contains“ThePoet,”“Experience,”“Nominalist(名义主义者）andRealist”).,Exit,Continue,RalphWaldoEmersonisoftenpositionedasthe“father”ofAmericanliterature.Asapoet,preacher,orator,andessayist,hearticulatedthenewnationsprospectsandneedsandbecameaweightyexemplumoftheAmericanartist.Hebecomesthefounderof“Transcendentalism”orthespokesmanfor“Nature”,the“optimist”whodoesnotunderstandtheworldsevilorpain.,Heisthusremovedfromthemarchoftime,idealizedasa“primordial”（原始的）figurewhosevisionisolateshimfromthepoliticalandsocialstrugglesofhisage.ButEmersonwasneversimplyadistantpatriarchalpetr:kl父系的figureshelteredfromthematerialproblemsofhisage.Heconstructedhis“optative”exuberancezju:brns繁茂despitetheearlydeathsofhisfather,twoofhisbrothers,hisbelovedyoungwife,andhisfirstson,anddespitehisownseriousboutswithlungdiseaseandeyestrain.Hewasachildbothofprivilegeandpenury赤贫,offamilypositionanddependence.AtHarvard,whichheattendedonscholarship,Emersonstruggledwiththeacademiccurriculumandwithhisexpectedfutureaseitherateacherorminister.Buthealsoconductedamoresatisfyingprivateeducationofreadingandjournalwritingthatwouldpreparehimtobeawriter,anAmericanscholar,andpoet.,Exit,Continue,Thoseaimshadtowait,however,whileEmersonhelpedsupporthisfamilybyteachingschool.In1825,heenteredHarvardDivinitySchool,followingninegenerationsofhisfamilyintotheministry.In1829,EmersonmarriedEllenTucker,onlytolosehersixteenmonthslatertothetuberculosisthatalsothreatenedhim.ThepainofherdeathandhisownsenseofvulnerabilitymayhavehastenedEmersonsdecisiontoleavetheministry.Withthesubstantialinheritanceshelefthim,hehadthemeanstomakesuchachange,totravelonthecontinent,tobuybooks,andtowritethem.Theinheritance,withtheearningshereceivedfromhislecturetoursandhispublicationsandwithalifetimeoffrugalityandfiscalplanning,madehimfinanciallysecure.Hesupportedanextendedfamily,caringforhisretardedbrotherfortwentyyears.In1835,hemarriedLidianJackson,andmovedtoConcord,wheretheyhadfourchildren-Waldo,Ellen,Edith,andEdwardWaldo,wholatereditedhisfathersworksandjournals.Thedeathfromscarletfeveroffive-year-oldWaldowasablowtoEmersonsfaithincompensation.Inhis1844essay“Experience”,hewrotefromthisloss,andfromhisurgentdesiretoregainthe“practicalpower”thatcouldpersistdespitepersonalandpublicgrief.Hediedin1882,frompneumonia,andwasburiedinConcord,nearThoreauandHawthorne.,WaldoEmersonistrulythecenteroftheAmericantranscendentalmovement,settingoutmostofitsideasandvaluesinalittlebook,Nature,publishedin1836,thatrepresentedatleasttenyearsofintensestudyinphilosophy,religion,andliterature,Transcendentalism（超验主义）Aspecialkindofphilosophyappearedinthe1830sinUSSummitofAmericanRomanticismDefinitionTranscendentalismhasbeendefinedphilosophicallyas“therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively,orofattainingknowledgetranscending(超越)thereachofthesenses.”一种文学和哲学运动,宣称存在一种理想的精神实体,超越于经验和科学之处,通过直觉得以把握。,Features1.TheOversoul超灵anall-pervadingpowerforgoodness.Allthingscamefromit,andpartofit.Anewwayoflookingattheworld.2.TheindividualisthemostimportantelementofsocietyAnewwayoflookingatman.3.AfreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Manispartofnature,andnatureispartofGod,andtheyarepartsofagreatwhole,thatisGod,manandnaturearesharesinuniversalsoul,theOversoul.A.EmphasisonSpirit(Oversoul)(超灵)(在超验主义里超灵是无形的，人生活的世界里所有的一切都来自超灵，超灵在人生活的世界里也无所不在)Against“worldismadeofmatter”;against“neglectingofspirituallife”,B.EmphasisonindividualsThroughcommunicationwithOversoul,humanbeingcanbedivine(神圣的);Against“totaldepravity”，againstdehumanization(非人化)ofcapitalistworldC.TakingnatureasthesymboloftheSpirit(Oversoul)Encouragingpeopletofindgoodnessandbeautyfromnature;Againstmaterialisminthesocietyandtheactionswhichbroketheharmonybetweenhumanandnatureonlyforprofits;Naturewasthegarment(外衣)oftheOversoul.D.Brotherhoodofman(equalandliberty)Interestedinsocialreforms;endeavortocreateanidealsociety;against“everythingformoney”inthecapitalistworld,超验主义是19世纪美国的一个重要思潮,成为美国思想史上一次重要的思想解放运动。超验主义者强调万物本质上的统一，万物皆受“超灵”制约，而人类灵魂与“超灵”一致。这种对人之神圣的肯定使超验主义者蔑视外部的权威与传统，依赖自己的直接经验。“相信你自己”这句爱默生的名言，成为超验主义者的座右铭。这种超验主义观点强调人的主观能动性，有助于打破加尔文教的“人性恶”、“命定论”等教条的束缚，为热情奔放，抒发个性的浪漫主义文学奠定了思想基础。,ResourcesA.PuritanheritageAttheendofthe18thcenturypeoplegraduallyfeltboringaboutthestrictCalvinism.Atthesametimewiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,Americanssuspectedtheoldreligion.Thus,Unitarianism（唯一神教）appeared.Itstressed“continualprogressofmankind”.EmersononcewasapreacherofUnitarianism,buthethoughtthereweretoomanyrituals.Thenheresignedfromtheposition.Emersonalsobelievedinindividuality.HeinheritedtheideasofinwardcommunicationwithGodandthedivinesymbolismofnature.B.Foreigninfluence1theromanticliteratureofEurope2Neo-Platonism新柏拉图哲学(spiritprevailsovermatter)(胜过)3Germanidealisticphilosophy,especiallyKant（康德）4therevelationofOrientalmysticism(ConfuciusandMencius),InfluenceInfluencedalargegroupofwritersandmarkedtheindependenceofAmericanliterature;HelpedtocreatethefirstAmericanrenaissanceoneofthemostprolific(多产的)period.Servedasanethicalguidetolifeforayoungnationandbroughtabouttheideathathumancanbeperfectedbynature；CalledtothrowofftraditionsandgoforwardtothedevelopmentofanewanddistinctlyAmericanculture.超验主义发源于唯一神教,同时又接受了浪漫主义的影响,强调人与上帝间的直接交流和人性中的神性,其结果是解放了人性,提高了人的地位,使人的自由成为可能.超验主义具有强烈的批判精神.尽管表现出乌托邦式的理想色彩,但超验主义追求人的自由的精神却成为美国文化中一个重要遗产.,HisworksEssaysNature论自然1836(abookwhichdeclaredthebirthofTranscendentalism)TheAmericanScholar论美国学者1837DivinitySchoolAddress神学院演说1838“Essays:FirstSeries”论文集:第一集1841包括论自助(Self-Reliance)、论超灵(TheOver-Soul)、论补偿(Compensation)、论爱(Love)、论友谊(friendship)等12篇论文,“Essays:SecondSeries”论文集:第二集1844RepresentativeMen代表人物1850EnglishTraits英国人的特性1856TheConductofLife论处世为人1860Poems1.Poems诗集18472.MayDayandOtherPoems五月节及其他诗歌18673.ConcordHymn康科德之歌1837,EmersonsInfluencesonA.L.,HecalledonAmericanWriterstowriteaboutAmericainapeculiarlyAmericanway.HisperceptionofhumanityandnatureassymbolsofuniversaltruthencouragedthedevelopmentofthesymbolistmovementinA.artandliterature.Heembodiedanewnationsdesireandstruggletoassertitsownidentityinitsformativeperiod.(Theemphasisontheindependenceandseparatenessofindividual,therightofmanraisetohisfullpotentialassertingtheinalienable不能剥夺的worthofeveryman.),PointofviewOnemajorelementofhisphilosophyishisfirmbeliefinthetranscendenceofthe“oversoul”(超灵).Heregardsnatureasthepurest,andthemostsanctifying(尊崇)moralinfluenceonman,andadvocatedadirectintuitionofaspiritualandimmanent(固有的)Godinnature.Ifmandependsuponhimself,cultivateshimself,hecanhopetobecomebetterandevenperfect.ThisiswhatEmersonmeansby“theinfinitude(无限)ofman”.Everyoneshouldunderstandthathemakeshimselfbymakinghisworld,andthathemakestheworldbymakinghimself.,LimitationHisreputationfellinthe20thcenturybecausehefirmlybelievedhumanandhumansocietycouldbebetter.Itseemedthathehadnosenseofevilandtoooptimisticabouthumannatureandthesociety.,EmersonsfirstpublishedworkwasNature(1836),whichcontainsthegistofhistranscendentalattitudetowardsthephenomenalworld,asakindofbeautifulsymboloftheinnerspirituallife,floatingdreamlikebeforetheeye,yet,itistobenoted,havingdisciplineasoneofitslessonsfortheattentivesoul.Assoonasitwaspublished,itmetwithamildreception.ThisworkhasthecleareststatementofTranscendentalistideas.InitEmersonstatedthatmanshouldnotseenaturemerelyassomethingtobeused;thatmansrelationshipwithnaturetranscendstheideaofusefulness.Natureisakindofdisciplinetoman.Onceyouareinnature,totallyinsolitude,youfeelyourenothing,butyouseeall.Naturemakespeoplefeeltransparentandhumble.Meanwhile,Hesawanimportantdifferencebetweenunderstanding(judgingthingsonlyaccordingtothesenses)andreason.,Nature,Nature,hismasterpiece,hasbeencalled“themanifestoofAmericantranscendentalism”inwhichhesays:“TheuniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul.Spiritispresenteverywhere.”Natureisconsideredthe“gospel”（信条）ofAmericanTranscendentalism.IthasanIntroductionandeightchapters:1.Nature2.Commodity3.Beauty4.Language5.Discipline6.Idealism7.Spirit8.Prospects.Themajorthesisoftheessay,inEmersonswords,isthatweshouldnowenjoyanoriginalrelationtotheuniverse,and“notbecomedependentonpastexperiencesofothersoronholybooks,creeds,dogma”.,Nature,ReadingNature:,Para1:Naturehasarestorative（疗伤的）,comforting,purifyinginfluenceonMen.Para2:Natureisnoble/sublime（庄严的）,respectable,kind,profoundandinspiring.Para3:ThedefinitionofNature.Paras4/5:MenalwaysfeeldelightfulandyounginNature.Para6:Thepowerofdelightresidesinmenorinaharmonyofboth.,Questions,Whatdoestheaothorsaywouldhappenifthestarsappearedonenightinatousandyears?Then,themencannotbelieveandadoretheGod,cannotpreservetheremembranceofthecityofGodwhichhadbeenshown,Giveapeculiartermtocovertheauthorsbelief.Transcendentralism,Thesetwoworksmadehimfamous.InTheAmericanScholar,Emersonattackedtheinfluenceoftraditionandthepast,andcalledforanewburstofAmericancreativity.Tohim,thewordscholardidnotrefertothemanofbooklearning,buttotheoriginalthinker.Suchamanknowshimselfthroughintuitionandthestudyofnature,notofthebooks.TherearesomesimilaritiesinDivinitySchoolAddress.Inthiswork,hecelebratedtheAmericanstressontheauthentic,uniqueself,butequallycriticizedAmericansocietyformakingitsodifficulttobecomesuchaself.Hestressestheinnerspiritofcreativity,thatonediscernsnotthroughrationalityorevencommonsense,butthroughintuition,spontaneity(自燃性）,akindofradical（根本的）,primaryinsight.Eachpersonisdivine,butalsoparticipatesinakindofuniversaldivinity.,TheAmericanScholarandDivinitySchoolAddress,Briefdescriptionofsomeofhisworks:,TheAmericanScholarItisanaddressdeliveredatHarvardUniversity.Ithasbeenacclaimedas“AmericansDeclarationOfIntellectualIndependence（知识分子宣言）”becauseitexpressesAmericanpeopleslongingforculturalindependenceandliteraryidentity.,ThemostcharacteristicandinfluentialofhisbooksarethetwovolumesofEssays,issuedrespectivelyin1841and1844.IntheformerofthesearethosegreatdiscoursesonSelf-Reliance,andTheOver-Soul,intowhichwasdistilledtheveryquintessence（精华）ofthevolatile（轻快的）andheadyliquidknownasEmersonianism.Self-Relianceisoneofthemostfamousoftheselectureessays,andiswidelyreadinAmericanhighschoolstoday.Emersonbelievedaboveallinindividualism,independenceofmind,andself-reliance;Headmiredcourageandwasnotafraidofchangingorclashingideas.EquallyimportantisEmersonsessayTheOver-Soul(1841).FromtheOver-Soulcomeallideasandintelligence:“Wedonotdeterminewhatwethink.Weonlyopenoursensesandsuffertheintellecttosee.”,Essays,Inthetwovolumesofessays,Emersonsemphasisonthenon-rationalassourceofthedeepesttruthis,ofcourse,partlyaninheritancefromProtestantChristianity.TheNewEnglandPurita