词汇学之6种构词法.ppt

英语词汇学课程,构词法(I),Generalintroduction,Affixation(30%-40%)Compounding(28%-30%)Conversion(26%),Themostproductivemethods,Shortening(8%-10%),Blending1%-5%,clipping,acronymy,Backformation,Soundreduplication,4.1Affixation/derivation,Affixationfallsintotwocategories:prefixationandsuffixationandthedifferencesbetweenthemarejustthedifferencesbetweenprefixesandsuffixes.,Classificationofprefixes,Themajorprefixescanbeclassifiedinto10categoriesbytheirmeaning.NegativePrefixes否定前缀Reversativeorprivativeprefixes逆反前缀Pejorativeprefixes贬义前缀Prefixesofdegreeorsize表范围和程度的前缀Prefixesoforientationandattitude表方向和态度的前缀Locativeprefixes方位前缀Prefixesoftimeandorder表时间和顺序的前缀Numberprefixes数字前缀Conversionprefixes转化前缀Miscellaneousprefixes其他类型的前缀,1.Negativeprefixes(1),un,1.Negativeprefixes(2),non,1.Negativeprefixes(3),dis,1.Negativeprefixes,2.Reversativeprefixes(1),un,2.Reversativeprefixes(2),de,2Reversativeprefixes(3),dis,2.Reversativeprefixes,3.Pejorativeprefixes(1),mis,3.Pejorativeprefixes(2),mal,3.Pejorativeprefixes(3),pseudo,3.Pejorativeprefixes,4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize(1),arch,4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize(2),super,4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize(3),out,4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize,5.Prefixesofattitude(1),co,5.Prefixesofattitude(2),counter,5.Prefixesofattitude(3),anti,5.Prefixesofattitude,6.Locativeprefixes(1),sub,6.locativeprefixes(2),inter,6.locativeprefixes(3),trans,6.locativeprefixes,7.Prefixesoftimeandorder(1),fore,7.Prefixesoftimeandorder(2),pre,7.Prefixesoftimeandorder(3),post,7.Prefixesoftimeandorder,8.Numberprefixes(1),semi,hemi,8.Numberprefixes(2),uni,mono,8.Numberprefixes(3),bi,di,8.Numberprefixes,8.Numberprefixes,9.Conversionprefixes(1),a,9.Conversionprefixes(2),be,Beforenounsandadjectivestoformtransitiveverbsbefriend(tobehaveasafriendto)becloud(tocoverwithclouds使遮暗,蒙蔽)benumb(Tomakenumb,especiallybycold;Tomakeinactive;dull:使失去知觉：使失去活力；使迟钝belittlebecalm(Tomakecalmorstill;soothe.使平静：成为安静的或静止的；使镇静)Withnounsplusedtoyieldadjectivesbespectacled(Wearingeyeglasses)Benighted(Overtakenbynightordarkness陷入黑暗;Beinginastateofmoralorintellectualdarkness;unenlightened.蒙昧的：处于道德或智力的愚昧状态的；未启蒙的),9.Conversionprefixes(3),en,en-(embeforep,b,m),Beforenounsoradjectivestocreatetransitiveverbs.使成为使处于状态Beforenouns,enslave(causetobe);empower(v.授权）embody(v.体现）endanger(V.使处于危险之中)Beforeadjectivestoformverbsenableenrichenlargeendear使受喜爱ensure担保,9.Conversionprefixes,10.Miscellaneousprefixes(1),auto,10.Miscellaneousprefixes(2),neo,2.Suffixation,Question:Whyistheclassificationofsuffixesdifferentfromtheclassificationofprefixes?Prefixesprimarilyfunctionasasemanticmodificationofthebase,whilesuffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticroleandtheirprimaryfunctionaretochangethegrammaticalfunctionofthebase.Prefixesareclassifiedonasemanticbasisandsuffixesonagrammaticalbasis,Typesofsuffixes,NounsuffixesAdjectivesuffixesVerbsuffixesAdverbssuffixes,Nounsuffixes,De-nominalnounsuffixesDe-verbalnounsuffixesDe-adjectivenounsuffixesNounandadjectivesuffixes,De-nominalNounsuffixes(1),ster,Involvedin,De-nominalNounsuffixes(2),eer,Skilledin；engagedin,De-nominalNounsuffixes(3),ful,De-verbalNounsuffixes(1),ant,Occupationandparticipation;,De-verbalNounsuffixes(2),ing,De-adjectiveNounsuffixes(1),ness,De-adjectiveNounsuffixes(2),ity,De-adjectiveNounsuffixes(2),ity,Nounandadjectivesuffixes,Somesuffixes,whenaddedtobasesrelatedtohumanbeingsornationalitynames,yieldwordsthatcanbeusedbothasnounsandadjectives.-ese:Chinese;Lebanese;officialese-an,-ian:Australian,Cambodian-ist:racist,socialist-ite:Chomskyite,Thatcherite,1.1Nounsuffixes,1.1Nounsuffixes,Verbsuffixes(1),-ify,make,endowwith,Verbsuffixes(2),ize,involvingorrelatedto,Verbsuffixes(4),ate,Giveormakeorbecome,Adjectivesuffixes,De-nominaladjectivesuffixesDe-verbaladjectivesuffixes,De-nominalAdjectivesuffixes(1),like,De-nominalAdjectivesuffixes(2),less,De-nominalAdjectivesuffixes(4),y,De-verbalAdjectivesuffixes(1),able(ible),De-verbalAdjectivesuffixes(2),ful,AdjectiveSuffixes,AdjectiveSuffixes,AdjectiveSuffixes,Adverbsuffixes(1),ly,Adverbsuffixes(2),ward(s),AdverbSuffixes,4.2Compounding复合法,ThedefinitionofcompoundingandcompoundCompositionorcompoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.ItisacommondevicewhichhasbeenproductiveateveryperiodoftheEnglishlanguage.Todaythelargestnumberofnewwordsareformedbycompounding.,Compounding,2.FormsofcompoundsSolid:bedtime,honeymoonHyphenated:above-mentioned,town-planningOpen:readingmaterial,hotline,Compounding,3.FormationofCompoundsNouncompoundsAdjectivecompoundsVerbcompoundsThroughconversion:nickname;first-nameThroughbackformation:lip-readingtolip-readchain-smokertochain-smoke,Compounding,NouncompoundsHeadache,housekeeping,hotline,swimmingpool,raindrop,breakdown,biologicalclock,identitycrisis,Compounding,AdjectivecompoundsWeather-beatenrocks,peacelovingpeople,everlastingfriendship,adifficult-to-operatemachine,amade-upstory,anonthespotinspection,taxfreeproducts,fire-proofdress,Compounding,VerbcompoundsFormedbyback-formationhouse-keepfromhousekeeperwindowshopfromwindow-shoppingmassproducefrommassproductionhen-peckfromhen-peckedspoon-feedfromspoon-fed.,Compounding,VerbcompoundsFormedbyconversiontoblue-print,tocold-shoulder,tooutline,tohoneymoon,tosnowball,tochain-smoke,tosweet-talk,tojob-hop.,4.3Conversion转化法,Question:Whatisconversion?Whyisitcalledzero-derivation?Conversionisaword-formationwherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzeroderivation(零位派生).changeofword-class;functionalshiftderivationprocesswithouttheadditionofanaffix,TypesofConversion,ConversiontoNounsConversiontoVerbsConversiontoAdjectivesWordsproducedbyconversionareprimarilynouns,adjectivesandverbs,amongwhichtheconversionbetweennounsandverbsarethemostproductive.,4.3.1Conversiontonouns,De-verbalDe-adjectivalMiscellaneousconversion,1)Deverbal（由动词转化而来的名词）Almostallmonomorphemic(单语素结构的)verbscanbeusedasnouns，whicharesemanticallyrelatedtotheoriginalverbsinvariousways.State(ofmindorsensation)(doubt;want;desire)Eventoractivity(search;laugh;teach-in)Resultoftheaction(catch;find,answer)Doeroftheaction(help;cheat,bore)Toolorinstrumenttodotheactionwith(cover;wrap)Placeoftheaction(pass;walk;divide),2)De-adjectival由形容词转化成的名词,Fullconversion完全转换:Anounfullyconvertedfromanadjectivehasallthecharacteristicsofnouns.Itcantakeanindefinitearticleor(e)stoindicatesingularorpluralnumber.,Adjective-nounconversion,CompleteconversionAnative,twonatives,areturnednativeHeisanaturalforthejob.Tomisoneofourregulars,hecomesinforadrinkaboutthistimeeverynight.Tothemsheisnotabrusquecrazy,butappropriatelypassionate.Theyarethecreativesintheadvertisingdepartment,Partialconversion部分转换Nounspartiallyconvertedfromadjectivesdonotpossessallthequalitiesanoundoes.Theymustbeusedtogetherwithdefinitearticlesasnounswhileretainingsomeoftheadjectivefeatures.Thegradableadjectivescankeeptheircomparativeorsuperlativedegrees.Wordsinthiscategorygenerallydenoteagroupofthekind.,Adjective-nounconversion,PartialconversionDenotingaqualityorastatecommontoagroupofperson:thedeaf,theblind,thepoor,thewoundedDenotingpeoplesofanation(endinginsh,-se,-ch):theEnglish,theChinese,theDanish,theScotchDenotingaqualityintheabstract:astrongdislikeforthesentimental,todistinguishthefalseandthetrue,fromthesublimetotheridiculousDenotingasingleperson(convertedfromparticiples):theaccused,thedeceased,thedeserted,thecondemned,3).Miscellaneousconversion其他类型的转换,Nounsconvertedfromotherclassesasconjunctions,modals,finiteverbs,prepositions,etc.,Conversiontoverbs,Theuseoftheverbconvertedisbotheconomicalandvivid.ThreekindsofconversiontoverbsDenominal:topocketthemoney;thenursethebabyDe-adjectival:Thephotographyellowedwithage.Miscellaneousconversion:Thestudentstut-tuttheidea.,Conversiontoadjectives,Itoccursmostlybetweennounsandadjectives.,英语词汇学课程,构词法(),4.4Blending4.5Backformation4.6Shortening,4.4Blending,ThedefinitionofblendingBlending（拼缀法）isaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningpartsoftwowords.Theresultofsuchaprocessiscalledablendortelescopicwordorportmanteauword.Blendingisthusaprocessofbothcompoundingandabbreviation.Structurallyblendsmaybedividedintofourtypes.,Blending,Examplesnewscast(newsbroadcast)brunch(breakfastlunch)smog(smokefog)talkathon(talkmarathon)slimnastics(slimgymnastics)videophone(videotelephone),4.4Blending,sci-fihi-fiworkaholicstagflationUnicomsitcommoteldawk,sciencefictionhighfidelityworkalcoholicstagnationinflationUnitedCommunicationssituationcomedymotorhoteldovehawk,4.5Backformation,ThedefinitionofbackformationBack-formation（逆成法）isaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedsuffix.Itisalsoknownasareversederivation.,4.5Backformation,Exampleseditfromeditorautomatefromautomationenthusefromenthusiasmgloomfromgloomydonatefromdonationbrainwashfrombrainwashingsleep-walkfromsleep-walking,4.6Shortening,Typesofshorteningorabbreviation（缩略法）1)clippedwords（剪切词）:thosecreatedbyclippingpartoftheword(usuallyanoun),leavingonlyapieceoftheoldword.Theclippedformisnormallyregardedasinformal.,4.6Shortening,Typesofshorteningorabbreviation（缩略法）2)initialisms（首字母连写词）:atypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,oraphrase;aninitialismispronouncedletterbyletter.,4.6Shortening,Typesofshorteningorabbreviation（缩略法）3)acronyms（首字母拼音词）:wordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedaswords.Acronymsdifferfrominitialismsinthattheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters.,4.6Shortening,1)Clippedwordsad=advertisementexpo=expositionphone=telephonepro=professionalmemo=memorandumtec=detectiveheliorcopter=helicoptercomfy=comfortable,4.6Shortening,Giveclippingsforthefollo